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Nursing Research & Statistics

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To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use only by the author(s), editor(s),
reviewer(s), Elsevier and typesetter Thomson Digital. It is not allowed to publish this proof online or in print. This proof copy is the copyright property of the pub-
lisher and is confidential until formal publication.

NURSING RESEARCH
AND STATISTICS
THIRD EDITION

Dr. Suresh K. Sharma

PhD, M.Sc.N, RN (USA)

Professor & Principal

College of Nursing
All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)
Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India

ISBN: 978-81-312-5269-7; PII: B978-81-312-5269-7.00016-2; Author: SHARMAENGLISH1; Document ID: 00016; Chapter ID: c0080

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To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use only by the author(s), editor(s),
reviewer(s), Elsevier and typesetter Thomson Digital. It is not allowed to publish this proof online or in print. This proof copy is the copyright property of the pub-
lisher and is confidential until formal publication.

These proofs may contain colour figures. Those figures may print black and white in the final printed book if a colour print product has not been
planned. The colour figures will appear in colour in all electronic versions of this book.

Preface to the Third Edition

p0010 Nursing is the oldest art and youngest sci-
ence, thus requires rapidly increasing body
of professional knowledge. Present era of
evidence-based nursing practices has im-
posed increasing demand on nurses to gener-
ate sound evidence-based knowledge to im-
prove nursing practice, shape health policy
and impact the health of people. National
Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) de-
fines the aim of nursing research as the de-
velopment of knowledge to (i) build scientific
foundation for clinical practice; (ii) prevent
disease and disability; (iii) manage and elimi-
nate symptoms caused by illness and (iv)
enhance end-of-life and palliative care. The
vision for nursing research is driven by the
profession’s mandate to society to optimize
the health and well-being of people globally.
Nurse researchers bring a holistic perspective
to study individuals, families and communi-
ties involving a bio-behavioural, interdisci-
plinary and translational approach to science.
The priorities for nursing research reflect
nursing’s commitment to the promotion of
health and healthy lifestyles, the advance-
ment of quality and excellence in healthcare
and the critical importance of basing profes-
sional nursing practice on research.
p0015 With India as one of the fastest growing
economies in the world, it is essential to cre-
ate a literature on methods and processes
of nursing research as per the South Asian
perspectives as signified by the Nursing Re-
search Society of India (NRSI, 2017). In order
to enhance the science of the discipline and
facilitate nursing research, several factors
need to be understood separately and in in-
teraction: the vision and importance of nurs-
ing research as a scientific basis for public
health; the scope of nursing research; the cul-
tural environment and workforce required
for cutting edge and high-impact nursing
research; the importance of a research-in-
tensive environment for nursing faculty and
students and the challenges and opportuni-
ties impacting the research mission of the
discipline and the profession.
Unlike the developed nations where clini- p0020
cal trials and nursing research have greatly
advanced, research base in nursing is yet to
develop in India. Nursing faculty and stu-
dents in South Asian region needed a com-
prehensive textbook on nursing research,
which presents basic principles, processes
and methods of research in easy, comprehen-
sive and lucid manner. Therefore, this title is
a modest attempt to present a text with sim-
ple and relevant examples to enhance the un-
derstanding of research principles, processes
and methods. The third edition offers addi-
tional expanded content of all the basic and
advanced concepts of nursing research meth-
ods with enhanced comprehension, lucid-
ity, coherence and relevance of the content,
which will be a ready reference for nursing
faculty, nurse researchers and undergradu-
ate, postgraduate and doctoral level nursing
students.
Dr. Suresh K. Sharma p0025

vii

ISBN: 978-81-312-5269-7; PII: B978-81-312-5269-7.00023-X; Author: SHARMAENGLISH1; Document ID: 00023; Chapter ID: c0115

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To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use only by the author(s), editor(s),
reviewer(s), Elsevier and typesetter Thomson Digital. It is not allowed to publish this proof online or in print. This proof copy is the copyright property of the pub-
lisher and is confidential until formal publication.

These proofs may contain colour figures. Those figures may print black and white in the final printed book if a colour print product has not been
planned. The colour figures will appear in colour in all electronic versions of this book.

Contents

Foreword v Ethics in Nursing Research  52

Preface to the Third Edition  vii Summary 66
Review Questions  67
Preface to the First Edition   ix
3.  Research Problem
I Introduction 72
Definitions 72
FUNDAMENTALS Identification of Research Problem  73
OF NURSING RESEARCH Formulation of Research Problem  77
Identification of Variables  80
Writing Research Objectives  87
1.  Foundation of Nursing Research
Summary 92
Introduction 4 Review Questions  93
Methods of Acquiring Knowledge in Nursing  4
Problem Solving  7 4.  Hypothesis and Assumption
Scientific Methods  9
Meaning of Research and Nursing Research  10 Hypothesis 98
Need and Purposes of Nursing Research  13 Assumption 105
Importance and Significance of Nursing Delimitations 108
Research 13 Summary 111
Historical Evolution of Nursing Research  14 Review Questions  112
Characteristics of Good Research  20
Types of Research  22 5.  Literature Review
Scope and Areas of Nursing Research  27
Problems in Nursing, Health, and Social Introduction 116
Research 30 Meaning of Literature Review  116
Concept of Evidence-Based Practice  31 Importance of Literature Review  117
Summary 36 Purposes of Literature Review  118
Review Questions  37 Types of Literature Review  118
Sources of Literature Review  120
2.  Overview of Research Process Steps of Literature Review  124
Points to be Considered for Literature
Introduction 43 Review 130
Basic Research Terms  43 Annotated Bibliography  133
Quantitative Research Process: Overview  45 Summary 134
Qualitative Research Process: Overview  49 Review Questions  135

ISBN: 978-81-312-5269-7; PII: B978-81-312-5269-7.00018-6; Author: SHARMAENGLISH1; Document ID: 00018; Chapter ID: c0090

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To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use only by the author(s), editor(s),
reviewer(s), Elsevier and typesetter Thomson Digital. It is not allowed to publish this proof online or in print. This proof copy is the copyright property of the pub-
lisher and is confidential until formal publication.

xii Contents

6.  Theories, Models, and Frameworks Summary 288

in Nursing Research Review Questions  289

Introduction 139 9.  Tools and Methods of Data Collection

Meaning of Theory  140
Meaning of Conceptual Model  141 Introduction 294
Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks  141 Concept of Data Collection  294
Nature and Characteristics of Theories  146 Interview 298
Purposes and Uses of Theories, Models, Questionnaire 304
and Frameworks  149 Composite Scales/Attitude Scales  309
Using Theory in Research  151 Visual Analogous Scale  314
Testing and Developing Theories  152 Observations 315
Developing Conceptual or Theoretical Rating Scale  320
Framework and Models  155 Checklist 322
Summary 158 Biophysiologic Methods  324
Review Questions  159 Projective Technique  328
Q-Sorts 331
7.  Research Approaches and Designs Vignettes 332
Procedure of data collection  335
Introduction 163 Validity of Research Tool  336
Definitions 163 Reliability of Research Tool  338
Elements of Research Design  164 Pilot Study  341
Selection of Research Design  165 Summary 344
Validity of Research Designs  167 Review Questions  345
Types of Research Design  169
Experimental Research Designs  170 10.  Analysis of Data
True Experimental Designs  174
Quasi-Experimental Research Design  189 Introduction 351
Non-Experimental Research Design  193 Definitions 351
Specific Quantitative Research  209 Scales of Measurements  352
Qualitative Research Designs  218 Analysis of Quantitative Data  354
Mixed Method Research Design  236 Parametric Tests  362
Summary 243 Nonparametric Tests  364
Review Questions  244 Computer Analysis Of Quantitative Data  367
Analysis of Qualitative Data  368
8.  Population, Sample, and Sampling Summary 381
Review Questions  382
Introduction 251
Terminology Used in Sampling  251 11.  Communication and Utilization
Purposes of Sampling  252 of Research
Characteristics of Good Sample  253
Sampling Process  253 Introduction 387
Types of Sampling Techniques  256 Criteria for Communicating the Research  387
Probability Sampling Techniques  256 Methods of Communication of Research  388
Non-Probability Sampling  264 Writing a Research Report  390
Sampling in Qualitative Studies  273 Format of a Thesis or Dissertation  393
Sample Size Determination  274 Writing the References/Bibliography  397
Probability and Sampling Errors  285 Vancouver Style of Reference Writing  398
Problems of Sampling  287 Writing a Research Article  409

ISBN: 978-81-312-5269-7; PII: B978-81-312-5269-7.00018-6; Author: SHARMAENGLISH1; Document ID: 00018; Chapter ID: c0090

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To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use only by the author(s), editor(s),
reviewer(s), Elsevier and typesetter Thomson Digital. It is not allowed to publish this proof online or in print. This proof copy is the copyright property of the pub-
lisher and is confidential until formal publication.

Contents xiii
Critical Review of a Research Work  411 Scatter Diagram Method  481
Utilization of Research Findings  416 Product Moment Correlation  484
Intramural and Extramural Research Funding  422 Regression Analysis  488
Developing and Presenting a Research Proposal  423 Summary 492
Computer in Nursing Research  429 Review Questions  492
Summary 432
Review Questions  432 14.  Inferential Statistics
Introduction 498
II Basic Terms  498
Parametric Tests  502
STATISTICS Nonparametric Tests  509
Summary 517
Review Questions  517
12.  Introduction and Descriptive Statistics
Introduction 442 15.  Application of Statistics
Definitions 442 in Health and Uses of Computer
Uses and Applications of Statistics  442 in Statistics
Terms Related to Statistics  443
Types of Data/Scales of Measurement  443 Introduction 523
Classification of Statistics  444 Rates, Ratios, and Trends  523
Frequency Distribution  444 Vital Health Statistics  523
Graphical Presentation of Data  448 Measures of Fertility  525
Measures of Central Tendency  454 Measures of Mortality  528
Measures of Dispersion  461 Measures of Morbidity  530
Risk Indexes: Relative Risk and Odd Ratio  463 Statistical Packages and Applications  532
Statistics for Diagnostic Test Evaluation  466 Summary 534
Summary 469 Review Questions  534
Review Questions  470
Appendices 537
13.  Normal Distribution and Measures
of Relationship Glossary 577
Index 601
Normal Probability Curve (Z Score)  475
Correlation Coefficient  477

ISBN: 978-81-312-5269-7; PII: B978-81-312-5269-7.00018-6; Author: SHARMAENGLISH1; Document ID: 00018; Chapter ID: c0090

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