CHAPTER 5
prior to initiating discharge.
 Energy-efficient ballasts- are an excellent
energy-saving strategy that should not be
overlooked by anyone who is interested in
saving money through the use of efficient
lighting products.
 Lamp Ballasts- are designed to meet the
voltage and current requirement for every
specific type of fluorescent lamp.
 Ballast- a control gear that needs to provide
sufficient voltage for start-up across the end
electrodes of the lamp.
 Good quality ballasts- accounts for 15% of
the lamp.
 Poor quality ballasts- can accounts as
high as 30%.
 Lighting and Appliance Testing
Laboratory of the Phillippine Department
of Energy- provides regular updates of the
list of the PNS complaint electromagnetic
ballasts.
 DOE-CWPO- Department of Energy,
Consumer Welfare and Protection Office
 Ballast Factor- one of the most important
parameters for the lighting designer/lighting
engineer. It is needed to determine the light
output for a particular lamp-ballast system.
 Lamp life- reduced by approximately
25%/20000-hr lamps at 3hr per start.
 200 to 300 volts- suitable voltage to light up
the lamp at preheat.
TYPES OF FLUORESCENT LAMP
BALLASTS
 Electromagnetic Ballast- also known as
“core-and-coil ballasts”, “choke ballasts”,
“conventional ballasts” and “ferromagnetic
ballasts”. They use heavy magnetic core of
several laminated steel plates wrapped with
copper windings.
 Energy Efficient Electromagnetic Ballast
(Low Loss Ballast)- contain a magnetic
core of several laminated high grade
(usually silicon) steel plates, wrapped with
high-grade copper windings.
 Cathode-Disconnect Ballasts- are also
known as “hybrid ballast”, “low-frequency
electronic ballasts”, and “filament cutout
ballasts”. These ballasts use magnetic core
and coil transformer and an electronic
switch for electrode-heating circuit.
 High-Frequency Electronic Ballasts- also
called “solid-state ballasts” operate
fluorescent lamps at frequencies above 20
kHz using electronic switching power supply
circuits.
TYPES OF CONVENTIONAL BALLASTS
AND THEIR ASSOCIATED STARTING
METHOD
 Preheat- also called “switch start ballast”.
Electromagnetic ballasts operate in this
mode. A switch or starter establishes a
complete circuit through the ballast to
preheat the filaments for several seconds
 Instant Start Ballasts- start the lamps by
supplying high voltage (usually above 400
V) to the lamp electrodes without preheating
resulting to forced discharge.
 Rapid Start- cathodes are generally the
“low resistance” types and transformers are
introduced to preheat cathodes.
OTHER TYPES OF BALLASTS AND
THEIR ASSOCIATED STARTING
METHODS
 Programmed Start Ballast- incorporate a
precise starting scenario, which breaks the
process into unique and well-defined steps
that eliminates the pitfalls of other starting
methods.
 Two-Level Electronic Ballasts- increase
the flexibility of standard electronic ballasts
by allowing light level to be switched
between 50% and 100% full light output.
 Adjustable Output (Dimming) Ballasts-
permit the light output of the lamp to be
continuously controlled over a range of
approximately, 10% to 100% of full light
output.
 Full Range Dimming Ballasts- full
dimming range of from 1% to 100% of full
light output may be achieved through the
use premium-priced electronic ballasts
designed for this purpose.
CHAPTER 6
 Lighting System- defined as one or more
lamps having a characteristic lighting
distribution.
 Luminaires- is a lighting unit.
 Main function of luminaire- to efficiently
direct light to appropriate locations without
causing glare or discomfort.
 Luminaire Classification- helps specifiers
and manufacturers describe, catalog, and
retrieve luminaire information.
CLASSIFICATION BY PHOTOMETRIC
CHARATERISTICS
 CIE Classification- luminaires classified by
Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage
according to light output above and below
the horizontal.
 Direct Lighting- when luminaires direct 90
to 1005 of their output downward, they form
a direct lighting system.
 Semi-direct Lighting- the distribution is
predominantly downward (60 to 90%) but
with a small upward component to illuminate
the ceiling and upper walls.
 General Diffuse Lighting- when downward
and upward components of the light from
luminaires are about equal (each 40 to 60%
of the total luminaire output).
 Semi-Indirect Lighting- lighting systems
that emit 60 to 90% of their output upward.
 Indirect Lighting- those which direct 90 to
100% of the light upward to the ceiling and
upper sidewalls.
LUMINAIRE COMPONENTS
 Lamp holders or sockets of a particular light
source
 Light control components
 Electrical components
 Mechanical components
LUMINAIRES ARE COMMONLY
AVAILABLE FOR THESE LAMPS:
 Incandescent filament including tungsten
halogen lamps
 Low Intensity Discharge lamps, including
linear fluorescent, compact fluorescent, and
induction (electrodeless) lamps
 High Intensity Discharge Lamps (Metal
halide, High Pressure Sodium and Mercury)
 Low Pressure Sodium Lamps
LIGHT CONTROL COMPONENTS
 Reflectors- is a device, usually coated
metal or plastic, that is of high reflectance
and is shaped to redirect the light emitted by
the lamp.
 Refractors- are light control devices that
take advantage of the change in direction
that light undergoes as it passes through
the boundary of materials of differing optical
density.
 Diffusers- light control element that scatter
or redirect incident light in many directions.
 Shades, Blades, Louvers and Baffles-
shades and shields are opaque or
translucent materials shaped to reduce or
eliminate the direct view of the lamp outside
the luminaire. Blades, usually opaque and
highly reflective. Louvers, arranged in a
rectangular grid and producing cells.
Baffles, arranged linearly.
 Mechanical components- consists of a
housing or general structure to support
other components of the luminaire.
 Electrical Components- the electrical
components of the luminaire operate the
lamp.
COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL
LUMINAIRE
 Open Direct Luminaires- do not employ
shielding at all. They are often very efficient,
with high CU values, but they may cause
discomfort and disability glare.
 Imaging Specular Reflector Open
Luminaires- the basic, open luminaire can
be equipped with an imaging specular
reflector.
 Shielded Direct Lighting Systems- use
some of lens, louver, or baffle to prevent
viewing of the lamps at normal angles of
view,
 Shielded Industrial and Commercial
Luminaires with Specular Imaging
Reflectors- similar to open industrial and
commercial luminaires. They are equipped
with louver shielding.
 Parabolic Louvered Recessed Troffers-
large-cell (more efficient and has high CU
values) and small-cell (for glare control)
parabolic luminaires.
 Standard Lensed Troffers Equipped with
Specular Imaging Reflectors- final
photometric performance-especially
uniformity of illumination, may be
significantly altered.
 Indirect Lighting Luminaires- luminaires
that radiate up to reflecting ceiling.
 Cove Lighting Systems- new designs,
increase the effectiveness of traditional strip
lights and eliminate socket shadows.
 Compact HID Indirect Lighting Systems-
allow for smaller uplight luminaires that are
easily installed in furniture-mounted
luminaires and wall scones.
 Direct/Indirect Lighting Systems- these
systems combine the efficiency and high
CU of direct illumination with the uniformity
and glare control of indirect lighting.
 Stage- designed to produce tight optical
control and provide maximum flexibility.
ARCHITECTURAL LUMINAIRES
 Recessed Low-Wattage HID Downlights-
suitable for lower ceilings and high-quality
spaces have been made viable with high-
CRI compact metal halide and white high-
pressure sodium lamps.
 Recessed Compact Fluorescent
Downlights- is now available in variety of
configurations, including dimmable lamps
designed for use with electronic ballasts.
 Tracked-Mounted Hid and Compact
Fluorescent Floodlights- designed to
provide mounting and deliver electric power.
 Compact Fluorescent Adapters with
Screw in Power Connections- can be
 used for mounting and power connection.
Improve light distribution and shielding.
 Task Lights- utilize two separate lighting
systems to improve lighting while saving
energy.
DECORATIVE LUMINAIRES
 Low-Wattage HID and Compact
Fluorescent Wall-Mounted Luminaires-
wall-mounted scones and brackets
 Compact Fluorescent Pendants and
Chandeliers- decorative chandeliers and
pendants used in applications once limited
to traditional incandescent fixtures.
 Compact Fluorescent Exterior
Luminaires- enclosed luminaires; may be
required to ensure proper operation at low
temperatures. Well suited for landscape
lighting applications.
 Low-Wattage HID Exterior Luminaires-
can be used in every climate region
because of their wide temperature range.
stick post to similar to that found on a ship
or wharf.
 Parking Lot and Garage- often uses cut-off
or semi-cut-ff luminaires with flat-bottomed
lenses. These luminaires are mounted on
post-top brackets or on short arms and can
be arranged in single, twin, or quad
configurations.
 Security- are typically outdoor luminaires
designed to help visually secure and area.
 Landscape- are designed for outdoor use
to light buildings, plants, water features, and
walkways.
TYPICAL LUMINAIRE INSTALLATIONS
 Parabolic troffer type, recessed mounted
 Same as above but with air vents for HVAC
return air
 Surface mounted, “vandal resistant”, dust
tight

 EMERGENCY AND EXIT LUMINAIRES-

designed to provide enough light for egress
in emergency situations.

INDUSTRIAL LUMINAIRES

 Linear Fluorescent- are often designed for

high-output fluorescent lamps, with the
reflector often being part of the housing.
 Strips/Batten- these luminaires have one
or more fluorescent lamps and mounted to a
small housing large enough to hold ballasts
and sockets.
 High Bay- these luminaires use HID lamps
to produce lighting in an industrial area.
They are for application of with spacing-to-
mounting height ratios up to 1.0.
 Low Bay- these luminaires use HID lamps
to produce lighting in an industrial area.
They are for application of with spacing-to-
mounting height ratios greater than 1.0.

OUTDOOR LUMINAIRES

 Floodlight- these luminaires are often used

for building lighting and other special
application such as billboard lighting.
 Sports Lighting- have very narrow
luminous intensity distributions and typically
mounted to the side and well above the
playing area.
 Street and Roadway- these luminaires are
designed to produce reasonably uniform
illuminance on streets and roadways.
 Pathway- these luminaires are mounted in
the ground and have the form of a short