Chapter 1: Generalities to the research.

1.1 Introduction to the research: The introduction serves the purpose of leading the reader
from a general subject area to a particular field of research. It establishes the context of the
research being conducted by summarizing current understanding and background
information about the topic, stating the purpose of the work in the form of the hypothesis,
question, or research problem, briefly explaining your rationale, methodological approach,
highlighting the potential outcomes your study can reveal, and describing the remaining
structure of the paper.
1.2 Rationale of the research: The rationale of your research is the reason for conducting the
study. The rationale should answer the need for conducting the said research. It is a very
important part of your publication as it justifies the significance and novelty of the study.
That is why it is also referred to as the justification of the study. Ideally, your research should
be structured as observation, rationale, hypothesis, objectives, methods, results and
conclusions.
1.3 Statement of problems: A problem statement is a clear concise description of the issue(s)
that need(s) to be addressed by a problem solving team. It is used to center and focus the
team at the beginning, keep the team on track during the effort, and is used to validate that
the effort delivered an outcome that solves the problem statement. It has a specific form:
 Vision - what does the world look like if we solve the problem?
 Issue Statement - one or two sentences that describe the problem using specific issues. It
is not a "lack of a solution" statement. For example, our problem is that we don't have an
ERP system.
 Method - the process that will get followed to solve the problem. For example, DMAIC
or Kaize
1.4 Scope of research: The scope determines the area that the project encompasses. Also, the
scope of research refers to the specific topics discussed in the paper. It narrows the research
down to a given problem. The scope also highlights the parameters of the study.
The scope of research should mention the following:
 The purpose of the study
 The sample or population
 The period of study
 The location
1.5 Limitation of the research: The limitations of the research are those characteristics of
design or methodology that impacted or influenced the interpretation of the findings from
your research. They are the constraints on generalizability, applications to practice, and/or
utility of findings that are the result of the ways in which you initially chose to design the
research or the method used to establish internal and external validity or the result of
unanticipated challenges that emerged during the study.
1.6 Research objective: Research objectives consist of general descriptions describing the types
and categories of information the researcher wants to obtain from the survey; from what
target population; and an explanation of possible comparisons. Throughout the survey project
plan, the main objectives inform and steer the research team in the right direction.
1.7 Definition of terms: Definition of terms is usually an annex to a work (book, research paper,
pamphlet,etc.) either at the beginning or more likely near the end with a list of acronyms,
jargon, credits, etc.This is an important part of Research paper or report is that in which the
key or important terms in the study are clearly defined.

Chapter 2: Literature review

2.1 Theory: Theory must have four basic criteria: conceptual definitions, domain limitations,
relationship-building, and predictions. Theory-building is important because it provides a
framework for analysis, facilitates the efficient development of the field, and is needed for the
applicability to practical real world problems. To be good theory, a theory must follow the
virtues (criteria) for `good' theory, including uniqueness, parsimony, conservation,
generalizability, fecundity, internal consistency, empirical riskiness, and abstraction, which apply
to all research methods.
2.2 Review of literature related to the research: Literature reviews can be categorized as
experimental and theoretical. Experimental literature review basically refers to surveying all the
information available on a particular topic and critically analyzing the gaps that need to be
worked upon. In this sense, it essentially forms the first experiment of any research project. The
more extensive the review, the more precise and systematic the research project will be.
Therefore, it is one of the most critical parts of one’s research.
Theoretical literature review essentially involves two steps:
 Surveying and critically reading the existing literature: this step is commonly referred to
as experimental literature review.
 Summarizing and actually penning down the gist of your review in an organized manner:
this is known as theoretical review.
2.3 Previous Researches: A literature review can broadly be described as a more or less
systematic way of collecting and synthesizing previous research. A comparison of different
related terms or constructs that can serve as a base for theory development or identifying true
knowledge gaps in previous research.

Chapter 3: Research framework

3.1 Theoretical framework: A theoretical framework consists of concepts and, together with
their definitions and reference to relevant scholarly literature, existing theory that is used for
your particular study. The theoretical framework must demonstrate an understanding of theories
and concepts that are relevant to the topic of your research paper and that relate to the broader
areas of knowledge being considered.
3.2 Conceptual framework: The theoretical framework leads into the conceptual framework,
which is a specific exploration of an aspect of the theoretical framework. In other words, the
conceptual framework is used to arrive at a hypothesis.
3.3 Research Hypothesis: An hypothesis is a specific statement of prediction. It describes in
concrete (rather than theoretical) terms what researcher expect will happen in your study.
3.4 Operationalization of the variables: Operationalization is the process of strictly defining
variables into measurable factors. The process defines fuzzy concepts and allows them to be
measured, empirically and quantitatively.

Chapter 4: Research Methodology

4.1 Method of research used:
 General Classification: quantitative and qualitative
 According to Nature of the Study: descriptive and analytical
 According to the Purpose of the Study: applied research and fundamental research.
4.2 Respondent and Sampling procedure: The respondents of the research and sampling
techniques, instruments and methods adopted, the data gathering procedures, and statistical
methods implemented on data. There are several methods which could be used to carry out the
research ant it is dependent on research problem area.
4.3 Research instruments and questionnaire: A questionnaire is a research instrument that
consists of a set of questions or other types of prompts that aims to collect information from a
respondent. A research questionnaire is typically a mix of close-ended questions and open-ended
questions. Open-ended, long-form questions offer the respondent the ability to elaborate on their
thoughts.
4.4 Presets of the Questionnaire: Types of questions in a presets of the questionnaire = Open-
ended questions, Dichotomous Questions, Multiple-Choice Questions, Scaling Questions,
Pictorial Question.
4.5 Pilot study: A pilot study is a preliminary small-scale study that researchers conduct in order
to help them decide how best to conduct a large-scale research project. Using a pilot study, a
researcher can identify or refine a research question, figure out what methods are best for
pursuing it, and estimate how much time and resources will be necessary to complete the larger
version, among other things.
4.6 Collection of data: Data collection is defined as the procedure of collecting, measuring and
analyzing accurate insights for research using standard validated techniques. A researcher can
evaluate their hypothesis on the basis of collected data.
4.7 Statistical treatment of data: Statistical treatment of data is when you apply some form of
statistical method to a data set to transform it from a group of meaningless numbers into
meaningful output.
Statistical treatment of data involves the use of statistical methods such as:
 mean,
 mode,
 median,
 regression,
 conditional probability,
  sampling,
 standard deviation and
 distribution range.

Chapter 5: Analysis and interpretation of the data

5.1 Descriptive analysis (for demographic factors and others): The transformation of raw
data into a form that will make them easy to understand and interpret; rearranging, ordering, and
manipulating data to generate descriptive information.
5.2 Hypothesis testing: The hypothesis test is used to evaluate the results from a research study
in which
1. A sample is selected from the population.
2. The treatment is administered to the sample.
3. After treatment, the individuals in the sample are measured.

Chapter 6: Findings of the research

6.1 Findings: Finding is a piece of information discovered during a research of a problem,
situation, or object.

Chapter 7: Conclusions
7.1 Summary of findings: The purpose of this summary is to provide examples of some
findings from research on alignment, not to provide a comprehensive treatment of the research.
7.2 Conclusion: The conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research
should matter to them after they have finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not merely a
summary of the main topics covered or a re-statement of your research problem, but a synthesis
of key points and, if applicable, where you recommend new areas for future research.

Chapter 8: Recommendations and further study

8.1 Recommendation: The interpretations given by the researcher of the significance of the
findings of a research project for the client's business, along with recommendations for action.
These recommendations will be based on the research and on any other relevant information
available to the researcher, including their own past experience in a market or in business.
8.2 Further study: If the research has not been able to answer a specific question once and for
all and with absolute certainty, Further study will always be needed.

Bibliography
A bibliography is a list of the sources you used to get information for the report. It is included at
the end of research report, on the last page (or last few pages).
Appendices
An appendix contains supplementary material that is not an essential part of the text itself but
which may be helpful in providing a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem
and/or is information which is too cumbersome to be included in the body of the paper.