Biophotons & Acupunture Meridians

Below are the tables that make up this section, apart from the links to the articles and some data
it also presents the comments attached to the articles on the page (if they have them).

Biophotons & Acupunture Meridians

Title Authors Year

(pages)
A case study of photon detection after acupuncture stimulation G. Pagliaro, V. Lauro, F. Roversi, D. 2020-(4)
Gullà
Authors do not intend here to demonstrate meridians as biophotonic transmission pathways but they have performed interesting
biophotonic emissions measures in relation to acupuncture point stimulation:
" In particular, the main objective of this case study is to verify whether the stimulation of certain acupoints in an healthy subject
can elicit a variation in the photon emission (bioluminescence) from the body of the subject, within a 30-minute time frame, in the
UV-VIS-IR spectral band, as documentable by the MIRA- (Hyperspectral Imaging “HIS”) device. The secondary objective is to
measure the variation of photon emission during a meditative practice performed by both the subject undergoing acupuncture and
the acupuncturist. Photon detections performed after the infission of needles showed a clear incremental change in the flow of
photons within the interested area of the subject’s body, showing a correlation between biophotonic activation and the area
stimulated through acupuncture. Moreover, this photon activation expands to the surroundings when both the acupuncturist and
the subject start a meditation practice, with flows of photons moving from the acupuncturist to the subject as per the content of the
performed visualization practice. Other relevant variations in the photon emission were measured, suggesting the hypothesis of an
overall better homeostasis, a lower energetic consumption and a better oxygenation in the subject’s body." {Credits 1}
{Credits 1} Pagliaro et al. (2020). A case study of photon detection after acupuncture stimulation. Trends Med, 20, 1-4. © 2020 G.
Pagliaro. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution License.

Diagnosing with Light The Semiotics of Acupoint Biophoton Emissions Sally Ann Ness 2020-(1)
Testing

Recent approaches on signal transduction and transmission in acupuncture: Lígia Rebelo Gomes, Pedro Leão 2019-(19)
a biophysical overview for medical sciences

A Bridge of Light: Toward Chinese and Western Medicine Perspectives Meina Yang, Eduard Van Wijk, 2019-(7)
Jingxiang Pang, Yu Yan, Jan van der
Through Ultraweak Photon Emissions
Greef, Roeland Van Wijk, Jinxiang
Han
" Developments in research of ultraweak photon emission (UPE) and organized dynamics of metabolism and its relationship with
technological advances in metabolomics have created the conditions to bring the basics of the medicines of the West and East
together which might open the avenue for a scientific dialogue. The paper discusses (1) the UPE in relation to Qi energy, meridians
and acupuncture points in CM, (2) the biochemical explanation of photon emission of living systems in Western biomedicine, and
(3) the progress in research on the large-scale organization and dynamics of the metabolic network including photon
metabolism." {Credits 1}
" The main results arising from these studies is that human photon emission increases with age as well as with disease. It depends
on gender and it is reduced by acupuncture." {Credits 1}
Although not related to the hypothesis of meridian tracks as waveguide for biophotonic emissions these are various paragraphs on
the essay that describe important advances in the detection of the biophoton (UPE) generation and characteristics in mitochondria:
" Visualizing live cells under the microscope reveals that mitochondria form dynamic networks whose structure is molded by the
opposing processes of mitochondrial fission and fusion leading to shape changes and molecular exchange within seconds to
minutes [42]. Various cellular environmental stimuli, such as nutrient stress or vital attack, dramatically change the shape of the
mitochondrial network [43,44]. It has commonly been reported that mitochondrial morphology is closely associated with the ability
of mitochondria to produce energy." {Credits 1}
" Such a tool or indicator in intact cells and live animals led to the observation of a “mitochondrial flash” within individual
mitochondria [49,50]. The universal existence from plants to mammals of “flash-like” events detected by mitochondrial ROS
indicators represents a major breakthrough. A number of different fluorescent indicators for multiple processes (e.g., superoxide,
pH, and membrane potential) can detect flash activity involving multiple transient concurrent changes within the mitochondrion.
The similar unitary features “flash-like” events have suggested that many mitochondrial processes/functions are integrated or
interconnected, and changes in 1 component directly or indirectly affect the others [51,52]." {Credits 1}
{Credits 1} Yang, M., Van Wijk, E., Pang, J., Yan, Y., van der Greef, J., Van Wijk, R., & Han, J. (2019). A Bridge of Light: Toward Chinese
and Western Medicine Perspectives Through Ultraweak Photon Emissions. Global advances in health and medicine, 8,
2164956119855930. © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution
NonCommercial 4.0 License.

Ultra-Low-Level Laser Therapy and Acupuncture Libralux: What Is so Special? Luca Evangelista, Bruno De Meo, 2019-(10)
Gianluca Bernabei, Gabriele Belloni,
Giovanni D’Angelo, Marzio Vanzini,
Laura Calzà, Michele Gallamini
" Contrary to the most credited theories on laser therapy that see power/energy as the major factors to its effectiveness, a
technique using an extremely low power/energy laser stimulation to treat musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction is proposed. The
stimulus consists of a 20 s train of modulated pulses with an average power below 0.02 mW and is applied on sequences of
acupuncture points selected according to the impaired segment of the patient’s body." {Credits 1}
There are more investigation on photobiomodulation and lllt in the sections of [1] although acupuncture points are not targeted or
even mentioned.
[1] EMMIND › Applied Fields - Experimental › Light & Near-Light Effects
{Credits 1} Evangelista, L., De Meo, B., Bernabei, G., Belloni, G., D’Angelo, G., Vanzini, M., ... & Gallamini, M. (2019). Ultra-Low-Level
 Laser Therapy and Acupuncture Libralux: What Is so Special?. Medicines, 6(1), 40. © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open access
article under the Creative Commons Attribution License.

Accents of the human body electromagnetic balance regulation system S. A. Gulyar 2018-(17)

" It is demonstrated that a non-specific morbidity can result from an electromagnetic imbalance and free-radical overloading
resulting from disturbed ecology. We postulate the existence of a separate functional system of the electromagnetic regulation in
the organism, and a working concept of phototherapy application is formulated. It is based on the possibility of using acupuncture
points for energy compensation from electromagnetic waves of a biologically necessary range in the system of their conductors in
the organism." {Credits 1}
" So far, the hypothesis is formulated [50] that the acupuncture points can be considered as electromagnetic waves receptors,
perceiving them for further transport to various organs and tissues through the meridians that are the best conductors of
electromagnetic waves in comparison with the surrounding tissues. Subsequent studies confirmed the possibility of non-contact
conduct of the electromagnetic waves of microwave and visible ranges of the acupuncture points to the different levels of the
central nervous system [13, 24, 48, 53, 65, 67, 74]." {Credits 1}
" The system of acupuncture points, meridians and constant electromagnetic field of the body belong to a holistic system of liquid-
crystal fibers of collagen, which is the basis for connective tissue." {Credits 1}
" The network of collagen and elastin fibers, available in the connective tissue can probably carry both longitudinal transport of
signals, for example, along the limbs and body, and irradiation of their part into the tissue depth. Location of the connective tissue
around the nerve structures improves the signals broadcast into nerve fibers, which may facilitate the involvement of the nervous
system in the generalized network reactions." {Credits 1}
The paper is focused also on related pathways for the effects of the environmental electromagnetic fields (natural or artificial) on
bodies.
{Credits 1} Gulyar, S. A. (2018). Accents of the human body electromagnetic balance regulation system. Фотобіологія та
фотомедицина, 15(1 (24)), 52-68. © 2018 Gulyar S.A. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution
License.

Modeling Meridians Within the Quantum Field Theory Larissa Brizhik, Enrico Chiappini, 2018-(8)
Patrizia Stefanini, Giuseppe Vitiello
" We present here a model of meridians in the formalism of the gauge theory paradigm of quantum field theory with spontaneous
breakdown of symmetry. We discuss the origin and dynamic self-focusing propagation of the electromagnetic field in coherent
states and the role it plays in our meridian modeling. Within this frame, we consider the formation of solitary waves on proteins and
anatomical filamentary structures and discuss nondissipative energy transport. Finally, we analyze the relation of meridians with
anatomical filamentary structures, the reciprocal actions between meridians, and biochemical activity and the key role played by
free energy, internal energy, and entropy." {Credits 1}
{Credits 1} Brizhik, L., Chiappini, E., Stefanini, P., & Vitiello, G. (2019). Modeling Meridians Within the Quantum Field Theory. Journal
of acupuncture and meridian studies, 12(1), 29-36. © 2019 Medical Association of Pharmacopuncture Institute. This is an open
access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.

A Chinese literature overview on ultra-weak photon emission as promising Min He, Mengmeng Sun, Eduard van 2016-(1)
Wijk, Herman van Wietmarschen,
technology for studying system-based diagnostics
Roeland van Wijk, Zhihong Wang,
Mei Wang, Thomas Hankemeier, Jan
van der Gree
They review Chinese scientific publications on biophotons that has to do with human health, that is, literature from 1978 to 1998
because from this year, Chinese biophoton investigation passed from healthcare to the agricultural investigation area.
Most of the biophoton emissions that Chinese scientists have measure and use for their studies have been measured over
acupuncture points.
It can be seen some interesting data like that biophoton intensity is higher among males than among females, and that they tend to
increase with age (this can be a sign that less are correctly channeled in the internal pathways).

Recent progress of traditional Chinese medical science based on theory of Xiuxiu Wang, Jinzhao Huang 2014-(9)
biophoton

The Primo Vascular System as a New Anatomical System Miroslav Stefanov, Michael Potroz, 2013-(8)
Jungdae Kim, Jake Lim, Richard Cha,
Min-Ho Nam
" Morphological science is greatly challenged to offer a new biomedical theory that explains the possible existence of new bodily
systems such as the primo vascular system (PVS). The PVS is a previously unknown system that integrates the features of the
cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and hormonal systems. It also provides a physical substrate for the acupuncture points and
meridians. Announcements of the morphological architectonics and the function of the PVS fundamentally changed the basic
understanding of biology and medicine because the PVS is involved in the development and the functions of living organisms. We
propose a new vision of the anatomical basis for the PVS and the vital energy—called “Qi”—as an electromagnetic wave that is
involved very closely with the DNA in the PVS. DNA provides genetic information and it functions as a store of information that can
be obtained from the electromagnetic fields of the environment. The PVS is the communication system between living organisms
and the environment, and it lies at the lowest level of life." {Credits 1}
{Credits 1} Stefanov, M., Potroz, M., Kim, J., Lim, J., Cha, R., & Nam, M. H. (2013). The primo vascular system as a new anatomical
system. Journal of acupuncture and meridian studies, 6(6), 331-338. © 2013 International Pharmacopuncture Institute. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.

Biofotones: una interpretación moderna del concepto tradicional “Qi” Ishar Dalmau-Santamaria 2013-(9)

Can the Primo Vascular System (Bong Han Duct System) be a Basic Concept Majid Avijgan, Mahtab Avijgan 2013-(10)
for Qi Production?
" A new system of circulation has been found in some small animals recently and it was suggested that this new system could exist
in the human body too. The system could potentially explain all the abilities and mechanisms of traditional medicine along with
Chinese traditional medicine. In the early 1960s, the time of its discovery, it was called Bong Han Duct (BHD) which afterwards,
during an international meeting in Korea in 2009, was changed to Primo Vascular (or Vessel) System (PVS)." {Credits 1}
" This system is similar to a network composed of a duct containing some sub‐ductuls and corpuscles which are like a control
 canon and act as a control room for these ducts. In these ducts, very small floating granules are present and these contain
genomic information. The information of one or two chromosomes is in each granule. These granules stay afloat in a fluid termed
primo fluid and contain amino acid, hyaluronic acid, more than 270 proteins and some other substance vital for cells and
tissues." {Credits 1}
" Non‐coding DNA may act as a photon store and a coherent radiator, because of its enormous polymer size and its ability to form
exciplexes. ... The biophysical model for inter‐and intra‐cellular communication developed by Nagl and Popp [32] postulated that
the biophoton is trapped and emitted by a cellular physical resonance device, namely DNA, which results in biophoton emissions
with a high degree of coherence (Figure 9) [23]." {Credits 1}
" To explain biologically this postulation regarding DNA and biophotons, we still need a network or channel. Bonghan’s theory is
similar to a channel and is just the answer. It provides the channels with the DNA granules running inside, and the channels are
spread all over the body, linking the internal organs to the acupuncture points in the skin (Figure 10) [23]." {Credits 1}
{Credits 1} Avijgan, M., & Avijgan, M. (2013). Can the primo vascular system (Bong Han Duct System) be a basic concept for Qi
production?. Int J Integr Med, 1(20), 1-10. © 2013 Avijgan and Avijgan. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons
Attribution License.

Unusual Optical Properties of Collagen and Implications for the Primo Eduard van Wijk , Margo Groeneveld, 2012-(1)
Jan van der Greef, Roeland van Wijk
Vascular System
It is compared the interaction of collagen gels preparations with enzyme-dependent ultra weak photon emissions (from the
Xanthine oxidase–Xanthine–MCLA enzyme system) versus it's interaction with light from a LED with similar spectral properties of
that of the enzyme system.
It has been found that the collagen gel is capable of increasing photon emissions from the enzyme system but that, on the contrary,
weak photon emissions generated from the artificial source are decreased.
For the authors this is a clue that points that by means of collagen fibers (that are connected to primo-vessels, which are related to
the meridian system, and whose optical properties are also being investigated with signs that they can conduct/retransmit
biophotons) biophotons from biological natural reactions may exert influence on distant molecular activation wherein chemical and
electrical signaling is impossible.

Light and Primo Vascular System in the Brain Min-Ho Nam, Seung-Hoon Choi, 2012-(4)
Kwang-Sup Soh
The primo-vascular system form a network different from the nervous, cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, that is distributed
deep inside the body all over the surface of major organs, it is constituted by primo vessels also termed "Bonghan ducts" and primo
nodes also termed “Bongham corpuscles”, being the primo nodes constituted by sub vessels and various cells.
And its known that the primo node for the organs are connected to all meridians. The meridian structures start and end at the primo
node for the organs [1], that is he primo vascular system is an anatomical structure corresponding to the acupuncture meridians.
One very important hypothesis in relation to this is that they can serve as biophotonic transmission waveguides [2] with various
papers on the topic, both theoretical and experimental.
In the light of a recent discovery of the primo vascular system in the brains of rabbits (floating in the cerebrospinal fluid), that also
run along the central canal of the spinal cord, in this paper it is revised the idea of a long-range optical communication through the
biophotonic transmission along those anatomical structures, and the possible application of the knowledge present and future in
the laser-needle acupuncture technique.
[1] Stefanov, M., Potroz, M., Kim, J., Lim, J., Cha, R., & Nam, M. H. (2013). The primo vascular system as a new anatomical
system. Journal of acupuncture and meridian studies, 6(6), 331-338.
[2] Soh, K. S. (2004). Bonghan Duct and Acupuncture Meridian as Optical Channel of Biophoton. Journal of the Korean Physical
Society, 45(5), 1196-1198.
[3] EMMIND › Endogenous Fields & Mind › Biophotons › Biophotons & Acupunture Meridians

High Capacity Optical Channels for Bioinformation Transfer: Acupuncture Jiri Pokorny, Tomás Martan, Alberto 2012-(8)
Foletti
Meridians
" The function of corpuscles is not clear. The corpuscle may serve as a structure that collects the electromagnetic signals of the
tissues from organs and transfers them to the duct for transmission to the brain. They may also fulfill a role as electromagnetic
resonators. The corpuscle may amplify the collected and transferred signals (microtubules in a cell could amplify electromagnetic
signals [60]). However, this is only one of the unknown features. Visualization of morphological structures of the ordered water at
the inner walls of the ducts and corpuscles, disclosure of the function of the rod-shaped nuclei, biochemical analysis of a complete
composition of the flowing liquid, and measurement of its permittivity are important topics for further research." {Credits 1}
" The ducts and corpuscles might fulfill a function of optical channels with dielectric walls operating from far infrared to visible
wavebands, that is, in the frequency range 1013–1014 Hz. Different electromagnetic modes might be utilized for signal transfer; the
bandwidth of the transmitted signals may be large. Therefore, the meridian system may provide transfer of a sufficiently wide
spectrum of electromagnetic signals from the organs to the brain and vice versa. The transferred signals may coordinate
processes in the whole body and provide functional harmony." {Credits 1}
{Credits 1} Pokorný, J., Martan, T., & Foletti, A. (2012). High capacity optical channels for bioinformation transfer: acupuncture
meridians. Journal of acupuncture and meridian studies, 5(1), 34-41. © 2011 International Pharmacopuncture Institute. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.

Optical Transport Properties along the Pericardium Meridian under Different Gui-Zhen Chen, Yun-Xiang Xu, Yu- 2011-(9)
Hua Wang, Hong-Qin Yang, Qing-
Pressure
Yuan Lin, Li-Jun Li, Zhou- yi Guo,
Song-Hao Liu

In vivo experimental study of optical characteristics of human acupuncture Yimei Huang, Hongqin Yang, Yuhua 2011-(5)
Wang, Shusen Xie, Zhouyi Guo,
points
Songhao Liu
By applying laser light through fibers in a meridian acupuncture point and detecting by collector fibers in other point, that can be
other acupuncture point of the same meridian (Jueyin Pericardium Meridian of Hand) or a non meridian point as control, it is found
that the that the effective attenuation coefficient and the diffuse reflectance of acupuncture point is smaller than that of non-
acupuncture point, so light propagated better along the meridian than the reference path, they also do a more specific investigation
of the phenomenon when the brachial artery is constricted.

Meridian is a Three-Dimensional Network from Bio-Electromagnetic Jinxiang Han 2011-(7)

Radiation Interference: An Interference Hypothesis of Meridian
Human Ultraweak Photon Emission and the Yin Yang Concept of Chinese Roeland van Wijk, Jan van der Greef, 2010-(11)
Medicine Eduard van Wijk

" The relationship between connective tissue and meridian function is discussed in terms of energy transmission. The network of
hydrogen-bonded water molecules interspersed within the collagen fibrillar matrix is especially significant for both the sensitivity of
connective tissue to weak signals of mechanical pressure, heat, or electricity and the electrical intercommunication that may
correlate with the meridian acupuncture system. Special electromagnetic properties of connective tissue have similar collective
properties of ultraweak photon emission. A relationship between ultraweak photon emission and yin yang dynamics is based on
three types of ultraweak photon emission studies, focusing on diurnal and annual dynamics, diseased states, and acupuncture
points." {Credits 1}
{Credits 1} van Wijk, R., van der Greef, J., & van Wijk, E. (2010). Human ultraweak photon emission and the yin yang concept of
Chinese medicine. Journal of acupuncture and meridian studies, 3(4), 221-231. © 2010 Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute. This is
an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.

Magneto-Acupuncture Stimuli Effects on Ultraweak Photon Emission from Sang-Hyun Park, Jungdae Kim, Tae- 2009-(9)
Hoi Koo
Hands of Healthy Persons

On optics of human meridians Hong-Quin Yang, Shu-Sen Xie, Hui Li, 2009-(6)
Yu-Hua Wang
Two kind of experiments are developed:
One of the experiments is realised to visualize acupuncture meridians using infrared thermal imaging technique in subjects at
different day times, and it has been found evidence that human meridians are a source of infrared radiation, so their silhouette can
be seen in the images.
An alternative experiment that also use infrared thermal imaging technique to detect meridians, but in this case provoking a heating
in related acupuncture points, can be found in [1].
The other experiment is to measure optical transport properties of light propagating along the meridians compared to non meridian
trajectories of light, for this they project laser in acupuncture points of the pericardium meridian and in other non acupuncture
points, and compare the relative attenuation rates of light propagating along the pericardium meridian and non-meridian directions
at the same distance by putting a detector (connected to a photomultiplier) in different related acupuncture meridian points or in
non related points.
They have found that the light attenuation is lower along the meridian direction than in the non-meridian direction, this confirms a
previous study of the same authors [2] that use other acupuncture point but that has similar experimental setup.
[1] Schlebusch, K. P., Maric-Oehler, W., & Popp, F. A. (2005). Biophotonics in the infrared spectral range reveal acupuncture meridian
structure of the body. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 11(1), 171-173.
[2] Yang, H. Q., Xie, S. S., Liu, S. H., Li, H., & Guo, Z. Y. (2007). Differences in optical transport properties between human meridian
and non-meridian. The American journal of Chinese medicine, 35(05), 743-752.

The Biophysics of Acupuncture: Emerging Patterns From Selected Studies Richard F. Hobbs III 2009-(6)

Principles of complementary medicine in terms of a suggested scientific Fritz-Albert Popp 2008-(6)

basis

Anatomic characterization of acupuncture system and ultra-weak photon Roeland Van Wijk, Kwang-Sup Soh, 2008-(48)
Eduard P.A. Van Wijk
emission
" Anatomic, cellular and molecular studies reveal the enormity and pervasiveness of [the connective tissue] from the highly
structured, strong and dense fascia, via the Bonghan ducts and connections to skin and internal organs to the fine-structured
extracellular matrix surrounding individual cells. ...The liquid crystalline state of highly structured extracellular collagen as well as
cellular components, e.g., DNA, are discussed in relation to biophoton emission properties of the system."
" In conclusion, we note that basic research in the 200 year-old basic bioregulatory system (in German: Grundsystem) includes
nowadays the anatomy, cell biology and molecular biology of the fine-structure of (a) connective tissue in fascia, (b) recently
discovered Bonghan ducts, and (c) the extracellular matrix around organ cells. This system can be considered anatomically as well
as physiologica1ly as an entire system. The anatomy of the system corresponds in many respects with the acupuncture system.
Structural and electrical properties of acupuncture points and meridians can be more easily understood utilizing the presented
system."

Imaging of biophoton emission from electrostimulated skin acupuncture Janusz Slawinski, Zbigniew Gorski 2008-(9)
point jg4: effect of light enhancers
The authors use chemiluminescent and fluorescent hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphyphilic molecular probes to enhance the
biophotonic emissions, to be able detect them more clearly by the ultra-sensitive CCD camera, and they have been found that:
" ...the electrostimulation of the JG4 acupuncture active point give weaker biophoton emission (1805 photons/mm2s) than the
stimulation of the neighboring non active areas (2744 photons/mm2s). It looks as if light -producing processes are channeled
within acupuncture active points and less light is produced or transmitted outside. There is also a difference in the time decay of
photon emission."

Effect of Colorpuncture on Spontaneous Photon Emission in a Subject R.P. Bajpai, M. Drexel 2008-(7)
Suffering from Multiple Sclerosis

Differences in Optical Transport Properties between Human Meridian and Hong-Qin Yang, Shu-Sen Xie, Song- 2007-(1)
Hao Liu, Hui Li, Zhou-Yi Guo
Non-meridian
Lasers (of 633 nm, 658 nm and 785 nm) were used to irradiate subjects at different points on meridian and non-meridian directions,
the results suggest that the light attenuation is less when propagating along the meridian than along the non-meridian direction.

Appearance of Human Meridian-Like Structure and Acupoints and Its Time Hong-Qin Yang, Shu-Sen Xie, Xiang- 2007-(1)
Long Hu, Li Chen, Hui Li
Correlation by Infrared Thermal Imaging

Evidence of Light Piping (Meridian-Like Channels) in the Human Body and Fritz-Albert Popp, Walburg Maric- 2005-(1)
Oehler, Klaus-Peter Schlebusch,
Nonlocal EMF Effects
 Wolfgang Klimek

Biophotonics in the Infrared Spectral Range Reveal Acupuncture Meridian Klaus-Peter Schlebusch, Walburg 2005-(3)
Maric-Oehle, Friz-Albert Popp
Structure of the Body
Using an extended infrared camera they have been able to reveal the meridian structure after burning moxibustion sticks as a
directed heat source, in a defined manner, in proximity to body regions where there is purported to be the acupuncture points.
In the images that they obtain distinct temperature gradients of 5°C/cm2 can be fixed and established within these wave guides,
while the heat source is dozens of centimeters apart, only over the acupuncture point.
In a paper by same authors and others, also listed in this website [1], they opine that those channels have a high optical coherence
that points to a wide range of electromagnetic interactions that may cover almost the whole electromagnetic spectrum.
[1] Popp, F. A., Maric-Oehler, W., Schlebusch, K. P., & Klimek, W. (2005). Evidence of light piping (meridian-like channels) in the
human body and nonlocal emf effects. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 24(3), 359-374.

Bonghan Duct and Acupuncture Meridian as Optical Channel of Biophoton Kwang-Sup Soh 2004-(3)

Bonghan corpuscles, also termed “primo nodes”, and Bonghan ducts, also termed “primo vessels” have been associated to the
acupuncture points and meridians respectively and their physical existence has been being confirmed by different techniques in
recent years. Form a network, the primo-vascular system, different from the nervous, cardiovascular or lymphatic system, that is
distributed deep inside the body all over the surface of major organs, even it has been found inside blood and lymphatic vessels,
and includes the meridian system in its distribution.
As in those ducts DNA granules exists, whose function is unknown, it is postulated that if DNA play a role in biophotonic emissions
(that is, if there are taken into consideration the F.A. Popp experiments where DNA conformation alterations altered biophotonic
emissions from cells [1]) or retransmission, then is possible to hypothesize that Bonghan ducts (that is meridians) can act as
optical channels for the biophotons.
[1] Popp, F. A., Nagl, W., Li, K. H., Scholz, W., Weingärtner, O., & Wolf, R. (1984). Biophoton emission. New evidence for coherence and
DNA as source. Cell Biophysics, 6(1), 33-52.