Historians have often made very sweeping claims about the
impact of the Reformation on religion, society and the state. These range from practical matters such as the reshaping of marriage laws, or the emergence of new forms of poor relief, to broad political developments such as the growth of the absolutist state, and vast generalisations about the emergence of capitalism or the development of ‘secularisa- tion’ or ‘modernisation’. Some of these latter claims display par excellence the teleological view of history, and bristle with so many question-begging prejudgments that they cannot be adequately discussed in so brief a space as is available here. It does seem certain, however, that recent research is leading us to such a different understanding of the Reformation, that many of these common notions about its impact should be drastically revised. The most obvious area of impact was in the conduct and organisation of church life. Many traditional religious ceremonies and customs were abolished, as well as many tra- ditional feast days. The most important, because of the impressive religious and secular ceremony with which it had been observed, was the feast of Corpus Christi, celebrating the Real Presence of Christ in the consecrated bread and wine. Religious worship was radically reshaped: the Mass became the celebration of the Lord’s Supper, conducted in the vernacular by a minister in a plain black gown who faced the congregation over a table, using bread instead of a wafer, and who offered the cup to the laity. The sermon became more central to religious worship, and in some places a daily sermon replaced daily Mass, while the Lord’s Supper was received infrequently, often no more than monthly, and sometimes only at Christmas and Easter. The only other 55
R. W. Scribner and C. S. Dixon, The German Reformation