PROBABILILTY AND

STATISTICS
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF COUNTING
PREPARED By: MS JOANA MARIE A. REYES
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WELL-PLAYED
 EXPERIMENTS OUTCOME SAMPLE SPACE CARDINALITY

Activities with Results of an Set of all possible Total number of

observable results experiment outcomes outcomes

1. Flip a coin H or T H and T

S=2
S = {H, T}
2. Flip a coin twice HH, HT, TH, or TT S = {HH, HT, TH, TT} S=4

3. Roll a die 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} S=6

4. Throwing a die and 1H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, S = {1H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, S = 12
a coin together 6H, 1T, 2T, 3T, 4T, 6H, 1T, 2T, 3T, 4T, 5T, 6T}
5T, or 6T

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FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE
OF COUNTING
 FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPLE

▪ states that to find the total number of ways

that two or more separate tasks can happen
by multiplying the number of ways each task
happen separately

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 FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPLE
▪ If one thing can occur in m ways and a second
thing can occur in n ways, and a third thing can
occur in o ways, and so on, then the sequence
of things can occur in (m)(n)(o)…ways.

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 EXAMPLE 1
▪ MH Café serves two desserts, cake and pie. They
also serve three beverages, coffee, tea and juice.
Suppose you choose one dessert and one
beverages. How many possible outcomes are there?

=2
Tasks/events =?
DESSERTS= ?2 RULE/LIMITATION= 1d and 1b
BEVERAGES= ? 3
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 EXAMPLE 1
GIVEN SOLUTION
d=2 S = (d)(b)
b=3 S = (2)(3)
S=? S = 6 possible outcomes

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 EXAMPLE 2
Jhonny Lee is a disc jockey. He chooses different types of records
for each hours of his three-hour program. The following choices
are listed below.
1st hr: Rock, Folk
2nd hr: Instrumental, Jazz
3rd hr: Opera, Classical
How many choices are possible?

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 EXAMPLE 2
GIVEN SOLUTION
f=2 S = (f)(s)(t)
s=2 S = (2)(2)(2)
t=2 S = 8 possible choices
S=?

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 EXAMPLE 3
A plate number is made up of three letters from the English
alphabet followed by a three-digit number. How many plate
numbers are possible if…
a. the letters and digits can be repeated in the same plate
number?
b. the letters and digits cannot be repeated in the same
plate number?

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 EXAMPLE 3

l
S = ____ l
____ l
____ d ____
____ d ____
d

letter: l = ?26
digit: d = ?10

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 EXAMPLE 3a
a. the letters and digits can be repeated in the same plate number?

l
26 26
l 26
l 10
d 10
d 10
d
S = ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

letter: l = ?26
digit: d = ?10

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 EXAMPLE 3a
GIVEN SOLUTION
l = 26 S = (26)(26)(26)(10)(10)(10)
d =10 S = 17 576 000 possible plate numbers

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 EXAMPLE 3

l
S = ____ l
____ l
____ d ____
____ d ____
d

letter: l = ?26
digit: d = ?10

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 EXAMPLE 3b
b. the letters and digits CANNOT be repeated in the same plate number?

l
26 25
l 24
l 10
d d
9 d
8
S = ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

letter: l = ?26
digit: d = ?10

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 EXAMPLE 3b
GIVEN SOLUTION
l = 26 S = (26)(25)(24)(10)(9)(8)
d =10 S = 11 232 000 possible plate numbers

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