SOLUTIONS

Chapter 3

3.3 If 5 g of methane is burned in the chemical reaction CH 4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H 2O ,

what mass of oxygen is consumed and what are the masses of the combustion
products?
Find: Mass of oxygen consumed mO2, mass of products mCO2 and mH2O.
Known: Mass of methane burned mCH4 = 5 g.
Properties: Molar mass of methane MCH4 = 16.0143 g/mol (A1), molar mass of
oxygen MO2 = 31.999 g/mol (A1), molar mass of carbon dioxide MCO2 = 44.01
g/mol (A1), molar mass of water MH2O = 18.015 g/mol (A1).
The amount of moles of methane burned during the reaction is
mCH4 5g
NCH4 = = = 0.31166 gmol.
M CH4 16 g/mol

The following chart summaries information about the reaction:

CH4 O2 CO2 H2 O
Ratio of moles 1 2 1 2
N (gmol) 0.31166 0.62332 0.31166 0.625
m = N × M (g) 0.31166 0.62332 0.31166 0.62332
× 16.043 × 31.999 × 4.01 ×18.015
= 5.00 g = 19.946 g = 13.716 g = 11.229 g

The mass of consumed oxygen is 19.9 g, with 13.7 g of produced carbon dioxide
and 11.2 g of produced water.

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 3.5 Nitrogen in a partially evacuated vessel contains 1010 molecules per mm3 of
gas. What is the pressure of the gas if the temperature is 25°C?
Find: Pressure P of nitrogen in a vessel.
Known: Number of molecules per volume Ne = 1010 molecules/mm3, temperature
T = 25°C.
Assumptions: Nitrogen behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties: Avagadro’s number NA = 6.022×1026 molecules/kmol, molar mass of
nitrogen M = 28.013 kg/kmol (A1), gas constant of nitrogen R = 0.2968 kJ/kgK
(A1).
The mass of one molecule of nitrogen is
M 28.013 kg/kmol
me = = = 4.6518 ´ 10-26 kg/molecule,
N A 6.022 ´ 10 molecules/kmol
26

so we can find the density of the nitrogen molecules to be

r = 4.6518 ´ 10-26 kg/molecule ´ 1010 molecule/mm3 ´ 109 mm3 /m3 ,
r = 4.6518 ´ 10-7 kg/m3 .
Then using the ideal gas equation for T = 25°C = 298.15 K,
P = ρ RT = 4.651× 10−7 kg/m 3 × 0.2968 × 103 J/kgK × 298.15 K
P = 4.1164 × 10−2 Pa.
The pressure in the vessel is 4.12×10-2 Pa.

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 3.8 Gas is kept in a 0.1 m diameter cylinder under the weight of a 100 kg piston
that is held down by a spring with a stiffness k = 5 kN/m. If the gauge pressure of
the gas is 300 kPa, how much is the spring compressed?
Find: Compression x of spring attached to pressurized container.
Known: Cylinder diameter D = 0.1 m, piston mass m = 100 kg, spring constant k
= 5 kN/m, gauge pressure of contained gas P = 300 kPa.
Properties: Gravitational acceleration g = 9.81 m/s2.
From a force balance we see that the pressurized gas exerts a force against the
spring and the weight of the piston. We can solve this equation to get the resulting
compression of the spring:

PAcyl = kx + Fw .
æ p (0.1 m) 2 ö
300 ´ 103 Pa ´ ç ÷ - 100 kg ´ 9.81 m/s
2

PAcyl - Fw è 4 ø
x= =
k 5 ´ 10 N/m
3

x = 0.27504 m
The compression of the spring is 0.275 m.

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 3.10 A manometer is filled with equal volumes of water (ρ = 1000 kg/m3) and oil
(ρ = 850 kg/m3). The end of the manometer nearest to the side filled with oil is
connected to a pressurized container filled with gas and it is observed that the
level of oil and water is exactly the same in both sides of the manometer, equal to
10 cm. What is the gauge pressure of gas in the container?
Find: Gauge pressure Pgauge of gas in the manometer container.
Known: Equal volumes of water and oil as working fluid, density of water ρW =
1000 kg/m3, density of oil ρO = 850 kg/m3, height of water hW = 10 cm, height of
oil hO = 10 cm, oil closest to gas container.
Properties: Gravitational acceleration g = 9.81 m/s2.

Oil
Water

Since this manometer has an equal volume of two different working fluids, which
meet at the same height, there is a balance of pressure between each tube:
Pgas + rO ghO = Patm + rW ghW .
Then we can find the gauge pressure of the gas using the above equality,
Pgauge = Pgas - Patm = rW ghW - rO ghO .
Pgauge = 9.81 m/s 2 ´ 0.1 m ´ (1000 kg/m3 - 850 kg/m3 )
Pgauge = 147.150 Pa.

The gauge pressure of the contained gas is 147.2 Pa.

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 3.15 What is the volume in litres of 1 gmol of an ideal gas at standard temperature
and pressure, defined as 0°C and 101.325 kPa?
Find: Volume V (litres) of ideal gas at STP.
Known: Standard temperature T = 0°C, standard pressure P = 101.325 kPa.
Properties: Universal gas constant Ru = 8.314 kJ/kmolK.
Using the ideal gas equation for T = 0°C = 273.15 K,
NRu T 10-3 kmol ´ 8.314 ´ 103 J/kmolK ´ 273.15 K
V= = = 0.022413 m3 ,
P 101325 Pa
V = 22.413 L.

An ideal gas at standard temperature and pressure has a volume of 22.4 L.

3.17 A gas sample has a volume of 8.3 L and a mass of 5.94 g at a temperature of
0°C and pressure of 1 atmosphere. What gas is it?
Find: Gas present in the sample.
Known: Volume of sample V = 8.3 L, mass of sample m = 5.94 g, temperature T =
0°C, pressure P = 1 atm.
Assumptions: The gas sample behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties: Universal gas constant Ru = 8.314 J/kmolK.
The gas will be determined based on the molar mass, using the ideal gas equation
for T = 0°C = 273.15 K, P = 1 atm = 101.325 kPa, V = 8.3 L = 8.3×10-3 m3:
mRu T 5.94 ´ 10-3 kg ´ 8314 J/kmolK ´ 273.15 K
M = = ,
PV 1.013 ´ 105 Pa ´ 8.3 ´ 10-3 m 3
M = 16.040 kg/kmol.
Since the molar mass is 16.04 kg/kmol, the gas is methane.

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 3.19 A 10 m3 tank containing carbon dioxide at 500 kPa and 20°C begins to leak.
What mass of gas has escaped when the tank pressure drops to 200 kPa?
Find: Mass m of escaped carbon dioxide from a leaking tank.
Known: Tank volume V = 10 m3, initial pressure P1 = 500 kPa, final pressure P2 =
200 kPa, temperature T = 20°C.
Assumptions: Carbon dioxide behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties: Universal gas constant Ru = 8.314 kJ/kmolK, molar mass of carbon
dioxide MCO2 = 44.01 kg/kmol (A1).
The ideal gas equation can be used at both states to solve for the mass, with T =
20°C = 293.15 K and V = 10 m3 staying constant:
M PV 44.01 kg/kmol 500 ´ 103 Pa ´ 10 m3
m1 = 1
= ´ = 90.286 kg,
Ru T 8314 J/kmolK 293.15 K
M P2V 44.01 kg/kmol 200 ´ 103 Pa ´ 10 m3
m2 = = ´ = 36.114 kg.
Ru T 8314 J/kmolK 293.15 K
So the amount of mass lost is
Dm = m1 - m2 = 90.286 - 36.114 = 54.172 kg.
The amount of mass lost from the leaking tank is 54.2 kg.

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 3.20 An air bubble, 1 mm in diameter, is released at the bottom of a lake 20 m
deep where the temperature is 10°C. It rises to the surface of the lake where the
temperature is 25°C. What will the radius of the bubble be at the surface?
Find: Radius r of air bubble at surface of lake.
Known: Diameter of bubble at bottom of lake D = 1 mm, depth of lake h = 20 m,
temperature at bottom T1 = 10°C, temperature at surface T2 = 25°C.
Assumptions: Atmospheric pressure Patm = 101.325 kPa, air in bubble behaves as
an ideal gas.
Properties: Gravitational acceleration g = 9.81 m/s2, density of water ρw = 1000
kg/m3 (A3).
The pressure at the bottom of the lake is
P1 = Patm + r w gh = 101.325 kPa + 1000 kg/m3 ´ 9.81 m/s 2 ´ 20 m = 297.53 kPa.
The pressure at the top of the lake is atmospheric pressure,
P2 = 101.325 kPa.
Treating the air in the bubble as an ideal gas which has a constant mass and using
the ideal gas equation between the two states in the lake,
PV PV
1 1
= 2 2,
T1 T2
V2 PT 297.53 kPa ´ 298.15 K
= 1 2 = = 3.0919.
V1 P2T1 101.325 kPa ´ 283.15 K
Then substituting in the volume of the spherical air bubble,
4 3
p r2
3 = 3.0919,
4 3
p r1
3
r2 = 3 3.0919 ´ r1 = 0.72841 mm.
The radius of the bubble at the surface is 0.728 mm.

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 3.22 What is the mass of air in a room 5 m long, 4 m wide and 3.5 m high if
atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa and the temperature is 23°C? Assume that the
average molar mass of air is 28.97 kg/kmol.
Find: Mass m of air in a room.
Known: Room dimensions 5 m × 4 m × 3.5 m, atmospheric pressure P = 100
kPa, air temperature T = 23°C.
Assumptions: Air behaves as an ideal gas, molar mass of air M = 28.97 kg/kmol.
Properties: Universal gas constant Ru = 8.314 kJ/kmolK.
The volume of air in the room is
V = 5 m ´ 4 m ´ 3.5 m = 70 m3 .
Then using the ideal gas equation for T = 23°C = 296.15 K,
PVM 100 ´ 103 Pa ´ 70 m3 ´ 28.97 kg/kmol
m= = = 82.362 kg.
Ru T 8314 J/kmolK ´ 296.15 K
The mass of air in the room is 82.4 kg.

3.25 Assume that air consists of 75% nitrogen and 25% oxygen by volume. What
is the density of air at 1 atmosphere pressure and 20°C?
Find: Density of air ρair.
Known: Pressure P = 1 atm, temperature T = 20°C.
Assumptions: Air is 75% nitrogen and 25% oxygen, nitrogen and oxygen are
ideal gases.
Properties: Universal gas constant Ru = 8.314 kJ/kmolK, molar mass of nitrogen
MN2 = 28.013 kg/kmol (A1), molar mass of oxygen MO2 = 31.999 kg/kmol (A1).
A 1 m3 sample of air would contain VN2 = 0.75 m3 of N2 and VO2 = 0.25 m3 of O2.
Using the ideal gas equation for T = 20°C = 293.15 K, P = 1 atm = 101.325 kPa,
PVN2 M N2 101.325 ´ 103 Pa ´ 0.75 m3 ´ 28.013 kg/kmol
mN2 = = = 0.87345 kg,
Ru T 8314 J/kmolK ´ 293.15 K
PVO2 M O2 101.325 ´ 103 Pa ´ 0.25 m3 ´ 31.999 kg/kmol
mO2 = = = 0.33258 kg,
Ru T 8314 J/kmolK ´ 293.15 K
mair = mN2 + mO2 = 0.87345 kg + 0.33258 kg = 1.2060 kg.
Then the density can be found by dividing by the sample volume,
mair 1.2060 kg
rair = = 3
= 1.2060 kg/m3 .
Vair 1m
The density of air is 1.21 kg/m3.

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 3.28 An air-filled balloon with a volume of 220 mL is placed inside a glass jar at
atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). The jar is connected to a vacuum pump and
evacuated so that the balloon expands until its volume reaches 350 mL. What is
the pressure in the jar?
Find: Pressure P2 in the jar after balloon expansion.
Known: Initial volume of air in balloon V1 = 220 mL, initial pressure is
atmospheric P1 = 101.325 kPa, final volume of balloon V2 = 350 mL.
Assumptions: The expansion occurs at a constant temperature, air behaves as an
ideal gas.
The balloon in the jar acts as a control mass, so the ideal gas equation can be used
to compare the initial and final states of the system:
P1V1 PV
= m= 2 2.
RT RT
Since the process occurs under a constant temperature and the gas constant does
not change,
V1 æ 220 ml ö
P2 = P1 = 101.325 kPa ç ÷ = 63.690 kPa.
V2 è 350 ml ø
The final pressure in the jar is 63.7 kPa.

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 3.30 A spherical balloon is filled with 0.2 kg of helium at 20°C until its pressure
reaches 200 kPa. What is the diameter of the balloon? The balloon is released and
rises high in the atmosphere where the pressure is 50 kPa and the temperature is
–30°C. What is the diameter now?
Find: Initial diameter D1 of balloon, final diameter D2 of balloon.
Known: Mass of helium in balloon m = 0.2 kg, initial temperature T1 = 20°C,
initial pressure of helium P1 = 200 kPa, final pressure of helium P2 = 50 kPa, final
temperature T2 = –30°C.
Assumptions: Helium behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties: Universal gas constant Ru = 8.314 kJ/kmolK, molar mass of helium M
= 4.0026 kg/kmol (A1).
The initial volume of the helium balloon can be found using the ideal gas equation
for T1 = 20°C = 293.15 K, and used to find the initial diameter:
mRu T p D 3
V = = ,
MP 6
0.2 kg ´ 8314 J/kmolK ´ 293.15 K
V1 = = 0.60892 m3 ,
4.0026 kg/kmol ´ 200 ´ 10 Pa
3

6 ´ 0.60892 m3
D1 = 3 = 1.0516 m.
p
In the same manner, the final volume and diameter of the balloon can also be
found, for T2 = –30°C = 243.15 K:
0.2 kg ´ 8314 J/kmolK ´ 243.15 K
V2 = = 2.0202 m3 ,
4.0026 kg/kmol ´ 50 ´ 10 Pa
3

6 ´ 2.0202 m3
D2 = 3 = 1.5684 m.
p
The initial diameter of the balloon is 1.05 m, and the final diameter is 1.57 m.

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 3.31 A compressed air tank with a volume of 3 m3 has a pressure of 300 kPa and a
temperature of 20°C. More air is added until its pressure and temperature increase
to 400 kPa and 50°C. What is the mass of air added?
Find: Mass m of air added to the tank.
Known: Volume of tank V = 3 m3, initial pressure P1 = 300 kPa, initial
temperature T1 = 20°C, final pressure P2 = 400 kPa, final temperature T2 = 50°C.
Assumptions: Air behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties: Universal gas constant Ru = 8.314 kJ/kmolK, molar mass of air M =
28.97 kg/kmol (A1).
The ideal gas equation can be used to find the initial and final masses of air in the
tank, for T1 = 20°C = 293.15 K, T2 = 50°C = 323.15 K:
MPV 28.97 kg/kmol ´ 300 ´ 103 Pa ´ 3 m3
m1 = 1
= = 10.698 kg,
Ru T1 8314 J/kmolK ´ 293.15 K
MP2V 28.97 kg/kmol ´ 400 ´ 103 Pa ´ 3 m3
m2 = = = 12.939 kg.
Ru T2 8314 J/kmolK ´ 323 K
Then the mass of air added is
Dm = m2 - m1 = 12.939 kg - 10.698 kg = 2.2410 kg.
The mass of air added to the tank is 2.24 kg.

3.33 A gas has three molecules with velocities of 1 m/s, 3 m/s and 5 m/s. What is
a) the mean velocity, and b) the root-mean-square velocity?
Find: a) Mean velocity c of the molecules, b) root meat square velocity crms of the
molecules.
Known: Three velocity values 1 m/s, 3 m/s, 5 m/s.
a) The mean velocity of the molecules is
1+ 3 + 5
c= = 3 m/s.
3
b) The root mean square velocity of the molecules is

12 + 32 + 52
crms = = 3.4157 m/s.
3
The molecules have a a) mean velocity of 3 m/s, and b) root mean square velocity
of 3.42 m/s.

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 3.35 What is the root-mean-square velocity of a nitrogen molecule at 25°C? To
what temperature would we have to heat the gas to double this velocity?
Find: Root mean square velocity crms of nitrogen molecule, final temperature T2
needed to double initial velocity.
Known: Temperature T = 25°C.
Assumptions: Nitrogen behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties: Universal gas constant Ru = 8.314 kJ/kmolK, molar mass of nitrogen
MN2 = 28.013 kg/kmol (A1).

3RuT
crms = .
M
The initial root mean square velocity of nitrogen at T = 25°C = 298.15 K is
3 ´ 8314 J/kmolK ´ 298.15 K
crms = = 515.232 m/s.
28.013 kg/kmol
In order to double the velocity would require a temperature of
3 ´ 8314 J/kmolK ´ T
2 ´ 515.232 = 1030.46 = ,
28.013 kg/kmol
(1030.46 m/s) 2 ´ 28.013 kg/kmol
T= ,
3 ´ 8314 J/kmolK
T = 1192.59 K = 919.44°C.
The initial root mean square velocity of the nitrogen molecule is 515.2 m/s, and it
would require a temperature of 1193 K or 919°C to double this velocity.

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 3.37 The root-mean-square velocity of CH4 molecules at a given temperature is
442 m/s. What is the root-mean-square velocity of He molecules at the same
temperature?
Find: Root mean square velocity crms,He of helium molecules.
Known: Root mean square velocity of methane crms,CH4 = 442 m/s, constant
temperature.
Assumptions: Methane and helium behave as ideal gases.
Properties: Molar mass of methane MCH4 = 16.043 kg/kmol (A1), molar mass of
helium MHe = 4.0026 kg/kmol (A1).
The relationship between root mean square velocity and temperature,
3Ru T
2
crms = ,
M
can be used to find a ratio between methane and helium without needing to know
the value of the temperature, using the fact that the temperature does not change:
crms , He M CH 4 16.043
= = = 2.00204,
crms ,CH 4 M He 4.0026
crms , He = 2crms ,CH 4 = 2.00204 ´ 442 m/s = 884.902 m/s.
The root mean square velocity of helium at this temperature is 884.9 m/s.

3.39 Five kilograms of air, initially at 0°C, are heated until the temperature
reaches 50°C. The internal energy increases by 180 kJ during this process. Find
the specific heat of air.
Find: Specific heat c of heated air.
Known: Mass of air m = 5 kg, initial temperature T1 = 0°C, final temperature T2 =
50°C, internal energy change ∆U = 180 kJ.
Using the definition of internal energy related to specific heat,
U 2 - U1 = mc(T2 - T1 ),
U 2 - U1 180 kJ
c= = = 0.720 kJ/kg.
m(T2 - T1 ) 5 kg ´ (50 - 0) K

The specific heat of the air is 0.720 kJ/kg.

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