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STUDY ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE ON PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE
SLAG (GGBS)

Conference Paper · June 2018

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STUDY ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE ON PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE
SLAG (GGBS)
Rathod Ravinder1, K. Sagarika2, K. Deepthi3, P. Alekya Reddy4, R. Spandana5, S. Sruthi6
1
Asst. Prof, 2.3.4, 5, 6 Student (GRIET) Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bachupally Hyderabad

ABSTRACT
Concrete is mixture of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water.
Concrete plays a vital role in the development of infrastructure.viz, buildings
industrial structures, bridges and highways etc., leading to utilization of large quantity
of concrete. As cost of concrete is attributed to the cost if its ingredients which is
expensive, this lead to usage of economically alternative materials in its production.
This leading to usage of economically alterative materials in its production. This
requirement is drawn the attention of investigators to explore new replacements of
cement with ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) at a different proportions.
GGBS is by-product of steel manufacturing industry and it is a fine powder of iron
slag. Compressive strength of M30 grade of concrete with 0.45 water to cement ratio
was investigated; in which, to determine compressive strength with 50% replacement
of cement with GGBS. In our experimental investigations, it is observed that, the
compressive strength of concrete has been increased by 5%. The concrete mix of M30
prepared was tested at 7, 14 & 28 days. GGBS being a by-product serves as an eco-
friendly material. The use of GGBS overcome pollution problem in the environment
and it helps in the durability of concrete.
Keywords: Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, economically alterative materials,
Compressive strength, concrete mix

INTRODUCTION

The production of cement is an energy intensive process resulting in emission of green house
gases which adversely impact on the environment. At the same the cost of production of cement
is increasing at alarming rate and natural resources giving raw material for its manufacturing are
depleting. The use of waste material having cementitious properties as a replacement of cement
in cement concrete has become the thrust area for construction material experts and researchers.
The main focus now-a-days is on search of waste material are by-product from manufacturing
process, which can be used as partial replacement of cement in concrete, without compromising
on its desired strength. The ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a waste product from
the iron manufacturing industry, which may be used as partial replacement of cement in concrete
due to its inherent cementing properties. In the country like India, where the development of the
infrastructures projects such as large irrigation, road and building projects are either being
constructed or in completion of their planning and design stage, such waste materials in cement
concrete will not only reduce the emission of green house gases but also will be the sustainable

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management of waste. The strength, durability and other characteristics of concrete depends on
the properties of its ingredients, proportion of mix, method of compaction and other controls
during placing and curing. For concrete, the combination of mineral and chemical admixtures is
always essential to ensure achievement of required strength.

1.1. GROUNG GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG (GGBS):

Ground granulated blast furnace slag is a by-product of steel manufacturing industry and it is a
fine powder of iron slag. Compressive strength of M30 grade of concrete with 0.45 water
cement ratio was investigated in which to determine compressive strength with 50% of GGBS.
The concrete mixes were test at day 7, 14, 28. Being a by-product its serves as an eco-friendly
way of utilizing the product without dumping it on ground. The use of GGBS overcome
pollution problem in the environment.

Table: .1.1. PROPERTIES OF GGBS

S.NO DESCRIPTION PROPERTIES

1. Appearance White
2. Ph 9 to 11
3. Specific gravity 2.85 to 2.95

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GGBS:

 GGBS has smooth surface texture and glassy surface.

 It has particle size of 0.1 to 40 microns.
 Relative density: 2.85 - 2.95.

Table: 1.2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GGBS

CaO 40%
SiO2 35%
Al2O3 12%
Fe2O3 0.2%
MgO 10%

1.2. OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT:

 To determine the compressive strength of concrete by partial replacement (50%) of

cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS).
 To compare with conventional concrete (100% OPC).

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1.3.ADVANTAGES OF GGBS:

1. Better making placing and compaction easier.

2. Lower early age temperature rise, reducing the risk of thermal cracking in large
pores.
3. Minimizes the risk of damaging internal reactions such as Alkali silica reaction.
4. High resistance to chloride ingress thus reducing the risk of steel reinforcement
corrosion.
5. High resistance to attack by sulphates and other chemicals. Portland cement,
depending on the amount of GGBS in the cementitious material, but also
continues to gain strength over a longer period in production conditions.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Hogan and Meusal (1981).Development of strength and durability properties on concrete and
reported that the compressive strength gain characteristics of concrete containing GGBS can vary
over a wide range. When compared to Portland cement concrete, use of GGBS typically results
in reduced strength at early ages (1 to 3days) and increased strength at later ages (7 days and
beyond)

Meusel and Rose (1982) Water demand for normal concrete is generally 3 to 5 percent lower
than concrete with GGBS for trial mixture proportioning studies

Wu and Roy (1982).The amount of high range water reducing admixtures required to produce
flowing concrete is usually 25 percent less than that used in concretes containing non GGBS.
They also found that paste containing GGBS exhibit different rheological properties compared to
paste of Portland cements alone. Their results indicate a better particle dispersion and higher
fluidity of the pastes and mortars, both with and without water reducing admixtures

Fulton (1974), Raja mane et al. (1998). Workability of concrete containing GGBS in greater
detail and suggested that the cementitious matrix containing GGBS exhibited greater workability
due to the increased paste content and increased cohesiveness of the paste

Atis et al (2008) investigated the compressive strength of concrete by varying concrete mixture
parameters with three different water-cement ratios (0.3, 0.4 and 0.5), three different cement
dosages (350, 400 and 450 Kg/m3) and four partial slag replacement ratios (20%, 40%, 60% and
80%). Cube specimens of 150mm size cast from fresh concrete samples were used for
compressive strength measurement at 3, 7, 28, 90 and 360 days. It is concluded that the strength
loss caused by increasing slag replacement level is more evident at early ages.

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METHODOLOGY

a) MATERIALS:

1) Ordinary Portland cement(OPC)

In this study ordinary Portland cement-grade 53, has been certified with IS: 12269-1987, grade
53 which is known for its rich quality and high durability issued. Specific gravity of cement used
here is 3.1.

2) Coarse aggregate
Maximum size of coarse aggregates used in this area of 20mm. well graded cubical or rounded
aggregates are desirable. Aggregates should be uniform quality with respect to shape and gr
ading. Specific gravity of coarse aggregate used here is 2.8.

3)Fine aggregate
Grading must be uniform throughout the work and must pass through 4.75mm sieve size which
confirms to the code IS: 383-1970. Specific gravity of fine aggregate used is 2.6.

4) Water
Potable water available in laboratory was used for casting all the specimens. The quality of water
was found to satisfy the requirements of IS: 456-2000.

5) Ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBS)

GGBS is a by-product of steel manufacturing industry and it is a fine powder of iron slag. Being
a by-product it serves as an eco-friendly way of utilizing the product without dumping it on
ground. The use of GGBS overcome pollution problem in the environment.

b) Experimental Program Is Carried Out In Two Different Stages

STAGE 1

First preliminary tests are conducted in fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and cement. The tests
include particle size distribution of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate, specific gravity of
cement, specific gravity of fine aggregate, specific gravity of coarse aggregate. The test data of
the material is obtained, the concrete mix design for M30 grade is designed using IS codes: IS.
Three set of cubes are casted for M30 grade of concrete casting of specimens were done. The
plain samples of cubes were cured for 7, 14, 28 days in a water tank.

4
STAGE 2

In the second stage of the project, the experimental was designed to investigate the strength of
GGBS concrete by replacing 50% of cement with GGBS. 3 set of cubes were casted and tested
for compressive strength for M30 grade. The casted concrete was removed from moulds and
placed in water tank. The compressive strength at 7, 14, 28 days of curing were studied.
Finally strength comparison of GGBS concrete and normal concrete mix was performed and
tabulated.
OBSERVATIONS

Table: 5.3. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH VALUES OF EACH SAMPLE

S.NO DAYS CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE GGBS CONCRETE (50%)

2
(N/mm ) (N/mm2)
1. 7 24.44 20.00
23.55 20.22
24.45 20.01
2. 14 34.07 35.25
34.06 35.15
34.10 35.21
3. 28 39.09 41.00
39.05 41.02
39.10 41.01

RESULTS

TABLE: 6.1. COMPRESSION STRENGTH

S.NO DAYS CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE GGBS

(N/mm2) CONCRETE(50%)(N/mm2)
1. 7 24.14 20.08
2. 14 34.07 35.20
3. 28 39.08 41.01

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 CHARTS

compressive strength
45
40
35
30
25
20
15 compressive strength
10
5
0
7 days 14 days 28 days

FIG: 1. CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

compressive strength
45
40
35
30
25
20 compressive strength
15
10
5
0
7 days 14 days 28 days

FIG: 2. GGBS CONCRETE

6
 COMPRESSIVE
4
5
STRENGTH
4
0

3
5

3 conventional concrete
0
GGBS replaced cement
1 concrete
25
5
1
20
0
5
7 14 28
0 days days days

FIG: 3. VARIATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH WITH AGE OF

CURING

compressive strength of conventional

concrete
45
40
35
30
25
20 compressive strength of
conventional concrete
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

FIG: 4. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULT OF CONVENTIONAL

CONCRETE

7
 compressive strength of concrete
45
40
35
30
25
20
compressive strength of
15 concrete
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

FIG: 5. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULT OF CONCRETE ON REPLACING CEMENT

WITH GGBS

45
40
35
30
25
conventional
20 concrete
15 GGBS replaced
10 cement concrete

5
0 7 days 14 days 28 days

FIG: 6. VARIATION OF COMRESSIVE STRENGTH WITH AGE OF CURING

8
 CONCLUSIONS

On the basis of experimental investigation and the test results, following conclusions are drawn:

1. It is observed that there is an increase in the compressive strength of concrete on

partial replacement of cement with GGBS (50%). The increase in strength is due
to high reactivity of GGBS with cement.
2. The use of GGBS (50%) as partial replacement of cement helps to reduce the
Energy consumption in the manufacturing of cement.

REFERENCES

1. Er. Kimmigarg, Er. Kshipra kapoor ISSN: 2349-2058, “It is observed that there is
an increase in the compressive strength for different concrete mixes made with
partial replacement of cement by GGBS”. Volume- 03, Issue - 07, July 2016, paper
(214-217).
2. D. Suresh, K. Nagaraju (2015) “utilization of GGBS as a partial replacement of
cement” Journal of civil engineering, Volume 12, Issue (July- August 2015), Paper
(76- 82).
3. Santhosh Kumar Karri, G.V. Ramarao “Workability of concrete increases with the
increase in GGBS replacement level”. SSRJ-International journal civil engineering
(SSRJ-IJCE) volume 2, Issue 10 October 2015, Paper (34-41).

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