ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER FLOWS IN A

POWER SYSTEM

NAME : W.D.S.K. WICKRAMARATHNA

REGISTRATION NO. : EN 91385
INDEX NO. : 18/ENG/117
DATE OF SUBMISSION : 25/11/2020
PRILIMINARY WORK
1.

Direct calculation methods of power system analysis give exact solutions. These
methods are mostly preferred for smaller systems because the rounding offs done in
direct methods can make the solution process inaccurate in larger systems. Because
of that, approximation methods are used in the analysis of large power systems. The
round off errors in these methods are corrected at successive steps in iterative
methods. Approximation methods can give more accurate solutions when analyzing
larger systems. Because of that, both exact and approximate load flow methods are
necessary in present day power system studies.

2.

• Ybus is a sparse matrix which the elements are mostly zeros. Because of that
is requires less memory space while the Zbus matrix requires more.

• In load flow analysis is done using nodal analysis in which KCL is applied in
calculations. It is easy to use admittance than using impedance in KCL.

• Ybus can be easily formed using inspection method while the algorithm used
in forming Zbus is more complicated.

• When there is a change in the power system, Ybus can be easily modified
according to the new state of the system.

• The mutual impedance is directly considered in the singular transformation

method of Ybus formation.

3.
Table 1: Comparison between Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson methods

Gauss-Seidel Newton-Raphson

Converging after many iterations. Less number of iterations are required

to converge.

Linear convergence characteristics. Quadratic characteristic of

convergence.

Number of iterations are increased with Number of iterations are independent

the size of the system. from the size of the system.

Less computation time for one iteration. High computation time for one
iteration.

Memory requirement is less. More memory is required.

 The efficiency of the Newton-Raphson method can be increased by using the
Jacobian method iteratively, inside Newton-Raphson method.

4.

The tripping of the generator can lead the system to a blackout. When there are no
enough spinning reserves to fulfill the demand, certain sections of the grid should be
blacked out strategically which is also called as load shedding. This is done to match
the supply to the ongoing demand.

5.

Power injection of the first busbar can be calculated by,

𝑝1 = 𝑌12 (𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) + 𝑌13 (𝜃1 − 𝜃3 ) + 𝑌14 (𝜃1 − 𝜃4 )

𝑝1 = (𝑌12 + 𝑌13 + 𝑌14 )𝜃1 − 𝑌12 𝜃2 − 𝑌13 𝜃3 − 𝑌14 𝜃4

Where,

𝑌𝑖𝑗 − corresponding admittance of the path

𝜃𝑖 −phase angle of the busbar

By writing equations for the other three busbars, we can obtain,

𝑝2 = −𝑌21 𝜃1 + (𝑌21 + 𝑌23 + 𝑌24 )𝜃2 − 𝑌23 𝜃3 − 𝑌24 𝜃4

𝑝3 = −𝑌31 𝜃1 − 𝑌32 𝜃2 + (𝑌31 + 𝑌32 + 𝑌34 )𝜃3 − 𝑌34 𝜃4

𝑝4 = −𝑌41 𝜃1 − 𝑌42 𝜃2 − 𝑌43 𝜃3 + (𝑌41 + 𝑌42 + 𝑌43 )𝜃4

These equations can be shown in matrix form,

𝑝1 𝑌12 + 𝑌13 + 𝑌14 −𝑌12 −𝑌13 −𝑌14 𝜃1

𝑝2 −𝑌21 𝑌21 + 𝑌23 + 𝑌24 −𝑌23 −𝑌24 𝜃2
[𝑝 ] = [ ][ ]
3 −𝑌31 −𝑌32 𝑌31 + 𝑌32 + 𝑌34 −𝑌34 𝜃3
𝑝4 −𝑌41 −𝑌42 −𝑌43 𝑌41 + 𝑌42 + 𝑌43 𝜃4

Using inspection method, Ybus matrix 𝑌,

𝑌11 𝑌12 𝑌13 𝑌14

𝑌 𝑌22 𝑌23 𝑌24
𝑌 = [ 21 ]
𝑌31 𝑌32 𝑌33 𝑌34
𝑌41 𝑌42 𝑌43 𝑌44
 𝑦1 + 𝑦12 + 𝑦13 + 𝑦14 −𝑦12 −𝑦13 −𝑦14
−𝑦21 𝑦2 + 𝑦21 + 𝑦23 + 𝑦24 −𝑦23 −𝑦24
𝑌=[ −𝑦31 −𝑦32 𝑦3 + 𝑦31 + 𝑦32 + 𝑦34 −𝑦34 ]
−𝑦41 −𝑦42 −𝑦43 𝑦4 + 𝑦41 + 𝑦42 + 𝑦43

Where,

𝑦𝑖𝑗 = admittance between respective buses.

−21.67 5 6.67 10
5 −21.67 10 6.67
𝑌 = 𝑗[ ]
6.67 10 −16.67 0
10 6.67 0 −16.67

Power matrix 𝑃,

1
3
𝑃=[ ]
−2
−2
Using the matrix equation obtained for power,

1 21.67 −5 −6.67 −10 𝜃1

3 −5 21.67 −10 −6.67 𝜃2
[ ]=[ ][ ]
−2 −6.67 −10 16.67 0 𝜃3
−2 −10 −6.67 0 16.67 𝜃4

𝜃1 −1
21.67 −5 −6.67 −10 1
𝜃 −5 21.67 −10 −6.67 3
[ 2] = [ ] [ ]
𝜃3 −6.67 −10 16.67 0 −2
𝜃4 −10 −6.67 0 16.67 −2

Determinant of this matrix is 0. Because of that, there is no inverse matrix.

Assuming 𝜃1 = 0,

𝜃2 21.67 −10 −6.67 −1 3

[𝜃3 ] = [ −10 16.67 0 ] [−2]
𝜃4 −6.67 0 16.67 −2

𝜃2 0.077 0.046 0.031 3

[𝜃3 ] = [0.046 0.088 0.018] [−2]
𝜃4 0.031 0.018 0.072 −2
 𝜃2 0.077
[𝜃3 ] = [−0.074]
𝜃4 −0.087

The power flows can be calculated by,

𝑝𝑖𝑗 = 𝑌𝑖𝑗 (𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑗 )

Using the above equation,

𝑝12 = −0.385

𝑝13 = 0.49358

𝑝14 = 0.87

𝑝23 = 1.51

𝑝24 = 1.09388

Figure 1: Power flow, generation and demand diagram of the system

PRACTICAL WORK

Figure 2: Single line diagram of 9-busbar system

1.

Figure 3: Steady load flow using Newton-Raphson method when all generators are in service
2.

Figure 4: Single line diagram of 9-busbar system with generator 3 switched off

Figure 5: Steady load flow using Newton-Raphson method with only two generators are in service

3.

In 𝑄1, all the generators are in service. But in 𝑄2, there are only two generators in
service, and they must fulfill the demand. That is done by the generator at the slack
busbar in this power system. Because of that, the generation of the generator at
busbar 1 is increased from 57.3𝑀𝑊 to 155.6𝑀𝑊 in order to match the ongoing
demand.
4.

a.

Figure 6: Steady load flow using Gauss-Seidel method with only two generators are in service

b.

Figure 7: Steady load flow using Modified Gauss-Seidel method with only two generators are in service
5.

In the simulation process, Newton-Raphson method required a smaller number of

iterations (2) and took less computation time to converge. But it takes more time
per iterations compared to Gauss-Seidel method because there is a Jacobian matrix
involved in calculations of Newton-Raphson method. The number of iterations in
Newton-Raphson method is mostly independent from the size of the system.

Gauss-Seidel method required comparatively large number of iterations (17) and

more computation time. Modified Gauss-Seidel method took 26 iterations to
converge. The calculation in these methods are simple, because of that it requires
less time per iteration. But it takes a greater number of iterations to converge when
comparing with Newton-Raphson method. And the number of iterations is
dependent on the size of the system and it will take more iterations in large systems
and more time will be taken to converge.

When considering the above facts, Newton-Raphson method would be the most
preferred method to be used in large power system calculations.