Title Card

Lesson 19: Cellular Respiration

Guide Card
Introduction
The most important biochemical reaction, especially to human, is Cellular Respiration. This is
how we derive energy from what we eat (if we want to be specific, from glucose). Most of what we eat
contains carbohydrates which turns into Glucose (C6H1206). The food that we eat is broken down, the
glucose is extracted, and the energy is converted into ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) in the process of
Cellular Respiration. It releases the energy in glucose to make ATP, the molecule that powers all the work
of cells. Cells use ATP to power up virtually all their activities to grow, divide, replace worn out cell parts,
and execute many other tasks.

Cellular Respiration involves many chemical reactions. The reactions can be summed up in this
equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + Chemical Energy (in ATP)

Learning Competency:
Differentiate basic features and importance of photosynthesis and respiration. S9LT-lg-j-31

Learning Objectives:

A. Explain how respiration allows organisms to obtain energy from food

B. Assess the importance of oxygen in the improvement of the efficiency of respiration in harnessing
energy from food

1
Pre-Test: What I Know

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on your science notebook.

1. Which of the following best describes the overall purpose of cellular respiration?
A. To use energy from the sun to produce oxygen
B. To break down food (glucose) in order to produce energy (ATP)
C. To take in oxygen in order to produce energy (ATP)
D. To use energy from the sun to produce food (glucose)

2. Cellular Respiration takes place in which eukaryotic organelle?

A. Chloroplast C. Cytoplasm
B. Ribosome D. Mitochondria

3. Which organisms are capable of cellular respiration?

A. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs
B. Autotrophs
C. Heterotrophs
D. Impossible to tell

4. In which part of the cell does glycolysis take place?

A. Nucleus C. Cytoplasm
B. Mitochondrion D. Chloroplast

5. In which part of the mitochondria does the Krebs Cycle, or Citric Acid Cycle, take place?
A. Matrix B. Inner membrane C. Stroma D. Cytoplasm

6. In which part of the mitochondria does the electron transport chain take place?
A. Inner membrane C. Stroma
B. Cytoplasm D. Matrix

7. How many ATPs are produced during the entire process of cellular respiration?
A. 46 B. 38 C. 34 D. 2

8. Which of the following best explains the connection between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
A. They are not connected.
B. What one process produces, the other process uses.
C. They are the exact same processes.
D. They are both used to produce energy.

9. Why is glycolysis considered as an anaerobic process?

A. It takes place in the presence of oxygen.
B. It occurs outside the mitochondria.
C. It does not produce any ATP.
D. It takes place in the absence of oxygen.

10. What is the net production of ATP from one glucose molecule in glycolysis?
A. 32 B. 28 C. 4 D. 2

Review / What’s In
In the previous lessons, you have learned the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis. These
are temperature, carbon dioxide, water and light. Providing the plant with the right amount of these
materials will ensure good quality and quantity of the harvest.

2
 Why is food needed? Organisms need food as the main source of energy. All organisms need
energy to perform essential life processes. How does our body derive energy from what we eat? Do you
know how these processes are being done by our body and by other organisms?

Activity Card
What’s New
Activity 1:Story Telling

Directions: Read the story given below. Try to imitate the voice of the characters in mobile
legends.

These are my Hero Students:

Good Day!
Biology is Let’s play I’m Professor
my craft. together! Robotnik!

Chang’e
Diggie

You got Time for

a good me to
taste! make my
Cyclops Harley
entrance.

I would like to play

Guys, would like Oops! We can’t do
rank battle!
to play classic that! We still have our
I want to have a
battle? class with Mr.
battle star!
Robotnik.

Yup! It’s our Science

subject. I think Mr.
Robotnik will be here in Good Day ML heroes!
a moment. Have you read the
topic card that I gave
you yesterday?
Share what you have
learned.

3
 Yes Sir! I’ve learned that Very good, heroes!
cellular respiration is what cells Harley, do you know the two
do to break up sugars (glucose) types of respiration?
to get energy they can use.
Cellular respiration may be
classified into two types
depending on the need for
Cellular respiration takes in oxygen.
food and uses it to create ATP aerobic respiration occurs in
(Adenosine Triphosphate), a the presence of oxygen
chemical which the cell uses for (oxygen-dependent), whereas
anaerobic respiration occurs
energy.
in the absence of oxygen
(oxygen-independent).

You really did a good job on your assignment! I’ll give you two battle stars!
For our today’s discussion, we will focus on these three questions about cellular
respiration:
1. What happens during cellular respiration?
2. Where does cellular respiration take place?
3. What are the stages of cellular respiration?

What happens during cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration involves many chemical reactions. The reactions can be can be
summed up into this equation:

Cellular respiration uses oxygen in addition to glucose. It releases carbon dioxide and
water as waste products. Cellular respiration actually “burns” glucose for energy.
However, it doesn’t produce light or intense heat like a burning candle or log. Instead,
it releases the energy slowly; in many small steps. The energy is used to form dozens
of molecules of ATP.

Where does cellular respiration take place?

Cellular respiration takes place in the cells of all organisms. It occurs in autotrophs
such as plants, as well as heterotrophs such as animals.
Cellular respiration begins in cytoplasm of cells. It is completed in mitochondria.
The mitochondria are membrane-enclosed organelle in the cytoplasm. They are
sometimes called the “powerhouse” of the cell because of their role in cellular
respiration. Here are the parts of mitochondria involved in cellular respiration.

4
What are the stages of cellular respiration?

Actually, it occurs in three stages. The names of the stages are glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and
electron transport

Stage 1: Glycolysis
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. The word glycolysis means
“glucose splitting”. That’s exactly what happens in this stage. Enzymes split a
molecule of glucose into two smaller molecules called pyruvate. This results in
a net gain of two molecules of ATP. Other energy-storing molecules are also
produced (their energy will be used in stage 3 to make more ATP). Glycolysis
does not require oxygen. Anything that doesn’t need oxygen is described as
anaerobic.

Stage 2: The Krebs Cycle

The Pyruvate molecules from Glycolysis enter the Matrix of Mitochondrion.
That’s where the second stage of cellular respiration takes place. This stage is
called the Krebs cycle. During this stage, two more molecules of ATP are
produced. Other energy-storing molecules are also produced (to be used to make
more ATP in stage 3). The Krebs cycle requires oxygen. Anything that needs
oxygen is described as aerobic. The oxygen combines with the carbon from the
pyruvate molecules. This forms carbon dioxide, a waste product.

Stage 3: Electron Transport

It takes place in the Inner Membrane of Mitochondrion. Remember the other
energy-storing molecules from Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle? Their energy is
used in this stage to make more molecules of ATP. In fact, during this stage, as
many as 34 molecules of ATP are produced. Electron transport requires oxygen,
so this stage is also Aerobic. The oxygen combines with hydrogen from energy-
storing molecules. This forms water, another waste product.

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Activity 2: Cellular Respiration
Directions: Refer to the flow chart and check your understanding of the Cellular Respiration
by completing the entire concept. Write your answers on your science notebook.

All energy in our body

is provided by

Cellular Respiration

uses

to produce as a waste product

Glucose Oxygen Carbon Dioxide

in addition to
and

also as a waste product

Water

- The molecules that

and
power all the work of
cells; Cells use ATP to is used to produce - Can be used for useful
power virtually all their
ATP Energy work, to heat our bodies,
activities to grow, divide, to provide electrical
replace worn out cell impulses to our brain, etc.
parts, and execute many
other tasks

Guide Questions:

1. What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?

2. How many ATP molecules are produced during the entire process of cellular respiration?
3. Describe the overall purpose of cellular respiration.

Activity 3: Let Us ReCharge!

Directions: Look at the diagram below and answer the questions that follow. Write your
answers on your science notebook

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 Guide Questions:
1. Which of the terms found in the diagram is considered a process?
2. In which part of the cell does the process take place?
3. What is the raw material?
4. What are the products?

Discussion of Activity
Cellular respiration involves many chemical reactions. The reactions can be summed up in this
equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + Chemical Energy (in ATP)
Cellular respiration uses oxygen in addition to glucose. It releases carbon dioxide and water as
waste products. Cellular respiration actually “burns” glucose for energy. However, it does not produce
light or intense heat like a burning candle or log. Instead, it releases the energy slowly, in many small
steps. The energy is used to form dozens of molecules of ATP.

The reactions of cellular respiration can be grouped into three stages: glycolysis (stage 1), the
Krebs cycle, also known as Citric Acid Cycle (stage 2), and electron transport (stage 3).

Enrichment Card
A. Directions: Answer the following questions below. Write your answers on your science
notebook.

1. List the stages of aerobic respiration in the order in which they occur.
2. Define aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
3. What role do mitochondria play in cellular respiration?
4. What is the maximum number of ATP molecules that can be produced during the electron transport
stage of aerobic respiration?
5. Assume that a new species of organism has been discovered. Scientists have observed its cells under
a microscope and determined that they lack mitochondria. What type of cellular respiration would you
predict that the new species uses? Explain your answer.

B. Directions: Complete the summary equation for the following processes below. Write your
answers on your science notebook.

1. Summary Equation for Photosynthesis:

Carbon Dioxide + _____Sunlight Glucose + ___________

Chlorophyll

2. Summary Equation for Photosynthesis:

Glucose + _______ Carbon Dioxide + Water + _______

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 Reflection Card

Directions: Give answers to the following questions. Write your answers on your science
notebook.

Three things I learned from the lesson.

1.

2.

3.

Two interesting facts I learned from the lesson

1.

2.

One question I still have.

1.

Assessment Card
Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write your answers on
your science notebook.
1. Which of the following equations accurately represents cellular respiration?
A. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + Chemical Energy (in ATP)

B. 6CO2 + 6H20 C6H12O6 + 6O2 + Chemical Energy (in ATP)

C. C6H12O6 + 6H20 6CO2 + 6O2 + Chemical Energy (in ATP)
D. C6H12O6 + 6CO2 6O2 + 6H20 + Chemical Energy (in ATP)

2. Which of the following statements is true regarding glycolysis?

A. Glycolysis can occur without the presence of oxygen.
B. Glycolysis takes place in the mitochondria of a cell.
C. Glycolysis is the final step in aerobic respiration.
D. Glycolysis produces a net 1ATP, 1 NADH, and 2 pyruvate.

3. In what part of the cell does glycolysis take place?

A. Mitochondria B. Nucleus C. Ribosome D. Cytoplasm

4. In what part of the cell does the Krebs cycle take place?
A. Cytoplasm (cytosol) C. Ribosome
B. Mitochondria D. Chloroplast

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5. Which of the following statements about the Krebs cycle is most accurate?
A. The Krebs cycle occurs as part of both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
B. Oxygen and water are produced in the Krebs cycle.
C. The Krebs cycle is the first step in cellular respiration.
D. Not all living things engage in the Krebs cycle.

6. Which of the following best describes the overall purpose of cellular respiration?
A. To use energy from the sun to produce oxygen
B. To break down food (glucose) in order to produce energy (ATP)
C. To take in oxygen in order to produce energy (ATP)
D. To use energy from the sun to produce food (glucose)

7. Which organisms are capable of cellular respiration?

A. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs C. Heterotrophs
B. Autotrophs D. A. Impossible to tell

8. In which part of the mitochondria does the electron transport chain take place?
A. Inner membrane C. Stroma
B. Cytoplasm D. Matrix

9. How many ATP molecules are produced during the entire process of cellular respiration?
A. 46 B. 38 C. 34 D. 2

10. Which of the following best explains the connection between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
A. They are in no way connected.
B. What one process produces, the other process uses.
C. They are the exact same processes.
D. They are both used to produce energy.

9
 11
Assessment
1. A
2. A
3. D
4. B C
5. D
6. B
7. A
8. A
9. B
10.B
Activity 3 ’Answer to Guide Questions:
Guide Questions 1. glycolysis, the Krebs cycle,
1. Glycolysis and electron transport
2. Cytoplasm of the cell
3. Glucose or sugar
2. 38 ATP
4. Pyruvate/ ATP 3. Cellular respiration is the
process by which cells in
Enrichment Activity A plants and animals break down
sugar and turn it into energy,
1. Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport which is then used to perform
2. Aerobic in the presence of oxygen; anaerobic no oxygen work at the cellular level. The
3. The last two stages take place within the mitochondria's matrix purpose of cellular respiration
(Kreb's cycle) and inter membrane (electron transport) is simple: it provides cells with
4. 34 ATP molecules the energy they need to
function(answer may vary)
5. It uses anaerobic respiration. It must use this because glycolysis is
the only stage of cellular respiration that does not take place in the
mitochondria. The glycolysis does not use are unlike the last two
stages and is therefore considered anaerobic
PRE-ASSESSMENT
1. B
2. D
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. A
7. B
8. B
9. D
10.D
Answer Card
 Title Card
Lesson 20: Mitochondria (Turn on the Power House)

Guide Card
Introduction
You already know that you need to eat in order to have energy. The food you ingest gets broken
down inside your digestive system so it can be used by your body. But, where does it go from there? How
do the cells in your body use that digested food? They get the fuel they need from a small organelle, or
cell part, called a mitochondrion. The plural form of this word is 'mitochondria'.

Mitochondria are found inside the cells of animals, plants, and fungi. Some cells have lots of
mitochondria, and others do not. It depends on how much energy the cells need.

Learning Competency:

Differentiate basic features and importance of photosynthesis and respiration. S9LT-lg-j-31

Learning Objectives:

A. Define mitochondria: and

B. Identify the structure and function of mitochondrion as the main organelle involved in
respiration.

Pre-Test: What I Know

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on your science notebook.
1. Where is the site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells?
A. Cilia C. Peroxime
B. Mitochondria D. Plastid

2. How many mitochondria are in a cell?

A. 1 C. 12
B. 2 D. Depends on the complexity of the cell

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3. What molecule do mitochondria use to make energy?
A. DNA C. ATP
B. RNA D. JPN

4. How many molecule/s of carbon dioxide is/are released from one pyruvic acid molecule being
oxidized?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

5. During the synthesis of ATP, what is the direction of hydrogen flow?

A. from cytoplasm to matrix of mitochondrion
B. from intermembrane space to matrix
C. from matrix to intermembrane space
D. from matrix of mitochondrion to cytoplasm

6. When cells breakdown a sugar molecule completely to produce chemical energy (ATP), the cells need
_____.
A. sugar only C. sugar and oxygen
B. sugar and carbon dioxide D. sugar and water

7. Where do the light reactions happen?

A. central vacuole C. stroma
B. mitochondria membrane D. thylakoid membrane

8. Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A. lumen B. mitochondria C. stroma D. thylakoid

9. Which of the following is not a reactant of the Calvin cycle?

A. ATP B. carbon dioxide C. NADPH D. oxygen

10. What is the product of Calvin cycle?

A. oxygen B. rubisco C. carbon dioxide D. sugar

Review / What’s In
Cellular respiration is a multi-step process that converts the chemical energy in food into
usable cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. For instance, cellular respiration is
aimed at creating ATP. ATP is like the energy currency of cells. It is necessary for cellular function and
sustaining your life. This ATP is produced primarily by an organelle called the mitochondria.
Mitochondria are cellular organelles that synthesize ATP for our cells.

The process of cellular respiration is broken into three phases, or steps. Those phases are
glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. The latter two stages occur inside the
mitochondria, the Krebs cycle takes place in the Matrix of Mitochondrion while the electron transport
chain takes place in the inner membrane of Mitochondrion.

Let’s know more about the structure and function of mitochondrion in greater detail.

13
 Activity Card
What’s New
Activity 1: Story Telling
Directions: Read the story given below. Try to imitate the voice of the characters in mobile
legends.

I want you to make a poem about Mitochondria.

Not only that! You should present your poem about mitochondria with your
favorite skin battle. Wear your favorite skin and recite your poem at your best.

Do you like calcium? I do, too,

That is what mitochondria store for you,
We keep you moving, awake, and energetic you believe,
We are all about that ATP,
Oval-shaped, membrane bound
This is what’s found in this organelle
That is why we are the power house of the cell

14
Mighty Diggie, for the Organelle in Chief
Will make all your dreams come true, beyond belief
With its fold called Cristae and fluid filled Matrix
We are the best organelle, far from basic
We will make all the ATP your body will need
And fuel every animal’s body, no matter what breed
So vote for Diggie in this class
We promise our team will be perfection

You are all amazing heroes!

You look very strong and elegant with your battle skin!
Hearing those poems that you made, I can say that you really did research on
mitochondria

Mitochondria are organelles specialized to carry out aerobic respiration, contain an

inner membrane folded into cristae, which form two separate compartments: the
inner membrane space and the matrix.

In our previous lesson, we learned that the Krebs Cycle takes

place in the matrix and the electron transport chain is
embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
and uses both compartments to make ATP.

You’re right!
The double membrane nature of the mitochondria results in five distinct
compartments, each with an important role in cellular respiration. Do you know
these compartments of mitochondria?

I think I can share it with you. I have here a structure of a mitochondrion.

These compartments are:

1. The outer membrane,
2. The intermembrane space (the space between the outer and inner
membranes),
3. The inner membrane,
4. The cristae (formed by infoldings of the inner membrane), and
5. The matrix (space within the inner membrane).

15
How about the roles of these compartments in cellular respiration? Do you have any idea?

I’ll be the one to answer that question!

The roles of these compartments in cellular respiration include:

6. The outer membrane: allows for the establishment of the inter membrane
space,
7. The intermembrane space: holds protons that are pumped out of the
matrix during electron transport,
8. The inner membrane: organizes the electron transport chain and holds
ATP synthase,
9. The cristae: expand the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane,
enhancing its ability to produce ATP, and
10. The matrix: site of ATP synthesis and the location of the Krebs cycle.

Here’s a brief summary of what we’ve discussed today.

 Mitochondria are organelles whose membranes are specialized for aerobic respiration.
 The matrix of the mitochondria is the site of Krebs Cycle reactions.
 The electron transport chain and most ATP synthesis rely on the compartments created by the inner
membrane of the mitochondria.

Activity 2: The Power House

Directions:

Write your answers on your science notebook.

16
Guide Questions:
1. What process occurs at the mitochondria?
2. What is the mitochondria's job?
3. What are the layered structures that look like folds in the mitochondria called?
4. What energy molecule do the mitochondria make?
5. What types of organisms contain mitochondria?

Activity 3:
Mitochondria are membrane-enclosed organelles distributed through the cytoplasm of most
eukaryotic cells. Their main function is the conversion of the potential energy of food molecules into ATP.
This organelle has important parts.

Describe each part of the mitochondria. Write your answer on your science notebook.

Discussion of Activity
 Mitochondria are organelles within cells that produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is the
main energy source used by cells.
 Without mitochondria, cells would not have the energy needed to carry out their functions.
 Reduction in the health of mitochondria is thought to be part of the decline that happens during
the aging process.

17
 Enrichment Card
Activity 1:
A. Directions: Provide answers for the following instructions below.
Write your answers on your science notebook.

1. List and describe the five compartments of the mitochondrion.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

2. Identify the sites of the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.
a.
b.

B. Directions: Compare photosynthesis and respiration with regard to each of the following
below. Write your answers on your science notebook.
Basis of Comparison Photosynthesis Respiration

1.Cell structure involved

2. Fundamental
materials/raw
materials

3. End product

4. Energy requirement

Reflection Card

Three things I learned from the lesson.

1.
2.
3.

Two interesting facts. I learned from the lesson

1.
2.
One question I still have.

1.

18
 Assessment Card

Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write Answer the
following questions. Write your answers on your science notebook.

1. What is the primary purpose of cristae in the mitochondria?

A. Provide a large surface area for chemical reactions
B. Protect the mitochondrial genome
C. Prevent the mitochondria from folding in on itself
D. No purpose has yet been identified

2. Where does the Krebs cycle take place in the mitochondria?

A. Outer mitochondrial membrane
B. Intermembrane space
C. Inner mitochondrial membrane
D. Mitochondrial matrix

3. In what part of mitochondria does the electron transport chain take place?
A. Matrix C. Inner membrane
B. Outer membrane D. Intermembrane space

4. The folds of the internal membrane within mitochondria are called what?
A. Cristae C. Cytoplasm
B. Cytosol D. Matrix

5. Where does the synthesis of most ATP takes place?

A. Ribosomes C. Golgi apparatus
B. Rough ER D. Mitochondria

6. Which of the following is the space inside the inner membrane?

A. Outer Membrane C. Matrix
B. Inner Membrane D. Cristae

7. Which of the following is the nickname given to mitochondria?

A. The reactor of the cell C. The powerhouses of the cell
B. The transmitter of the cell D. The brain of the cell

8. The mitochondria take food particles and combine them with what?
A. Carbon Dioxide C. Water
B. Nitrogen D. Oxygen

9. How many mitochondria are in a cell?

A. 1 C. 12
B. 2 D. Depends on the complexity of the cell

10. Which of the following statements about mitochondria is correct?

A. Mitochondria are found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
B. Most plant cells contain mitochondria.
C. Mitochondria may have originated evolutionarily as photosynthetic bacteria.
D. All of the above are correct.

19
 21
ASSESSMENT Enrichment Activity B
1. A Basis of Comparison Photosynthesis Respiration
2. D. 1.Cell structure Chloroplast Mitochondrion
3. C involved
4. A 2. Starting Carbon dioxide and Sugar and oxygen
5. D materials/raw water
6. C materials
7. C Sugar and oxygen Carbon dioxide and
3. End product
8. D water
9. D Sunlight/ light ATP
4. Energy requirement
10.B energy
Enrichment Activity A Answer to Guide Questions:
A. List and describe the five compartments of the mitochondrion. 1. Cellular Respiration
1. The outer membrane: allows for the establishment of the inter membrane 2. To produce energy
space, 3. Cristae
2. The intermembrane space: holds protons that are pumped out of the matrix 4. ATP
during electron transport, 5. Plants and animals
3. The inner membrane: organizes the electron transport chain and holds ATP Activity 3
synthase, This activity involves reading
4. The cristae: expand the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane, comprehension. Students
enhancing its ability to produce ATP, and will read silently the
5. The matrix: site of ATP synthesis and the location of the Krebs cycle. information given in the
B. Identify the sites of the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.
module and will work on
1. The Krebs Cycle takes place in the matrix the task describing the
2. The Electron transport Chain is embedded in the inner membrane parts and function of the
mitochondrion based on what
they have read.
PRE-ASSESSMENT
1. C
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. D
Answer Card