Fo Ware ae: ee vi oi 20 an Pa. ign, on Segoe) ara fax) fs MS Ls ok a he sin ie nt Mc Ga SF ox, ‘a Oh noc USA Wepre a0 TON Fare eS eer pereeie eee ia Sy, rari tape Ss Sino Fea eN oy un te as sour el ui arin Wo tn 99 ‘in ape so wwe Tens aunts Ra So esaftnpoges ats bts omer pane ae ‘Bo Cano tan nt om ty a hi ee rary of Cogs Ct Ca Marr rps 186 He te as 58 aso Re Lado 2 st eon U 198 Contempo Boos, von oh Mei a rnp | Pre Pa, 5 ph Se cg in oD USA Teste utes 20, "he Tech Yu maps to aH & Sto, Cant 220 Rpt ad Se When Tie ie ites net esha UR era wes "lf rot a ert ns she ob pang we he Pista eens wets ana at ro at for hn orf cn wi on Sch nae ont bepsee ano nneen ym yas hn ee = Seen Sao tigger ape cnt sear Setanta rt am Gy rs ‘Peeters ior Sain cts to ate, ‘Seta od Lana ocd yan a ay See Pn ok a nr ce es. eae {wo gom steers he a a a ot nummy cmeran oars oe cnaty ip, lopsonrunbe 10987 ton $s zona 05204 | CONTENTS Introduction ‘The Hindi script and sound system 5 1 | 1am Pratap, 19 1 Pratap, front London, meets is Dali Fost 11. Personal pronouns and the verb ‘tobe’ 1.2. Questions and answers 1b Kamala shows Pratap his roont 413 Nouns 1A Adjectives 415 Thesimple sentence 2 | Questions and answers 29 2a Pratap in his Hina tench = Oo 21 Interrogative words 22 Agreement of adjectives with mixed genders 2b Pratap slttle problem 23 Some conversational features 24 More on adjectives and nouns 3 | Rooms in the house 39 ‘3a ratap's mother phoves fom Londo 3.1. Simple postpositions 32. Nouns with postpositions 5b Prakash has lost his lasses 33. Adjectives in the oblique case 434. Pronouns in the oblique caseaN CONTENTS = Who wae that handsome man? 49 8 | Whatis Arun doing in Lucknow? 98 4a Sangeeta’s friend Suhas — just a friend? | 8a Arun in Lucknow ‘4.1 ‘was’ and ‘were’ 8.1 Thecontinuous tenses: 42 ato 's0,asfor’ 82. Expressions for ohave! 43: Comparison of adjectives 56 Kanna Shi coming odie! $6 Khamasin toe 85" Some sdvebil pices 44 Some constructions with # ko 84 What's today’s date? ara # aréts eat 7 45 Thevocntvecas 85 Word order £6 Some colloquial wage, and pronunciation paced eget awa tl gg rounders Se Karner Suramar ner 5.1 The infinitive verb 9 | In the future iin 52 Commande and requests 3 Bie ana eGo PET 5 Lest hy and ot tempers 91" The fuer terse 55. Posession with tit 92 Future terse inthe ausiary verb 5.4. Tko with the indiret and direct object 933 ‘Presumptive’ uses ofthe fre 55. Allematve foro the lqu pronoun +o 5 Arenendhistemtbor 94 Theemphaticat shai Sas Passe 2 95 Some expressions of quantity Be Sree Paks bo Rael s 9.6 Theinfintiveas verbal oun: = to go going 61 The imperective presen tence 62. Possessive pronouns 10 | What should I say? 124 6% ratp ad Sng Toe hotles enescge or Poa 63 nononesonn’ {01 The subjunctive 64 Compound pospostions 102 The sbjunaive in the wary verb 65 Prontuns revised 103 The verb swe" 100 Songer’ dena fe = 86 10,4 Conditional sentences (1) Se Srneahers clos ix Kanpur 105 Thesutic ats 74 The pastimperecive 72 Wand ys 11 | Pratap has come back. 135 73 fee ts wanted /necded! Ti pitiy ashe iar 7 We works whee? tia Peanstty 74 Ordinal numbers 112 Perfecve tenses—intransive verbs 75 Aggregatives 11 What Pratap in Nepal 76 Conjunct verbs 11.3 Perfective tenses ~ transitive verbsry HINO CONTENTS ‘He Pratap phones home 152 fear vert “todo habitually 114 More on perfective verbs 1532 revisited 15b Harsh at is father’s ofce 12| Ask him and tell me 148 15.445 “ike 12 Kane phones Pak 155.31 “ish, like’ 12.1 ree having gone, after going’ 156 Inverted postpositions 422 What's the ime? 152 Reflexive pronouns 126 Dinner preparations 123.99, TH, FT = 124 Compound verbs (1) 16 | te tabmine Rosen pa 125 Verbs in combination 161 Conjunet verbs with 0/2 162 Other conjunct verbs 13 | Those who know. 161 6b Khas asiety aout Harsh 13a Prat practises is Fa wih Ra 16321 ‘somewhere’ 13.L¥e_ 2, when... then’ (Relative clauses 1) 164 Repetition of words 132 Infinitive +e ‘should, ought” 165 Bcho words 13.3 Infinitive +d /‘T2, Tam to, must” 16690. a 7.7 TR 130 At the dinner 13.43. theone who. (Relative causes2) iescon'éen‘stubbors. 135 frimt “tobe available’ (to get) 17 a ee oe eeree ome 186.94 “how doesit tke you” (do you like”) 171 Conditional sentences (2) 72s ‘although’ 170 Sangeeta angers Kamala was bough incest 14 etarpeget ence 76 173 Compound verbs (2) Tei tiatentecamtembe spoke 174 The vocabulary of Hindi 114.2 Transitvty and the passive 43s 4 sit began raining’ to begin to 18| A love that won't be stopped___229 arta “etme go!” ~to allow 18a Sengecta confides in Suresh 1ab Arun book 181 Partciples 145 from 7rT‘as much as’ (Relative causes3) 18b A happy ending 14.6. daras., so! Relative causes 8) 482 Intranstive and transitive verbs 147 get “where..there’ (Relative clauses5) 183 Causative verbs 148 Clause reversal (Relative clauses 6) Appendixes 15 | Goon learning Hindi!___ 190 Numbers 15a Pratap net peacock ’ 2 Money and shopping 15.1 8a" @/ TAT to goon doing” 3 Thecalendarwi 4 Kinship terms 5 Body and health 6 Letterwriting 7 Summary of verb tenses and constructions Key to exercises Hindi-English glossary, English-Hindi glossary Glossary of grammatical terms. Taking it further, Index. HIND 298 327 351 355 356 INTRODUCTION ‘This course is designed to enable those with no previous knowledge of Hindi to lear to read, write and converse in the language with confidence and enjoyment. The course has also proved effective as teaching material for both class tuition and Individual study. ‘The Hindi presented in this course is primarily colloguial and practical. To start by learning a very formal linguistic register, Such a3 the purists might prefer, would be to invite looks of incredulity (and incomprehension) during everyday encounters ‘with Hindi-speakers. ‘An advantage ofthe colloquial approach is that it gives greater ‘access to Urdu, Hindi’s sister-language. Hindi and Urdu share a ‘virtually identical grammar and much of their vocabulary. Inthe higher registers they do part company, because Hindi looks to the classical Indian language of Sanskrit for its higher vocabulary, script and general cultural orientation, while Urdu looks to Persian and Arabic for these things. But at the everyday spoken level, Hindi and Urdu are virtually identical, and you should not be strprised if you are complimented on your spoken ‘Urdu’ when you complete this course in ‘Hindi? How to-usethe course The course is divided into 18 units, each of which is based on (usually two) dialogues which exemplify and bring to life the new ‘grammar introduced in that particular unt, Transliteration in the ‘Toman script s provided forthe first five units and fo ll words in the Hind-English glossary. The dialogues form a kind of soap ‘opera based on the life ofa Delhi family; the English translations2 HIN are deliberately close and literal, 50 as to function as a key to the Hindi. The book ends with some additional material in the appendixes, together with a Key to the exercises and complete ‘Hindi-English and English-Hlindi glossaries. ‘Once you have worked carefully through the introductory section ‘on script and pronunciation, taking help from the cassette and/ora native speaker if possible, you should turn to Unit 1, Familiarise ‘yourself with the vocabulary of the frst dialogue (given beneath it) before reading the dialogue and working towards an ‘understanding oft by means ofthe translation; then work through the grammatical explanations and the examples; alternatively, you ‘may prefer to start with the grammar sections, and then turn back to the dialogue. Either way, leaming the dialogues by heart will give you a sound basis for conversations of your own. When you have completed the Whole unit inthis way, learn the vocabulary (no shortcuts here ~ this is essential), and then do the exercises, checking your work against the key. Don't forget to revise earlier sections a8 you progress through the book. ‘The grammatical explanations are meant to be as accessible and non-technical as possible. A book of this kind cannot aim to be exhaustive, but the main grammatical structures of Hindi are all presented here. Learn as much as possible by heart and augment Your vocabulary from other sources whenever you can. Hindi is ‘ot a particularly difficult language to lear and you will find your ‘efforts amply rewarded by the warm reactions of the Hindi- speaking world. A note on futher learning material is included in Exercise 18b.3, which you can read in translation in the Key tothe Acknowledgements ‘The authors wish to thank Dr A.S. Kals, Mr M.D. Mundhra and Dr R.D. Gupta for their invaluable comments and suggestions on the Hindi text. RSand SCRW INTRODUCTION 3 ‘Acknowledgements to the new edition ‘The number of students, teachers and other readers whose suggestions over the lst decade have influenced the content of this second edition is oo great for them all tobe named individually. 1 fam however parscularly indebted to my friend Dr AS. Kalsi for his close reading ofthe new text and for teaching me Hindi as we teach it together at the School of Oriental and African Studies; such colleagues are among the greatest boons of academic fe. Professor Frances Prichett of the University of Columbia also deserves special thanks. ‘The Macintosh fonts Jaisalmer’ (Devanagari) and ‘Taj. (roman with diacricals) have been kindly provided by their designer, Professor KE. Bryant ofthe University of British Columbia; and the illustrations tothe dialogues are by Kavita Dutta. Sue Hart, of Hodder & Stoughton, has been the most supportive of ‘commissioning editors. Many thanks to these people. RS “The dialogues: meet the Kumar family ‘The 37 dialogues tel the story of the Kumar family, who live in Dethi, and thee paying guest Pratap, whois from London; many of the exercises also form part of the same narrative Pratap 21) has come to India to study Hindi a a private college run by Sharma ji Protap’s divorced mother Arita living in London, has arranged for him t stay asa paying guest withthe ‘Kumars. The Kumar family consists ofthe strong-willed Kamala and her obedient husband Prakash, their daughter Sangeeta (1), sons ish (14) and Raj (12) and Prakash’ elderly but spry mother, whom everybody addresses as Dadi ji (Grandia). Tensions between Kamala and Prakash are not helped by their shared concern about the future of Sangeet: they would like to See her ‘married, but she strongly cherishes her independence. Sweet natured Dadi ji, meanvtile, has a calming effec on the whole ‘amily Prakash's younger brother, the aspiring author Aran, often stays with them he speaks rather Sansksitised or formal Hind!4 Hino (whereas his co-author Prem speaks a Hindi liberally sprinkled ‘with English). Suresh, a neighbour of the Kumars, i another frequent visitor; eis closer to Kamala than to Prakash. Prakash works in a company recently taken over by Mr Khanna, ‘who has a rather pathetic office peon called Chotu. Khanna’s younger sister Pinkie is a close friend of Sangeeta Kumar. ‘Khanna’s son Harish, like Pratap, admires Sangeeta from afar; but Sangeeta’ hear is engaged elsewhere, THE HINDI SCRIPT AND SOUND SYSTEM Hindi is written in the Devanagari script, which is also used by Marathi and Nepali and is the main script for Sanskrit (India’s classical language). Devanagari is pronounced as i's writen, so ‘awhat you see is what you get’. This makes it quite easy to learn, ‘The scriptis written from let to right and has no capital letters. Vowels have two forms: an independent character used when a ‘vowel stands at the beginning ofa syllable, and a dependent sign used for a vowel immediately following a consonant. Here's an ‘example aT is the independent character form of the long vowel 2, [pronounced as in the English word ‘calm’. Placed before the ‘consonant ¥ m it forms the word aT¥ dm, ‘mango’. But in the name ‘Ram’, the same vowel sound is written with its dependent form (the sign T), because the vowel now follows ‘r (€) as part ofthe syllable ri hence Rim. Consonants that are not followed by a dependent vowel sign are ‘automatically followed by the short vowel a, pronounced as in ‘alive’. Its called the ‘inherent vowel’ because iti inkerent in the ‘consonant character, This is why the Hindi consonants én the following table are transliterated A, Ka, ge etc. and not Ek, gee. ‘The inherent vowel can be cancelled by writing the sign . (called virtm or halant) below the consonant: * kt, ‘You may have noticed that no inherent vowel was shown just now after the m character in the name 2; this is because the inherent vowel is dropped atthe end of a word (and sometimes elsewhere, as we shall see later on). But this dropping doesn't occur in Sanskrit, where the name has two full syllables ~ Rama, not Ra,‘ ne ‘Two important contrasts lie at the heart of correct Hindi pronunciation. Fist, you must distinguish between ‘dental’ and ‘retroflex’ consonants. Dental consonants are pronounced withthe tip of the tongue touching the upper teeth, giving a ‘sof’ sound: Hindi 4 fn ‘three’ has much softer consonants than English ‘teen’. Retroflex consonants are pronounced with the tongue curled back to touch the roof ofthe mouth, which it touches further back than in English, giving a ‘hard’ sound: Hindi ¢ lat has a harder‘? than English ‘oot’ (which, incidentally, derives from the Hindi word). To Hindi-speakers, English consonants sound more retroflex than dental; so they'll pronounce ‘David! as 2s dei The second important contrast isin the amount of breath that’s released when 2 consonant is pronounced: ‘aspirated’ consonants contrast with ‘unaspirated’ ones. The same effect sometimes occurs in English put your hand infront of your mouth and say pit spit load (when lone), and yl probably el atthe res the aspiration accompanying the adjecent‘p. Hindi has several pais of aspirated unaspirated consonarts; English-speakers must try hard © curb their aspiration in pronouncing the unaspirated ones (practise saying “Panjab” and “Pakistan” with minimum sspiration in the’). When pronouncing Hindi vowels Englsh-speakers must take care to avoid English-style diphthongs: words ike @se (‘fom’) and Jo (to) are pure vowels that can be held unchanged as long as you have breath to hold them (ry it) they must not be pronounced like ‘say’ and ‘Co, in which the quality ofthe vowel changes a5 you storie You should now practise the shapes of the Devanagari characters. Using lined paper, begin on the left of each character and follow through to the right, completing the character with the headstroke, ‘which should fall on the printed line; your words should hang from the printed line ike washing put ou to dry, not standing on the lower line as the Roman script docs. Maintain the overall proportions of the characters carefully, not letting them get too straggly; each one should il fwo-thirds ofthe space between your printed lines [THE NDI SCRIFT AND SOUND SYSTEM x ‘The Devanagari syllabary Independent vowel characters ae ome ti Tigokides Rew oo wy we Tai at atau Consonants Bie Eke Tg The (THY Ta de Tj eA 2m Sta Fd Tia Tm Tm te Fda Tide Tw ne eo 2) Tw ta Th Fm wm Te Fs th ‘These bracketed forms rarely occur and can be ignored for now. Dependent vowel signs based on % as an example Siow et bu fm Fh Bee To8 HIND ‘The Devanagari script and phonetics ‘The phonetic organisation ofthe Devanagari script was lad down, by the grammarians of ancient India, who codified the Sanskrit Janguage in order to preserve the effectiveness of its sacred mantras or prayer formulae. As a result, the main block of consonants from ® kr to ma has avery precise layout the vertical columns show the manner of articulation (voiceless unaspirated and aspirated; voiced unaspirated and aspirated; nasal) while the horizontal rows show the place of articulation in the mouth (velar, palatal retrofiex, dental, labia) ‘Some Devanagari characters have ‘dotted’ versions which show sounds not occuring in Sanskrit, Thus the guide to pronunciation that follows includes seven characters that don’t appear in the syllabary: ¥ gt, % Khe, gu, & an, 37m, pha, and fa. These characters are not distinguished in dictionary order from theit Lndetted equivalents; and the dots are often omitted in both handwriting and print Vowels Shown firs in their independent forms, then in their dependent forms, again using the consonant © by way of example. % a % ke _asin’alive'sinherentin any consonant not bearing dependent vowel sign a5 Mt asin’palm’ i ek asin-hiv” Fw Kt asin‘heat’ uF hw asin‘foot" @ | Ki asin‘foo!’ Fy as/i’in’critic’sinSanskritloanwords only € © ke asinFrenché a pure vowel sound, nots dliphthong as in English Bai % bai asinvhen’ @% Io _asinthefirstpartof‘' in ‘hot’ pure vowel sound, not adiphthong asin English THE ND SCRIPT AND SOUND SYSTEM. 2 at au kaw asin‘of? A consonant can support only one dependent vowel. When two ppeein sequence te Second writen nits independent Tom flat vaio Wee stn edna The character € ris something of a maverick; ne andr have peal forme Wu and er Vetarconsonans (rode inthe thot ‘asin skit, with minimal release of breath 4 sound produced further back than ka aspirated frm of ara in‘, but more aspirated ach in Seotish loc, or German ‘Bach asin'git 2g sound produced futher bck than gx tsplated form of ge: a in‘dog howe’ ted only with velar coreonent; es init rarly seen in Hind buts included here fo completeness Palatal consonants (proce at he palate) an ‘cheese’ but wth ess release of breath aspirated form of: 28 in‘pitch hook asin jer asin ip aspirated form ofp: asin age house secon with palatal consonants sen bt iciced he for completeness Retrofex consonants (ong crs backto touch the palate hard! sounds) 2 ft asin‘ buthaner 3 fhe aspirated form ote ain‘at home’ = de asin’drum’butharder wax anna *ERQErer apewg.e “inch rarely Maaaaa10 ro Not = mt__aflapped hard ‘—the tongue makes a de sound asit moves past the palate = dha aspirated form of da 5 pha flapped equivalent of= dha ma theretroflex nasala hard ‘n’ sound Dental consonants (tongue touches the upper teeth: ‘sft’ sounds) 3 asin’at’ within the phrase “atthe” © th aspirated formof3ta = da asin’breadth’ a = din aspirated form of «da ‘a thedental nasal: s in anthem’ Labial consonants (produced with the lips) pa asin‘spin’, with minimal release of breath ‘pla ikep’in ‘pin’ but more aspirated, as in top-hat’ asin’bin’ aspirated form of ¥ br asin ‘lub-house’ asin ‘mother’ aaaaga sage femi-vowels ete asin ‘yet, butless tense asin roll dental ';softer than the first‘ in label’, and much softer than the second ox between English ‘x’ and ‘w’;the teeth dont touch the lip asin ‘vest, but neither are the ips rounded as in ‘west Pag Sibilants 1 & —_as‘sh’in’ship’ © g2 —aretroflex’sh’; usually not distinguished from % in ‘pronunciation (found in Sanskrit loanwords only) st asin‘sip’ THE HIND CRIT AND SOUND SYSTEM, u ‘Aspirate 1% Ia This“W’soundis always fully voiced, as in ‘ahead. It often ‘lightens’ an adjacenta vowel: both vowels in = ‘matal (‘palace’) are similar tothe! in‘melt Visarga Viserge looks like a colon with widely spaced dots; it occurs without a headstroke within or at the end of a word, and is pronounced as tla. I's transliterated as h, asin duit, 5: cha ‘Mostly limited to Sanskrit loanwords CConjunct characters Just when you thought you had mastered the script, along come {he conjunet character! When two consonants come in succession ‘with no vowel between them, they are physically joined together as 2 conjunc In the word shin (place) for example, no vovel Separates the from the “ths # sis reduced to a spedal hall form, © s, which is attached f0 the following * th to form ® stha (Grr sthon). Without the conjunc the word would be read as ‘sth. ‘Most conjuncts are formed om this principle; but some area litle sore complicated, and some don’t resemble either of their component pars As already noted, « misabitofawild card. Asthe rst member of nf appar nthe Ang form abe the hed, ine harm (t's be very clear: the "precedes the ‘mn here) I's ‘writen at the very end of the syllable that it precedes in pronunciation: Wet Sarma, HT barf. As the second member of a Conjunct is characteristic sign is asin pra; but is location changes according to its partner gre fra Fra Kim Sma So Kh ‘The common conjuncts are shown in the following tables. In the first column the consonants are written initially with the halant sign - introduced earlier; it cancels the inherent Vowel. This ist is ‘meant for reference: have a look through it to familiarise yourself13 = +U+e = a 2t a +U4ne [HE HINDI ScRPT AND SOUND SYSTEM we nee ee BT vt r woe ~ » ie & i NASHANA BW MA +eete = z ate HINO: principle, but don’t feel you have to learn all the ae forms immediately. You will pick them up gradually, as you encounter them. ‘Tobegin with, here ae all the conjuncts that appear in Unit 1 ‘with the bat “6 oe ‘And here is list ofthe 100 most common conjunc, naumbered for convenience, (Two forms are regarded as independent characters in their own right: & (+ %), pronounced ‘ksha’; and ¥ (# + =), ‘pronounced ‘gys",) 7 m0 - aa= a a 3 = a = a = a a ™ a = a é é ¥ € é € 7 a anaagauw og agageaa gga “HE HIND SCRIPT AND SOUND SYSTEM 1s [Nasalised vowels, and conjuncts beginning with m orm Any Hind! vowrel (except 7) can be nasalised ~ some ofthe breath ‘ows through the nose Nasalised vowels bear the sign a moon land a dot, called carat (candra "moon, bind ‘do logically enough) Thisis transliterated witha tide (~) asin ¢ mah ‘mouth, fact, and ttt ‘yes Any vowel sign that protrudes above the headline eclipses the ‘andra moon, 20 the bn dot has to appear alone —* nali'no', & fut ‘ae. Some people replace candnbindw with tind for’ all nasalised vowels, writing for ath, Should you do this? nat "Nott Should you write candrabindu in full where there's no supersript vowel? @thi'Yes! ‘The bind dot has a second function: it ean replace any of the nasal consonants (8,8, 3,8) when they appear a theirs member of onjunct Note its positon in the following: w - 0 rang colour soe ae pah Panjab ar wernt sg fe = dt nar Hint ao = Tama long tall Both spellings are coret and either may be used frely ~although in the first two pairs, the simple enusoir form (@, $278) are much ‘ore common than their complicated altematives In this book, no special symbol is used for anusoir: both fea and fea are ttanaliterated askin Pronunciation Do try to use the cassette, or better still get help from a native speaker, when practising pronunciation. Some watchpoints: 11 Short and long vowels in the pairs ai, wit must be clearly distinguished, especially the pair as in 3 lam ‘less'/ 31 kim ‘work’; © dal ‘political party’ / 77 dal lentils. 2A doubled consonant is “held” momentarily ~ as in English “night train’, whose “t.’is held to distinguish it from ‘nighttm in. So wear bucct ‘child’ sounds different from = tue ‘survived’. The same effect occurs with repeated sounds in adjacent words: 34 8 us serom that’ sounds different from 3 tse'to that 3. Aswe'veseen, the inherent vowels not pronounced atthe end ‘of a word. But there's an exception: it may be lightly pronounced when the word ends ina conjunct. Thus 1 rita) fiend, re aoa)“ ours 4 There are occasions when an inherent vowel isnot pronounced in the middle of a word, even though the spelling involves no conjunct. As a general rule, the inherent vowel remains silent in the second syllable of a word whose third character either includes a vowel sign (thus #3 semi ‘understanding’, but "swat said “‘understood’) or is followed by a fourth syliable (thus PTF mince ‘human being’, but se jar ‘animal’. This rule does not apply when the second or third syllable of the word has a conjunc 5 Inherent vowel + % ye, as in samay “time” and = jay ‘victory’, is pronounced ai indeed, the spellings 8 sumai and Jniwere once curren}. 6 The patter of stress across a sentence is more even in Hindi than in English ~ emphasis is usually carried by the addition of ‘particles’ (short indeclinable words) rather than through the voice. Punctuation and other signs ‘The ‘full stop’ is a vertical line (1) called day ‘stick’ or Khor pt “perpendicular line’. Other punctuation follows English usage, In writing abbreviations, a small circle (» ) follows the fist entire falgar or syllable ofthe abbreviated word: oxo saci Uttar Pradesh foitoato met eg aoe ree at Pandit Gopal Narayan Sharma {THE HINDI SCRPT AND SOUND SYSTEM, w ‘The ois dropped when the initials cohere a an acronym: wet wrest ef Bharatiya Janata Party per = aaNTES TER NavBharat Times (newspaper) ‘Sometimes abbreviations are merely transliterations ofthe English: otto wa) uP Gtowrommi = Gjien.samma—GN.Sharma odoite Gijepl BP English ‘o' sounds as in ‘chocolate’ or ‘sorry’ are pronounced by some Hindi speakers as similar to ; and Devanagari spellings of Ssuch sounds may use a special cindra character (without dot) over the vowel: Te, me Alternative spellings 1 following a vowel in verb endings can have different forms (the standard form is shown in the left-hand column): ae jae = wi aye stay may go se ie cre ly please go safc ctie = Uhetatige needed “The use of conjunc in loans from Persian snot fly standardised: cumar = atu age se gona = wi ganm warm, hot sect panda =e panda curtain, purdah Numerals eR Reema oe ee gt AS ‘The so-called ‘Arabic’ numerals (which originated in India) are ‘used at least as commonly as the Devanagari numerals.1 Not Dictionary order ‘The dictionary order of the script follows the patter shown in the Devanagari syllabary section, reading horizontally. Three principles apply: 1. Syllables with cmdrabindu or anuswar precede those without: sty gio ‘village’ precedes él girt ‘train, car, and & tang ‘narrow’ precedes 3 ak ‘up to" 2 Nomconjunct forms precede conjunct forms: Tat cht ‘umbrella’ precedes 1" chitr ‘pupil’, and baat ‘survived! precedes #4 buced ‘child’ 3. ‘Dotted’ forms (eg, qt, ¥ pt, ¥ 22) are not distinguished in sequence from ‘undotted’ equivalents (a, da, ja). Note: Transcriptions of the Hindi sounds on the cassette are given at the beginning ofthe Key tothe exercises on page 260. 1 ea Hoara & In this unit you will learn how to 1 greet and identify people g24g94 askand answer ‘yes/no! questions askppeople how they are nuseadjectives be es erty sowed Era rare ora a? tat sewer ened ease Te aad oe awe? iret, he, Sew 1 wera Se fh, a, Forse20 Ho 1AM PRATAP a we waa fgets [5] Grammar ram tet ree tt rt? ‘L1_Personal pronouns and the verb ‘tobe’ wea caret 8, ee mefrt face? am Tanta we are Prat namaste.ma Prati. ip Kama? pe meet wt Kemall >. Jd ad Romer wereer au peep kc takai youare intimate) qe fumho you are amar) Pip mt ie at aphat you are (formal) Pratip \re® yohhat he,sbe,itthisis 2% yehat these, they are; Ra he sheis forma Pratip jk ook rfp i? hha he,she,ithatis 4% veal those they are; ar” aaa rat ns fet echt loa oe a be Gp es Hindi has a subtle system of ‘honorific’ levels ~ like French ae.5 {PPT utriyt thank you tu/vous, or German du/Sie, There are three second-person (i am SIH Ggez English pronouns, each with ts own verb form as shown in the table, YF lyf questionmarker ME jn? no | tH _indicates great intimacy and is used in addressing a SF ap you (formal) et nat not lose loved one ora small child fr respectmarker FeeHE indwsttor Indian {FF tum is informal and casual and is used with a person & tat are mer ke leciaeor teal Sypectngno formality r deference a tend, cid or servant. Rat nd yes CM ye ‘av ap ‘is relatively formal itindcates the respect one shows FE wh tis AE ooh ie that towards equals (and above!) and is the natural choice in Bem" ht boy aH gt car conversations with all people not falling into the previous ai ‘arth ptut Japanese ie ton you (famibiae) Aref ntti Maruti (make of Boley Oo Se ramet eae bart indicate several people (numerical plural) or a ivi Be ak attight oo) fone Pratap Hello,Lam Pratap. Are you Kamala? “The honorific system extends into the thtd person: when referring ee oe a re eo at Faas peaangarnace paral forms 2 ye / oe Raj Yessthankyou, fm OK Are you English? 2 yh and its plural ye refer to a subject that's nearby, while Pratap No,'m not English, 'm Indian ‘al (which is Often pronounced “o’) and. ve refer to a subject Raj Ohyyou're Indian that's more remote ~ rather like English this’ and ‘that’. Unless 3 atop Yes tata panet specific sense of neamess isinvolved, use 7% ahve. [Nov itnot Japanese, ifs « Maruti,22 HINDI ‘The honorific system can indicate disdain as well as respec: to use a lower-grade honorific than expected by the person you're talking to.can imply severe disrespect, So you must observe the usages of ‘others and leam from them. When in doubt, stick to 3 dp! Hewett rat guard hit, Lam Gujarat. ent ‘ah jarman hai. ‘He/she is German, rire ham penta. We are Panjabi witisat? tumdigrecho? You're English? swe feegeart®1—aphindustinzhat, You are Indian. aarti ‘vebhiraty hat. They are Indian. (or He/sheis Indian.) 1.2 Questions and answers Questions expecting a ‘yes/no’ answer are formed by simpl prefixing a statement with #2 ky: ne awe! —tumphiko. You're OK. (statement) ‘arg dte dt? kya tumthikho? —_Areyou OK? (question) Inspeech, a question can be conveyed by arising tone as in English: qwerwa? ——tumhikho? You're OK? [Xb Kamala shows Pratap his room pare ag emeregnaert war gat wie 2 eer An fink gw wer aera, GRP are sear ag weft oreardt art 8 2 wet Ae el eect ar a ver are seat vacate er geet & er er sear on eat ht agrarar scare ste eps ae kari bout bart bait iy dere echo ha? a sirfl kom cota at, re bay ha. LAM PRATAP 23 [yy ara Mah? hd, ar, dnt altri a Pratip urge mz do uri a ky pn rai ba? ph ai iki Mia Ba a Pratip, ——bahut acc. ay sf aur bat ai FE exc tart room ate aur and eg beat very at pit hee SF bart big Ant ne be EO it oer aw wo ‘tet choy small ge! rst chair eS sip only Sec pth tan Wa oma et ti but areTét’ almart cupboard fires’ hihi window: ‘ant fait empty, vacant, = BY lyf’ quite FR sai ctose U5 uf cen BAT dons bot TERE roar airy “This room is very big Ae the other rooms small? Prap Kamala No. Only one roms smal the others aebig. Pratap Ithisbigeupboardempty? Kamala Yes ofcouse both cupboardsarcempy. Prtp And here ther’ table an two chairs ont therea fn? Kamala Theres ofarcbutthe window isquitebig- Pratap Very good. Tero clean and ery ay. (5 Grammar 13 Nouns Hindi nouns are ether masculine or feminine; the gender of every rnew noun must be learnt. There is no definite article ‘the (ek, ‘themmumber ‘one’, sometimes functions as the indefinite article’a’. Masculine nouns are of two types those ending in the singular, changing toe in the plural; and all others, which ae the same in both singular and plural# HN em lark boy seh larke boys kam room Rt lame rooms Masculine type2 vera makin house HP malin houses sareat adm man are adm men Notall noun ning inf are masculine: many Sasi oawords toch an wt a "Nope’ and WT Hg argage el man hg S51 Kamal are frie A fow maculmeseing nt onge Iype2and therefore dont change in the plural ese are most relanship terme ie et per a ounce’ boas ‘oe kg. Feminine nouns ae ala of two types thos ening of in the singular al canging to iin para and all obey wich fate pr Femininetypet set lari gk sri lrkig ils aft prti copy (ofbook) aft patil copies ‘fee cirivt_ bind ‘ate ci Femininetype? mez table BH ez tables HIRT mitt mother ‘an mitaé mothers Feminine nouns ending ar of type, but shorten the i to-u- the plural: ¥% bd ‘daughter-in-law’, but ‘daughtersi-law’, BE adit ‘man’ derives from Arabic and means ‘descendant of Adam’ ‘5 mina ‘man, uman ‘descendant of being’, derived from Sanskrit and meaning ‘Manu’ (the progenitor ofthe world in Hindu belie). 1A Adjectives Adjectives ape with the nouns they gua. They are of to Spee ntti ge ti eg) ne ie Lan RATAP 25 Invetng adjectives follow the pater oft ap ’big'-# masculine singular « masculine plural, feminine singular and plural cqreresr—buplarka—bighoy sare burelapie_bighoys what tuylar biggie shri brtlarhiyd big girls Serer dhoiz makin small house Se wwe chojemakin small houses Baie titer Bea Sytmeze small table small tables Invariable adjectives, of course, remain unchanged: ante vacant room| ol vacant rooms: serge lilkurst red chair cr geet lal kursiy red chairs Rav sumer makin beautiful house exe wAT —sundar makin —beautifulhouses mete afm clean table amae | sifmext ‘lean tables ‘One or two adjectives ending. such as, sfe=r bari ‘excellent, are invariable; these are marked ‘nv. in the Glossary. 15. The simple sentence A typical sentence begins with the subject and ends with the verb. ‘The question-word 7 kyl usually precedes the subject; the negative tl naif precedes the ver. sare aff? ya yah mrt hai? Is this a statue? seq gfb a 1 RCH ya mrt ma hai pata hai Ws nota statue It’sa stone. The last example shows how a pronoun can be dropped if its reference is entirely clear: [tt] F¥ ® [yah] patthar hai. Similarly a26 p01 verb can be when negated: & amétet eat ¢ mai ‘ronnie rt Pa mein Fa Ras,” Word order: note the very important difference in meaning between the following: a " * meer sere yah kami bari hai. This roomis big. AUT ITE | sohberthamnt hat. Thisisabigroom The first sentence answers the question ‘What is this room like, and gies the ivoonaton hg the second arses the question “Whats tis, ac gives telsermaton abigsoon EXERCISE 1a. Fillthe gap wit ior EXERCISE Filth gap with th to, ha ot Then scare Gat eR ares rer. 2 ae [ror arT Tg. Baie. ite fag adh, Mera are fg. tec, Tg 7,1 erate as 2 Ml, er ree pila rer., Afor eer atc a er | sranyan, 7 stat rare, 1 rR mest he 8 1 Bain eo arene ‘ih tit py Ie ye dint pakista.. 2 ijt acchd ara nat... mat arma na. is ‘han log ind na. , kin yah hind. iar, Ky tum dgres.? nal, ma jarman.. lay tum dons grec. ? nal, ham amin. ‘Sul guard. ein Sus aur Rav dond pan. Iu Prat.. 2 jth, mat Pratap Jay ve doit rman? nal ve dgrezn. Lan RATAP 2 Q)EXERCISE AD Translate his entry from Pratap’ diary. o afaare, ware var ae se gare aga ar i aT TR E— eM, aiden, he rf ate 1 iar ee eT ere cher eee gh 8 Ag st oo Bae soir gee 1 Rewer na es seat (arate, EN, gee er a8 AT PT ree 1 rea aro eae a gt TE | raid 15 janet Kamal aur Prat Kun bt ache og ha nbc hae la, Sagi do lark, Rei our Raj Sagat aut sua ha si ard ij hot a rit a kin but ach ha. akin if ha tui at sun t me ke a aah pang, do lr (Gon hk chat mes, do kari ha. pa rat ek Ici i safe Mri gy aur dot pur keh. Vocabulary ‘fig agrez English person PBT ach ood nice eal? olsee! sevttet arian American emt! ainire capboard areft™ adni_man, person T_ be (queston-maker) sft tat empty vac farstt! ithirki window aH itt a TO joj |STAT™ clot patemaluncle ap you formal) afer bird rar’ asa hope BT choft small ate aur and sre! jana January We a one FR rr fou certainly FRI" fant room sxe rman German ast typ gute srt pint Japanese Fa tant cate i (cespectmares)28 Noe AE mt? no TE" nro human being at At yes sree utara carmale) Bak allright, OK A min statue image QUESTIONS AND 2 | ANSWERS 4 tn thee Aw! mez table ware ak are FE tum you( tania) a 1 A you intimate) FE yah thse shit ee dadt grandmother wet wit here be ‘HET rd oter,econd ye these, they; he, she (oem) pes cine oe ee eee tm askand answer questions about quali Bb 90 ARATE" oinr Sunday s ri Bat dons both TU” aking FARE umite ello; goodbye trish Russian nail not HM™ lupt boy punt fan wat! urls gic ar porate Panjabi red R™ pattir stone UF Log people wa palong edt Fv that he she, it ‘afar pakistan Pakistani —-% we those they-he; she (formal) fer" pie father ‘yf sadrivd thankyou f seadjectver 1 oe conversions conventions ([j2a Pratap in his Hindi teacher's office RIT purtnt old(ofthings) WRX awed white ‘xf! prati copy ‘arefiea! stihl bicycle veftst™ tagict garden ‘UF if clean FM acai child fe si only A tar big FR dar beatiful SE haku vey Bhan we : AU! teh daughterintaw TERE her iry Wt dha ctery it ye sae aaron tf Poet refit bkty Indian eg Hindctnt Indian wat at steg Ate steer | WIT! gd language fey indo Hind sey agedre tet fart” et rare 82 mee 7 RT" matin house id am Rat in, Rat are safe at. giteeh 81 ABest at gE Reed eeete AE rat! tte mother ‘ eth ft forget age E22 HIND! ike tet Frac @ 9 ar ag ft exe 7 eh ne mes ft ET ahi yi kine id yt bh cau hat ~naw pile park. ah oral hind as ab al? yl yoh acc hi? ur ma chin ast ahi, alg a. ya ye Sabo bh mae ha? ki bil mal alt at a. aur ooh oft hai? kook i aha? ali alk ao al, sige hi! SOW atigpt tether GET all Gap feet kind how much/many W"T muhips expensive feared vidytrtht student — WERTH ™ Sabthog dictionary It ait stteoment tow AY it alto Pee sh fourten fee salute nie fxg a ra nota tt ple five ET mot fat thick ‘ar isd of what hind, what like "RT hy what fires! it) book PET ™ rantyey Ramayan Fo burt bad (epic poem) ‘Teacher ji how many student are there here? ‘tthe moment there are nine girl and fveboys. ‘What kindof book this Tea Yourself Hind? Ist good? ‘Yes i'snotbad. Butts not cheap, it’s quite expensive. ‘Are these dictionaries lao expensive? No, not atall They're very cheap, ‘And whatisthat thik bool? Ista dictionary to? Nono,itsnota dictionary it’ the Ramayan’ [Grammar 2A Interrogative words Interrogative words ~ often beginning ‘wh’ in English —begin with Ur inHlind: [QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 31 aa baa what? a kau who? ar ey Iuisifiisthise of what kind? fier fey Feit how much, how many? "SH yl “what? has a different role here from the ‘yes-n0" Wi Sreshon mater re that wemetin 12 wert? ‘yohkyltai?—— Whatisthis? ware tum fot ho? Who are you? stew a8? ‘mausan kis hai? What's the weather ike? feat feerdfity kite vidyrtht hai? How many students arethere? TE 5 ican, a Arabic lund isthe ultimate sour of ‘he English word ‘monsoon eS ima 22 Agreement of adjectives with mixed genders ‘A plural adjective qualifying a group of people of mixed gender is ‘masculine: eet Rela Song eet sot bs Rishi and Sangeeta are tall caster gtd) Rijeka be na at Rajand Kamala are not thin, With inanimate nouns of mixed gender, a plural adjective agrees withthe nearest noun: ; aed iat ‘ESS eae ben itfhtiyd puritni hai. Fee eee erie =22 No In the first sentence, gande agroes with masculine plural 3 jit al jt; andin the second sentence, $u* purini agrees with feminine plural Fafa ethyl a the earning anew noun sth an adjective helps you learn a sours pdr fee | Pratap’s little problem ait a, rere wedi? ahaw dint steam tat Ast oeorg afar afi atc aitar $8 #7 ssf or& Aor iar sect at 2 | vite aer mre oerag die? 2h we ea 2 wi, ie seme sree 7 agg ges 1 et a tara at at > Pratip al Rij ya a? sb pita? aj Inaba, ur phate Pratp mat tachi, uti. Re er Salta hal? Raj ‘Rach ha kin Sang cot nah Pratip yi? yt hi? oh iar? aj ahi ooh it ha. yp ya ‘Prat acc? yh hut br tha! par Seni pares ha? Ray ‘mai aa ha, a? BT tuo hello Ra th becuse WA" hal condition, state 1 pur but 18H sab everything, all RATE peresn troubled, upset ‘sit yo why RT kz okt] dont Sr fat mate, thing now ‘tee tomar % na notistthatso? [FEM nine angry displeased (QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, 33 Pratap Hello how're things? Everything OK? Raj Yes everything's OK. And how are you? Pratap Fmwellfo, thank you. How areRish and Sangeeta? Kaj Rishi is well but Sangeeta isn tall right. Pratap Why? What's the matter? Isshe il? Ra} _No,she'sin auf because.. because you're here! Pratap Reilly? This avery ad thing! But why i Sangeeta upset? aj Ul] don’tknow. She'sa girl iv she? (6]Grammar i>. Soecseraceidrow The geetngs te nan o ET naa, fen sid formally write nbs folded in nto he cost neal, Coon ecu tol ee. “The wordt following a surname means roughly Mt’ (eg, WHF #t Di j'Me sharma? aknugh stone ater none con ale oer few dn cdauestsae pees dy east here of elationship — rand pat "Father, ATA mt Mother’ etc tf cect rly hte Gree ‘and the loanwords 9% sar ‘sir’ and #=% mmidam ‘madam’ are also. ‘common. 81 sihab is an alternative to % j, especially common with am nanes wi bhai ‘brother’ is used in addressing males of similar age to case sore tare i Tis Se ame acta naar strangers. Similarly *fer * bakin ji for females. nt aan Sal mean Mi and Me rept 6 Shemenrs tort (th ly). ot Gor ogy Lor aa serge hai? meas itera ‘Whats your] conto?” 2 olla tert wo the move eral a 92 (Ga) © dp ae Ca ht? How ary” Sowell ss MG Sle a los mtg ‘queue pia cot tank yor eee feel cara ye wa tat et pyle ed ee gat “thank you’, while ce pliz‘please’ and WP Sutriyl ‘thanks’ have a more colloquial ring. Het & mclarbin hai (iterally “it is inough yout kindness) so mene thar You[QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 34 HIN {23551 acchi ‘good’ bears various meanings, depending on tone: ‘Good!’ Really? ‘Ah, Isee! ee. ‘st mukim na I] don’t know’ (lit. ‘not known’) is introduced more fully in 4 ‘The negative na after a verb invites confirmation, asin is it not so?" — dhe dt, 79 tum thik ho, na? You're allright, aren't you’. W's like the French'n‘estce pas? ‘As well as meaning ‘and’ tcaur means ‘more, else, other’ aca turk? “who else? a aur kyl ‘what else /of course’; reat «ur log ‘more/other people’. In this meaning, ae aur is stressed in speech The position of + bit ‘also’ is essential ~ it qualifies the words) immediately preceding it safer safe aire st 8 ‘Rp ht hosiytr bai. Rishi too i clever. Rei hos bhi ha. Rishi is clever oo, [as well as eg, tll] 24 More on adjectives and nouns ‘Remember that the pronouns #1 ap and {tum are grammatically plural, even when referring to just one person. ‘50 adjectives agrecing with them must also be in the pla, The question 3% GM) ap kaise (ais) bu? “Flow are: you? can, as in English, address one person ora group of people. Adding the pluralising word a log ‘people’ will specify a rtumerical plural: waa aMe! ham log bait kus ha. Weare very happy. ararataar turn og aise ho? How are you lor? deere) lg pga ht ‘They (those people) are crazy. ‘A masculine noun of type 1 (see 1.3) will show its -e plural in honorific plurals as well as numerical ones: thus J¥ 32% fun larke ‘means both ‘you boy’ and ‘you boys’. By contrast, feminine nouns show plural forms in numerical plurals only. Toe a tom ache be ho. . e ‘You area good son /good sons. ene aaa tum acc bef ho, . : ‘You are a good daughter. dh Aft #1 tum ach beth. . Weep eg [ep PxtRCISE 2a Answer thee question on Dialogues po aitstata te 5 Frat ores wrt Asa edtw tee fare et fear veer ne ee at re & — ee wet 8 Sarna jl at? etme ctr aur cate ha? Ie i orself ind sat kit hai? ey ads mahge ha? yk it hai ~ky apt hi? EXERCISE 2a2 Translate Pratap’s posteard home. e sree reed HE Ret . veh ee Soo aa ta ae oe aT TH secon gat ore eer, wm rete aT caer aft ot 1 ag eee Fell tor garare ot Rage teh 8 ager me ee src ara ttn St 8 et tos bor rarePs se.01 somo 16 jane adit gai sab hai Sermaj ache a hat, par hf salt Bhat am 14 chit ditae chat ytdtar res jran yamaha do pn rk it had bau ub pt hal ei undar ha Tekin hit fai hai ~ ah gan ht. prac bat ar a por ij massa aa ruse aha? Pratiy EXERCISE 2b Translate ‘Sangeeta stall; Rishi i tall too. ‘The teachers strict; he's crazy too, ‘The new fan s cheap; and it's good too. ‘These shoes are dirty; the sandals are dirty too. That girls fat; she's beautifl too, ‘These newspapers are good; they're cheap too. EXERCISE2b.2 Convert singular to numerical purl as shown. ETT sea GeorsTaT E> AR apt GAaTaR | ‘wha ad clap ai. > ve rhe dbp ha 1 ag rear area ag, ator 2 Rearagt gwen gs em.) a nefeore dh 82 eer 2 eterna aga gar amar gr oe Sree rar at steest aor v2 yh tne achit nai ha, bina mat lama nai i, chota hl, Gh.) ‘hil ast hai? yo acct a? ‘ah mez sf nahi, baht gandhi yah nay abbr but acct nat ha _yh alo ast hi eur ka ach ha QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ” Vocabulary merc ktir newspaper RATE diomyrt thankyou ros” adyipak teacher nt noi sitroto? Inf} ait atthe moment, sight ERR. vamssar helo goodbye ow a AE) ane, a) ee Im Aj today ATU nz angry, dispensed Ne ir moet, other nw nine ‘sr kigez paper; piece of EMT pull thin paper 1 par but {fest iin’ how much/many TT pares troubled pet fee! itd book ste pe five please [TT pul mad, eazy Be Seen wt Ag pray plson ee fet bin ser kam who sre bir ter hing Bie a fey tial copley ee epee it oot re gst Brose ‘te tna sry Horiba wee i cs pau ay AT bett daughter fe opp ec sr tat bot Fre ct leternote ct MBF ao o0 ‘chr stent ‘pm cht femalestudent ATR mam ai don’t are” jth answer know Cr” jt shor pacotsors ARTA chart indness TERE zyiitar mostly, most HEN! raiders madam ‘ett ar Det er owt fat thick er dub hi gE TORT mms weather pals hin slight ofbuld Ty ot[THT mayen Ramayan (epic poem) aT lent tall high ‘Frardf vidyartht student HERTE™ sabia dictionary fh set Maz Lord (with deity) Arlt imate Rca ste severe 8 sab everything, all WR sar sr BARA ilo, eo hello BU! ho ale Ta™ al condition state fra! inde Hind ROOMS IN THE HOUSE aH AR {nthis unityou will lar how to Aescribe locations ~in’ ‘on’ ete. ‘we a fuller ange of pronouns 18 develop conversational skis 4393 9243 Anita Pratap Anita Pratap Anita Prati Prati Pratap’s mother phones from London Sea raane 2 gore aed 7 atc ae fieeprae gat stem Heat get spare feare over eer 8 fk cot, area AB ere ae & see ste se, re a eA te aa seco, at rg fare 1 Fert ot? aed oat shee Sher ae eRe eT aT tear ner Sate aE? atone ocr ear ae ce eT nish Pri? tum bia hha na? er cok mak aid hai? il hi teu yah ha bt mah. ‘Kur prin bay ha? ipa ha, bce prim akg hat ~ Prat aur Kanal, ii lao Molar ach Afar prt ai! makin mle kare bal? tere hal, ur hol sb avr msdn ng. urbane mp agra? 1 ab mez par gl pan hf pr a dr i ha40 an FART tunhint your, yours fice! tbiyt ath 1E™ ghar house, home fete puristr family cha lx AT atrd all,whole STAT sina Furniture things AE wwguirah and soon, etc. sf putt husband ab now eft! paint wife 8H" fas oor Etat coven RE! dwt oor rat ‘Anita How ae you, Pratap? Your bath WOK iow? And what's thathous he? FratapFo.absctely fine Mum, And this house otha. ‘Anita” How bigistheKumar arly? Isis band and wile or srethere children tos? Pratap Therearesiuin the emily -Prakash ond Kamal, Granda, gitand evo oye ‘Anita Oh ifsqutea big family. How many rooms aretherenthe hone? Pratap _Thereareninebig rooms and one small And the furniture in alltheroomsienew. Anita “And your room? There's afanet. inthe room st thar? Pratap _Yes,ther'sanew fanon the table now, And theresa new mug onthe too. [Grammar 1 Simple postpositions In English, words ike ‘n’ and ‘rom’ are called prepositions because they precede a noun or pronoun in the house’ sn Hind they fle a noun oF pronoun, so theyre called pastpsitions ("74 # malin tnd There are fv simple’ or single-word postpositons: mein’ 2 bo “to'ete por ‘on’ 9 tak “upto,as faras! Bae “by, with, from’ ete. NCH gharm® inthehouse TH Ramko toRam ‘ise mezpar onthe table <0 ritko atnight ‘ra eCsamay par ontime ¥T% basse bybus JoOMS NTE HOUSE a samc jak until today STE" arise with ease, easly saga ahd ak wp tohere wer bhralse from India \2 Nouns with postpositions Hindi has two main cases. In Units 1 and 2, all nouns were in the llrvct case, which i obligatory for verb subjects. But when a noun is, followed by a postposition, it must transform into a different case, Linown as the oblige case. Thus all the nouns in 31 above, shown ‘vith postpostions, are by definition in the oblique; but no change is Spparent becnse the nouns cunningly chosen there are all singular type nouns (ee 1.3) whose oblique form is identical to the direct singular For example, the word ‘© ghar ‘house’ remains the same in the following two sentences, although its case changes: in the fist fentence i's the subject of the verb and is therefore in the direc ase, while inthe second it is followed by a postposition and is, therefore in the oblique case. seamft®i gharkhaithai. ‘The houses vacant. sacar | gharmé'simin hai, ‘There i furniturein thehouse. Not all nouns are so user feiendly. Masculine ‘type 1° nouns like {P97 km Toon change thei inal to en the oblique singular (etka: sewer 1 kart al a sp ere 1 Anne msn, Thee furiturein theroom. Nouns ofl clases change in the oblique plural, which ends in (Get ghar, > Kar me shart shard mesa ha. Tere furniturein thehouses. sereh aret 8 kaner é sinnhr. There is furniture the rooms. “The room is vacant.eS HAN ‘The following table gives all the noun types in the direct and oblique cases, singular and plural: omcr case congo ease +rortrosmon Mascaline type ‘rem lata boy «78 ese from the boy RT kamrd room RTT kame mé in the room 9% larke boys ‘at laykése from the boys FR kamre rooms ‘sre H kumnrd mé inthe rooms: Mascaline ype? "SF makin house 6 makin inthe house ‘a8 adn? man atest SY adn totheman eq hind Hind ‘rer makin houses erg hindiako to the Hind ‘ravit mand me inthe houses sreft adi men ate 8 ads tothe men rg hind indus feet hindus ko tothe Hinds Feminine ype? emt laphtfick ERB laphse from the gil fF marti image 65 murtim in the image fife crys bird PT iio tothe bind rset larigl gists waft lary from the girls sfintpratiyd copies sft pratiydmé in the copies fet cyt birds ‘fate 8 ciriyolotothebinds Feminine type2 ar mez table ‘fe mez pur onthe table ‘raT-mata mother TAT ® mts from Mother 3 mead tables ‘it ee mecb par onthe tables ‘ran mite mothers wraTit® matadse from the mothers ROOMS NNTHE HOUSE 43 II fore the oblique plural ending -t nouns shorten to (Ge hind > fergathindud); and + nouns change to“ olga cabal rat wat He RT makin mz kai kanrre hai. Mechseehereae peiene Sart set df par tasvire ha. erred = pe mined erage he foo mratirtent Sai cit ‘What'sin the cupboards? Word order: look back to the vital word-order point made in 15; then note how the sense ‘there is.’ is conveyed through a similar inversion of word order. Compare the following two sentences: greet | mex porgalam hi, Theres apen on the table. Tis statement answers the question et aT #7 mez par ky hai? ‘Whats thereon the table” avis | galammezparhai. ‘The pen ison the table This statement answers the question 9" wet ® gala kad hai? “Whereis the pen?” Inboth Hindi sentences the answer words (Fm gala, st mez par replace the respective question words (4 ky 5 ah) (1]3b Prakash has lost his glasses Bir ita grectate , wh Rantaerwendg fora eth ra we yeaah ae Arsereat ete whe wR cae erga TT, FoR“ reno1 H} rooMsnvie House 4s rem addi mec gate Prakash Wit oP where are you? aft vet Frat, nat fk tr ema, rear at Hk Yminthesalatcemat momen. Father Wy? 7 site qeardt corm & att rs the matte : ratashHveyouteen hrsnce morning? Anyway. wher are my aR hgh cer grea AR cae HTT gases eh? shi ror hey onthe big tbl? Orin hat smal cupboud inthe Tigrom een Tome in pr HE! sala moming eu that se sinc, from IR dyad perhaps at cod there EUR! dis drawer Re Bair well anyway BEAT whit sit otsof Rat mert_my-mine Boo Rol tum at a? mat acho in a pif. yt Ba a? ‘tm subs ohh? Bir er cama hare? ar mex pr nai ha? scot abt ne, bare kare me? aia yd ttre ane mal nah pitt mere kare mr mert ca ha pi nai. ur om drs i Bak hi? a nr dar bts hat, par pct maa [ATER mort_your, yours ‘ERT ca glasses bata bathroom Ere ehyhey Pookash They'te not Peshaps theyre in your rom. Nishi No,Father, in my room there's only my glasses, not yours, Prakash Andaren' they in yourdrawer either? Nishi Novthere are los of things in ny drawer but your glasses arent there al |Grammar 3 Adjectives inthe oblique case ‘rambo pstaton mtn the gu ie 2) Pht anyadjectve qualifying it Tnlesting adjectives Mig cng ange t's in the bi inglar and pura; acts tending nd do wet change Sadaly the feminine ending (#1 bari) doesn't change in the oblique. Note indentaly thatthe pronouns mer my, mie’ Nua 'your, your” ela to = Ho) ane 3 tp “your, cana) work usc adv, agreeing with the Aine posceoed er Te tat ment BT, er ain ‘ny brother, thy ter ytey te inode more lly in 62 auti taretamremé inthe big room aorit Iarekamromé inte big rooms Raw rmeremakinmé — inmayhouse Raw mere makinbme —inmy houses garter} tumbarfalmarimé in your cupboard pet arent tural mein your cupboards aro er imezpar ——_onyourtable are aatse ——dpktmesdper——-onyour tables arreart'< ‘lil daratzepur—_onthered door areeeagi'Te ——‘lildaro=sper onthe red doors46 HN OWS INTHE HOUSE a 534 Pronounsin the oblique case EXERCISE 33.2 Describe a room, using atleast eight sentences ‘When a pronoun is followed by a postposition (3.1), it must of ‘based on the format of the descriptions in Dialogue 3a. course take the oblique case (compare English: tell her’ is correct, “ell she isnot). Here are the pronouns with their oblique forms: XERCISE 3b. Tanslate aie wa 1 thisbigroom —-inthisbigroom ——-Theboysarein mai > stg hm > wham a : 2 thoseblackchairs onthoseblack chairs Theclothes areon qm > arty etm > Thu anesthe = SRP lis TU 3 thisdityfloor —onthis diety oor ‘Theresa rag.on muh > ws Rye > ein a a this ity foe Sok > ee a ey eu 4 theseold tables ontheseold tables Thebooks are on ‘Arh > fark a kn > er kin these old ables wrk’ => frm kis wakyi > fetkin 5 thatbig garden inthatbig garden —‘There’sacarin Postpostions following pronouns may be writen separately, oF as that big garden. fone word: mujhse / EE mujhse; TR dp ko / TA pho, 6 thesenew rooms in thesenew rooms Are there fans in these new rooms? By Ave sts tein the iret ase compare Egle 7 theoldcity fromtheoldcity Those gils are ‘score, him is snot) Tet this rule by identifing the subject in from theold ty. ‘each sentence of Dialogues 3a and 3b. 8 thislitle village fromthis itl villages that boy from "5 this lite village? REPEC ayes herr aeire Fe 9 thiscleankitchen inthiscleankitchen Ther'sa tablein Eo went: this clean kitchen & aeateare oat a & ate at 10 thosetallboys _fromthosetallboys This eters from 2 MPAA Ree WHE Eo Ta a ARE those tall boys © wate dara? cearset tn ag ter’ [EJ EXERCISE 30.2 Using Dialogue 3b as your model, write a short © retrgarity anette dialogue in which Rishi asks his mother where his new books 1 Pratip isa hit vectees) 2 Kumir parr me kite lg ha, aur kun ha? a now 1H is oblique of ae yk 3 akin ine kare ha? yl sb aye a? 1B in obliqueot 8 ye 4a i i? BIER" rim rest.comfort; 3 us oblique of ME nak 5p a hai? east hai? BERR mse comfortably, ST 1m obliqueot ¥ we 6 kar prin hi? oh a hei? emily rw ina. glassesHN oo {ere apy cloth, garment ‘s™ gel pen {WT Jatt black Pais oblique singularof Sr a and of ky ‘Ret kin oblique plural of St aun and of Fb wonat RC Khir well anyway ate fo village FRAT guslthnd bathroom AC" ghar hows, home TUT cas glasses Se cir four ‘tix! ce thing chat sic BR fuk upto.asfaras afer! fait health refte! tesr picture FR tu oblique ot Gta FRA tumhird your, yours EAA arash door ROR! dartz drawer dirt oor rug, mat das ten tee! ode wall fH" putt sband sft! patnt wife & pron I pani curtain fee” priadr family JR jh oblique of mat iy AH mee om among, outof Re nerdy, mine ‘dtc ™ resoighar kitchen ‘a! rit night te chyhey a1" nda London Fee ough ete, and son at od thee RE oar town cy APIE Sayed pechops He" amy tine TATA ln rite things BIT stall whole FE sto moming Be bysince fom with WHO WAS THAT HANDSOME MAN? ae aT are a aT? In this unit you will Iearn how to fm use the past tense ‘mt make comparisons fm say youhave acold orfever fuse the vocativecase~'O children!” {Z}4a Sangeeta’s friend Suhas — just a friend? eee regard it ft aa Geet a? iftar wcrc ert ar get ee eee gf Te wet FE gare se eae ares ag at = Bert Ree? elie ever a erage ge es fet ve gree tes saa gwd eT TEsnot eget apr scage caret ear feo 8 Ra ar Peta? Seiten aed oer Fa rer me a, eS Ta. Te eT aere whee ste gee fa ger -tre er > a werd trea er nk ek Sangin Ks i Ky aT? tm a? mals perth; Suis Dh sre gba the, Pray BE thao Suis drat dn? alk ai dot iter? ried tonal mer hut pur dest yk mb dost or me tse aa! amuse bap oa, par bab pr i a, Ifo it seh? yids? ‘Flog pale anda the mer mata ai, bil ceOthe, arab Suits ald ‘ur Ss srt ‘dst aya? ‘a Pink oh sirf mer dst ai ~mer mit hfe ail FY ere as ces yA Rf atthe tT was, RT yt dear bovely SE gharpur athome stron STE baher out outside oe pale previously SETS Wiser enuf, AEE alah meaning tandsome ARATE" tate chide, Bea! dt fend family fete riety relative aRbAT alld lone 10 so;asfor(ooes2) \Yi0 WAS THAT HANDSOME MANE 3 Sangeeta Notarelative, he's my very old rend Pinkie This fiend of yours is qultea lt older (bigger in age’) than you! Sangeeta Yes, heisolder than me, buthe'sa very dear man. Pinkie Ishefrom Delhi? Or from abroad? Sangeeta They werein Landon before —Tmean, there wasa family with children. but now Suhasfaone. Pinkle And Suhasisjust your fiend’? Sangeeta Yes Pinkie, he'sjust my fiend my mit, ‘end? “ge ek gare Seer 8 Shs i umdara “Here, ya iscoloquially thrown in atthe end. [5] Grammar Sc ‘was andere’ Unik te present tense the past tense ofthe verb 2 ion to be! distinguishes gender: 51 ea hh was! X¢ ok she was ‘hai kya? Sor maith Lwas marth Iwas Ue Hatha youwere qa Wht youwere {UCT yahtht this,he itwas EAT yuh th this, she, it was SG oohthe thathe,itwas TET oak dh that she,itwas w® ham the wewere ea hamid wewere BR tumthe youwere TA tumthd youwere sme apthe youwere aut aptht youwere BR yethe they, these were; TAT yet they these were hhewas (hon) she was (hon) A vethe they thosewere 4 vethT they those were he was (hon) she was (non)HIND expe Hr | atl daft me tha. Yesterday 1was in the office. Uncle wasin the shop. sit ewe dt 1 ghar par nal, Mum too wasn't athome. Both children wereill, ‘The pills were on the table STA Gea jedan me the. erat ea dare | dont bacce Bind the. fet Bor | goliyiimex par ht 42 Wo ‘so; ‘asfor The important litle word &t fohas two separate functions (a) as a conjunction meaning, and () lend emphasis to a receding ‘word or phrase: # “as for them... Itisn’t a postposition, tot doc alles case is Fo utes are explined ecprsiey. (@) Atthe beginning ofa phrase, 3 fo means’so,or'then’ Brergw ec? toh dnd So's te shop seear, rear acchi fot landan A, then you're ae seho? from London? (©) Following a word or phrase, at to contrasts that preceding item ‘tosome other item inthe same context: ‘avant, hid fo garam th, par The food was hot, Seca gs1 1 cyeldam phan th. ut the tea was completely cold rat sestt er, Khdndaccha to thd, ‘The food was es@mrsiari ——parmahiga Dit thd, good, but itwas expensive too. (Often the contrasted item or situation is only implied: werdtaq eet! haltom gharpurtha, Yesterday he was at home. {but today?'] WHO WAS THAT HANDSOME MANE 33 were edt 71 al wah ghar par othd. Yesterday he was. athome ['..but hhewas busy’) eae aT weer! kala to her par thi, Yesterday he was athome. but the others?" This second use of@t fo usually caries a subtle nuance; it isto be understood gradually, aftr seeing more examples. 43 Comparison of adjectives ini has few special adjectives corresponding to the English comparative and superlative, tale, tlle. Comparisons involve Justan ordinary adjective and the comparing word than’ seitorera de Sangid Raj selambthai. Sangeet is taller than Ra crwtar 8 er | Raj Sagi se mot hai. Raji fatter than Sangeet Comparisons can be made more specific by adding a word for ore (ite aur oe PET syd) before the adjective, asin PUTT lamb ‘taller’ (lit. ‘more tall). This is also done when the abject of comparison ie not stated ssi ar @ peer er 81 Rel Seng sey leit a. Rishi is taller than Sangeeta. ssfcrmreria f! Rylzyldtlanbaa, Rishi. eovererster | Rij2yhdd oft hai, Raji fate. Comparisons involving the sense ‘less’ use the word "4 kam litle, less: SME BT idramesekam ——_‘Slverisless costly vent mahi. than gold ATTEN EL yectatham mahigihal. These things are less expensive Superlatives follow the pattern of # ars se acc ’best ofall Sawddarg 1 matsabselambthi. Tam the tallest.“ No {cere wT a Sar va pai sabse Thai. That mountains the highest [X4> Khanna ji at the office Et agerget mt feorentiy Beara wre we SHR TE wrt at acer didtorea ster edt Be a areas eet sete wert strernet rman tgent? Be was eT Ree are ee wert ramet winnie wei ee Bq ere tear tt — avr ge Ree THE em raed ash at ie, er quer gs ae gH 1 Chl Ay tuo ma a Rar at ai? han Ramdas ghar pr ha sk ui ba seal i ha ur Pra aii? sar aj Pras yah nat a. gS? at Bata? a i? Tato ko blithe ad jb nd uso km pasond ai ha Sal hat ai, Kh Pra abt ht ta acceler ho Chon mk ch nai li ‘HRTE™ bua fever fet tat SH" ha work OM" salam acold 5 _puunt liked plesing eet mcinalt hardworking Fo buch maT nothing BE ae ohtwhat! Khannaji_Choty do you know where Ramdas is? Chota Khanna, Ramdas sat home. He's got col Khannaji What! He wasllyesterday too! And where's Prakash? ‘Chotu Sit, Pralash iisnothere today either. ‘Khannaji_ Why? What's the matter? Hashe got acold too? WHO WAS THATHANDSOME MAN _ Chota Yesterday hehad a fever. Maybe’ oday as wel, Khanna Orhe does like work, maybe! Chota That'snott, Khannaji~Prakashji'sa very hardworking man. KannajiYou'rea good lad, Chot, but you dont now anythin. fy Poe ooks up to Prakash, and refers to im in the ‘honorific plural as ‘Prakash j; but Khanna is Prakash's ‘boss, and refers to him inthe singular. [Grammar 44 Some constructions with ko ‘The word # ko ‘to appears in many constructions of the type #1 ‘ars & ul ko zc hai ‘Thave a col (literally “ome there isa cold), The important thing to note heres that gw zum a col, land not the person suffering from iis the subject ofthe verb (here, a, eis esental to understand this vital principe, because you will encounter it many times in Hindi grammar. Notice here how the verb stays the same, agreving with masculine singular uli throughout the fllowing sentences, although the sufferer changes ccéhit gee ar dado zukam a, Granayhad aco. Sawai dont Btysto Both brothershad grr ‘ai tl, aco ait gu aT aa legko suk th. A hundred people hadacold (ther nouns using the same construction are: ‘Fa bur) a fever AT (Dope 9a ais (en) regret ‘1 Hust (0 happiness ATCT! —tumbobukhirthi, —_ Youhada fever. eM wet 8 Fea hamoajoshaiki tum We'resorry that art Bima i you'll yuatsrari fe myjkhoasthaiki —_Thopethey’re OK. dane Sethi a. seems unkokhusitthi "They were pleased mrereesret | girs thecar was cheap.56 No ‘The adjectives arg mal ‘enown’ and pasind ‘pleasing’ also feature in this construction (translating literally as "X is known to me’, is pleasing to me’ ete) sea et uskosamose He likes samosas. nic pasa ha. qe et arr): mujhko malin hai. Yes, know. aeto Jays ko dl Does he like daal? wick? sen hai? aT HTgR sel! ham komik nak. Wedon’tknow. In the English sentence ‘Do you know where Raj i? the core {question ‘Whereis Ra” is inverted to ‘where Ras. In Hindi, the core question ARE ie —_ pease give a Le ee ‘iar pint > tag pie pease drink au onelsTa pe papbataaba Sat 2a dent an ele ar regular inthe (tum commands ale Mel tu an a Aru Ria ha? rm Fj — nna aig? gat aia ghar? aang > take yl ghar al Sega eae mz, time pr. baba a dent > do sive Fj Fema to Sgt a Segre ‘The negative for commands (don't) is na or, more forcefully, fet, naar ten oo ‘tbe 5. “And noi tht the webs SE Kad to say tell and AT WY pay urs Koy nh mali ghar Kiya a! ppichnd'to ask’ use the postposition# se with the person addressed Ave tsehns jg at rl mer GE ld {cee the ist two examples below), There's more on this in 153 Bellarine ppt mez ah aaet jie ka. Tellme mwr@ qi piptsennpiicho. —__Don’task Papa, wena aT! oahpinmat kha! Don’ teat that paan! etna yh piso, ‘Take this money. em res divin se sue. Please listen with ‘SRT TH FAFA | unk i iegs,——_Knly write their ‘weer ra fewer | ldo se at itd, Write a letter from London. TE 2% oF to commana Rave found thi way ito gla ‘Late have a dcKko (a look), from 84 det; and ‘shampoo! trom 4H ipo (9 cao rub, massage’), [X}5b Lost keys and lost tempers Et cortmpt tearm aaietert: 7 ste saftet 2 arg st srrfeat at ae at 2 aft SCAT | sr at aettar ae Fa, Ser eae | eae a sma! att key I" eget parte row; {SOAP aie‘ (opntophe 3) STE fig ar to quate rT Kaus which? WER jaldT quickly EC aukar servant 5 pont tying WS scm really {T™ pip Pape, Father Rishi Raj do youknow where Uncle Arun's keysare? Raj Which eys? The car keysor thehouse ones? Rishi Theouse ones. Yesterday they were in Sangeetas room, on her table They’renot now. aj Sodon'task me askSangeets, Am Sango servant? Nishi NoRd.yowtenotaservant, youreallyaea rj Haj And this ish oge] doesn't even know where the hose year! ‘run —_Heyctldren! Doct squae Giveme the house keys ui. Rishi _Lookoverthete Uncle! The door keys lying on Papa's table“ HNO. EAS HERE or [Grammar 54 ho with the indirect and direct object 53 Possession with #1 ka 18 ko with the indirect object Possession is expressed through 6F_— < 8rSIN_rm K nn, “Ranv'sname’ or'the name of Ram. Being a postposition, it needs a preceding noun or pronoun tobe inthe oblique ese: weer ger tack thechild’s dog sraritst unk ghort theirhorse Butitalso agres adjectivally with the thing possessed: wots feare—buce A tab the child's book ‘sueRS ft? ushaccekebtilune —thatehild’s toys 1m terms of function and word order, "ki is equivalent to the English apostrophes. When the thing possessed is in the oblique ‘case, then 1 Ki Will be too: SRR ORT —larkekelamremé —_ intheboy’sroom etary arte ihursipar onthe boy's chair aes -RH —larkbkehamreme in theboys’ room wast hsmnt® —larskekamome — intheboys’ rooms cost petit 5 ark kTkursiyd por onthe boys’ chairs suarciterter usadmrhibef@ —Thatman’sson feandt& 1 vidya fsastudent. Bates wT unlogielupre Those people's wert taut gendehat. clothes are very dry saRCH ATH usgharkebagicemé There arefour tall smc 2y@ 1 cirlambeper ha. _treesinthe garden of thathouse. surat afi Khanna bakin ke Khanna’ssister’s Feerate AEE! hullek nt Ci tai, dog’snameis Chikeo. Ina sentence such as Give the key to Ra’ key’ is the direct object ‘nd ’Ra’ isthe indirect object. Hindi marks the indirect object with Bho — ee AY TT Rj oct do The pattem remains the same even if Soi notwanatable by! 4a 81 4¢ 5 21 mnujh ko oak Kha do, ‘Give me that leter” that letter to me’y, 3a #t XY Ta us ko Bh ato “Tell him too in these sentences the inditect objects are ‘me’ and ‘him respectively. ae etreravit inom kogoram kind Serve us hot food. fear sao, sivas ime dhobrko gandehapre Give the ditty clothes an dena tothe dhobi sre eram nko mennam ——-Don’ttell them awa! nat bat myname! "8 ko with the direct object A direct object is sometimes marked with #1 ko and sometimes not; ‘the distinetion is often quite subtle ~ not to say elusive! Usually, dlirect objets such as 57% aly and wi samosd in these examples take no postpostion ~ and hence remain in the direct case: Ser era by, ey ao sitar ei Brother, bring tea sos ko Have (‘eat’) samosa, ‘Here, both ‘tea’ and ‘samosa’ are perceived as generic items — there ‘sno focus on their individuality, no specific cup of tea or individual ssamosa is meant. But when an object i individualised, # ko may be added ~ the effect often being similar to adding the definite article ‘the’ in English: sri ets pio rink water. sit at Fett iyo Drink the water. ‘ov gest ait | kurta, Bring a chair FoR ser we | hursTko sifkare. Clean the chair.a _ Not EASE ST HERE oo ‘To some extent, then, Wt ko marks a specifi direct object. So when | the frst ofthe following examples, 2 mujhe i preferred to = referring to something that’s already been mentioned, to will be mujhlo;and in the second, zt htmé to Tham, used: Btavitet te mujteafoshaiki — Y'msorry that you wa frare sit yahkitabacchihai This book's good qetaemt! —tumtozukamhai, havea cold SEES ea SRN aici ‘wien BF hamémilimhaiki We know that he ‘The most specific thing of alls an individual, a person: s0 people wos gsre uso bubhtrhai, has fever. ‘who are verb objects (and pronouns standing for them) nearly always take ko. ‘gr ATeAT | Choft ko mat mira. Don’thit Chotu, eat te | pith ule (Call Father. sree! unkojagtie, ‘Wake them up. 5.5. Altemative forms of the oblique pronoun +#tko ‘The oblique personal pronouns + #1 ko (eg. J slo) have alternative forms as follows: went mujhe mite et tuto tujhe At isto abe wT usta a owe et hao lame Tat tuto Te tum art aplo (oo alternative form) wet inko eine srt amko -wnhe Feat kisto fet bie fet Kinko fee kinhe ‘The two forms are completely interchangeable, although the shorter forms tend to be favoured in colloquial style, or to avoid repetitiveness if there's another $1 ko elsewhere in the sentence. In FE) EXERCISES2:1 Transpose q¥ hum commands into #77 dp [poms anv ves Then ase rt te ft aria tig = weet aa 9 sree wereg, serge 3 erm waa 6 mgt st eecameg | sre fet, ear Sara ager fie! 9 gaia to Ca ee | 1 yah sigret na piyo. 6 pita pie ie 2. zard yl thahro 7 i. bltie, ya hai? 3. iskamre mé ba 8 girikoithar ae 4 cay pvo,phal ha. 9 dhe dk, ooh na park! 5 ‘muse Rsi ke pre do 10 date ko band jie. [EJ EXERCISE 52.2 Transpose the infinitive commands into 1d ‘commands. Then translate. + Sed ere 2 asta gm 8 wea fied ate re er 1 «Teaser 1 kambals ko gana at kar 2. Ride ko mat chi3 surat boint, 4 kita mé mer a it 5 ghore ko mat mira! EXERCISE 5b.1 Rewrite the following sentences, removing ko from the direct object. Then translate, tert eat at mt eat 2 een eta sta 2 art gait stereo Hare oo aerere a 9G | 6 era Re Be OT | in mofe hrmbal ko alma me ath. fs garam samose ko Kho tus bar urs ko is armre aie {jhe allibtr ko par. id he dare ko band kana, EXERCISESb.2Rewrite the following sentences, adding Tho to the direct object. Then translate. vache 3 afer ga gear | A ang sft gt eine 4 mg Rar cc i 1 yemaetiileune bo 2 Rika pura arta paar 3. sipihcabiyt dito 4 5 ye gandekapre dhond, ‘yh hail dare mi ahi, EASE ST HERE n EXERCISE Sb. Translate the questions, then answer them, ‘1 Whatis the name of Kamala’s brother-in-law (24) ? 2 IsRishiathomejust now? (See Dialogue 5a.) 3. Who does not like milk? 4 Why does he not ike milk? 5. Where were Sangeeta’s uncle's keys yesterday? 6 Who knows where those keys are today? 7 Doyou know where the Kumar family'shouseis? 8 Inyouropinion (wera), are these questions (#=7#") simple? SFT ant tomove [BE day bere,overhere KY! abt ey EM chit totouch {RUT jain to arouse rom sleep [RT 2nd just. alitle weet aly quickly, soon, early WAT jin to go AT” jiagrd quarrel row: FET harst todo FET baka to say (to) A e's (indicating possession) FAGT TCA agra to BA! pt coffee square FH" hts dog, ‘BEET akarnd tostop, walt FFT" ott Kats ndianshit {FMT dpa totok rid Sra lnunssthe which? RT air ready HE" Wat leter et thaié bag cloth bag FATE Hayat opinion FR dath mil wt" ihimarle! Khon BHAT data? tose, look Markt in Da) Bet dont topive AT thint toeat Bec der husband's younger ‘RCA ions toserve gvetoest brother Fear ao toy SRT hon towash ar" ghd horse 4 tobe dhobi,washermannm No APT™ dhyin attention; BATA ® ATT att to tell hyn se attentively FMT hulind to call, invite % mn dont (incommands) ASAT band tot ATE" nie slogan RET tind tospeak strc" nnutar servant Ber” iit brother SH por lying Eat don’ vith commands) STEM ering toread study AFET_mirad tobeat hit TH pin paan ‘RET ad toput keep St ar water UT lind tobring fewer kind towrite eT lent totake receive Far stir dev STU" pip Papa, Father ‘RT pind to drink; tosmoke YT pilchnd task oe) 3" per tre BA soni relly ‘ear pst money;paisa Fra simple (hundredth frp) {MEF farattocean "pl ut fle! sires cigarete Sew hundlaat tocse, FEAT suet tole hear shut Tout wbe,become WHAT DOES PRATAP Inthis unit you will learn how to 1m talk about regular activities ask what things are called in Hind learn the remaining possessive pronouns 1 discuss opinions and relationships 6a Suresh asks Prakash about his household sro, ware, sr ITE TT? ag feet ee eke ET fest eT 2 | “sre tag aT 1 Fed acter wai-swe! aaa amr Sar 1 AR eSATA ST | sg dar 8 fet st ore et & ar 44447” a43 044 _ Ho! adh area | acer atch ere a are wer 1 soar) gw wre ate— crear ewe wt ear 7 fer werent? aor rer ar eres we oT 2 wo as of ENT ewe HT GTB Rare ant age [eter d— gre avatar ReAA™ guest ST tothink STREEER™ prvateschool SATE love ret toleam Ber always Aree” ‘pronunciation’ — TT tostay ‘FeaTeH pronunciation few allday wot well er tophy 88 actually aT tosleep BRUT promising wer! mischief ARCT™ hate, disike BET toleave ar thus tke his mind APR twknow aR” father Suresh Prakash ell me, your guest Pratap—what does he do? Pralash He'sastudent. He leans ind!in a privat schoo Suresh His pronunciation is very lear. What's ‘pronunciation’ called fn indl~ cra! Prakash Yes, Pratap speaks well Actually he's very promising boy. Suresh IescomsSangeta dikes him, Why itso? Prakash Idontknow. But Sangeta thinks that Pratap lovesher. ‘Suresh Tace! One more thing why does Raj abwaysstayathome? What docs he do all day? Prakash Heplys, cts, sleeps, makes mischil He's kid, athe? Suresh snot good tha the boy slays alone athome. Prakash Oleave these things, Suresh! [Thinks to himselé: ‘Are you the father ofthese children vewspies mnie ooe ns |Grammar etna ante pe oe ‘he perverse dcr ul vei ot habit 1 Tin’ vesnDdns We dr omc’ Te pale ‘Speak! tom Sve to speak= stalled by #7876 wascune ——FRMONINE Sart Fateh E speak qivre gate youspeak we meaart TE AeARTehe.it shespeaks warez erates wespeak grat — gratwtat—_youspeak amamdi —aewieit®—_youspeak ade RARE theyspeak Aa feet ror G1 Ispeak pure inal ‘er sm ea HET Does Mrs Khanna understand Panjabit tae ‘Where do youve? sere wt oft were or Pratap sometimes drinks. Inthe negative the auxiliary verb (1/1) can be dropped: 4 fie we tar 1 Ineversmoke. sat aster | Sharma ji does not eat meat seams adi cat, Ret She doesnt live in Lucknow, Hear shelves in Delhi. When this happens with a feminine plural, the participle becomes, nnasalised, compensating for the dropped nasalised auxiliary @: ret ater ah (Fre | Dadijieats meat / doesn’t eat meat, ‘Those women drink/ don’tdrink. ae were ah at at1% 01 ‘All these examples relate to habitual events. (Continuous activities, ‘with ing’ verbs in English (eg. “he is speaking’) have a separate tense: see Unit 8.) The imperfective tense is also used for ongoing states of mind: wear fe qarrseret —Hethinks that your wor pronunciation is good. arere arbre gE eT e—_Loften experience loneliness, An idiomatic use ofthe imperfetive is seen when someone who's just about toleave says 51, # et Well, 'm off’—in which the ‘eaving’ isnot ‘habitual at all. Similarly soit ater { ‘'m coming straightaway’ Although expressions for time of day aren't introduced fully until 122, the expression fsa% = at what time” is useful in practising imperfective tenses. You can make up many sentences on the following models, using verbs such as Sr 'to come’, 327 to get up’, SAT “toeat’ Ato play’ Ta ‘to go’, and Har “o sleep cata eon aj goes to school atnine o'clock. a ft 8 aaa What timedoyou get up? amend seat g1 1 getup at seven o'clock. Relating to the knowledge of a language, the verb art ‘to come’ can be used in the imperfective construction e fet and & literally ‘Hindi comes tous, ie. ‘We know Hindi’. set ate af now ite Ur ‘Bat eft mt rst? How many languages do youknow? Hore’ useful way of asking the Hind word for something: ‘ea Fas a ed 2 What's this script called? (What do they call.) ee Serre wea ‘They call it Devanagari. ns DOs eA Dot ” Using at & (from #1 ‘to be’) implies a general statement of lasting validity, whereas @ alone is for a specific one-off statement. act eget tt tt B ot, afr ag ast ae See also the dferenceof meaning between rg ar & and srg argu dior feat arom! Ttscems Mother's angry ailnga 8 festarrs 1 Tknow Mother's angry. By now you're wsed to verb gender inthe ver: masculine feminine rah. When a mixture of gender is involved, agreement follows the rule given for adjectives in 22: if the subjects are ‘peop, then the plural verb is masculine if they'einanimates, the er takes its gender rom the closest item. porate tet 1 Krishna and Radha play. yara@ ate werd wet deft #2 Areshoes and sandals cheap? Good saris ae expensive. ‘Yes but this saris cheap. 62. Postessive pronouns As we've already seen with et, qeret and ae (23), the fesscncve pronouns dain ike adjectives they apres wih the Shing posesed, An ebige pronoun, + cn Be weiten so swords orone 208 or at fever or fou wt; Heres the fills. Bor fat my, mine = you ar your, yours ¥@ heshe,it —WHAT_hisyher, hers, its, ofthis S@ hevshe it SBT hissher, hers, its of that wwe err our ours wr you FAT your, yours am you see" your yours a they ‘err their thes & they srt thei theies atv who? fer whose? (singular) frm whose? (plural)n not WHAT DOES PRATAP OOF 2 Ter a car adpenacteee Pratap Sangeet how mach older is Rishi than is brother? kalba aoa Hs Sangeeta Rajisthe youngest ~he'sonly 12 Rishiis arom eetity ‘Wheee's your father? Pratap —_And you, Sangeeta? What's your age? Are you older than me? ait are tet? ‘Whatisin yourhand? Singer youre Ray 2 Pratap mall anyou-T'm 2. ead feet REGAL! Whoseclothes are these? Senguts| “seh Sario tlle Guana runic hos They're not mine {sere Many congratelaon! Pratap Why thissrcasm, anges? Why do youdlsieme? ord der akbeckot te jonni aiden ly DOSE, Eta tm we copa cn and 32, then see the difference between the following sentences Pratap Youonly think bout yoursl not about your frends toneerti aia Sangeet Toce.0Youconider youre ny fend! Wonderfll reenter This offices mine. ~ BREE aT 2 Gof 2yea, agrees with he ‘male subject. And why isnt inthe oblique plural, [Z15> Pratap and Sangeeta Heeuoe he 12st ets saglik tec rata, wfc nt Fr wer the separate yeas are not individualised. Similary ee Ft efit area ter farce ar 1 wf ie arr “intendays’ sweeten efter rere au feat ty erga eg? itt sdterarest 1 targa at fe erty su Fort 2 GiGeamar mn fgataeen(. oeeere gs 8 weno ate oe ain teat R a (ea) EAT ar ona ce reese proocn reaena oy 1 ware aS RTE tar? PUR ae we ne, depen On Cre met e Commarea AW etter st werd fet ga amniz wet g7 Agata aa Tea RAT! aj isin his [own] room. erent wea RAR Raj isinis someone else's] room. wom HRN Ra eh Aah, ah ea In the frst sentence, the word ‘his refers back to Raj asthe sujet of ht ee, agra Ae des awe a the clause; tats the words ‘Rand “hi refer othe same person. In such situations, Hindi uses W7T in place of any possessive Bi pronoun (eg, e330), [FEAT one's own rt! height fot eke ee ee ‘Hdhar twit frame 2av {1 giveSangeeta my book. ew year ‘rae! congratulation ‘gue itor orf Fear tar | Suhas gives Sangeetahis book. tee fourteen AER FET todiske ‘her reat ae Feo EL Sangeta gives Suhas her book oan BART about concerning erect chet at aa fed E1— Wewrite letters to our friends. aide {FRET toconsider, reckon edt er eff ee' 2 Why don’t they speak thet Tete twent-one 2 wonderfll bravo! “ ——-20 sen tino [yar o0«s marae Dot a ‘Now compare the following sentences very carefully Bank infrontof, “rere att infrontofthe Hah re a arg Tam taller than my brother. ahead of postooffice aero ee ere “My brother in very tll. war ontopof wakore — ontopofthebus A atc aer are eT mE ‘My brother and Tare both ft. Sete beneath below = AeA underthe ible In the first sentence, ‘my’ refers to ‘’ as subject; 80 aT is used. In Saat bees Teint vat: befoes Fey, the second, ‘My brother’ is itself the subject, so 347 is not used. ‘era near fetare near the trees Similan aT not use in the third sentence, because er Eis A] behind REE behind theveil part of joint subject (my brother and 1) rather than being @ Rar after we afterthis reference to a subject Using the possessive and the reflexive pronouns together, eg, 1 _=0, gives an emphaticsense ~ ‘my own, my very own’ ERE ort fr B ed ert ct er Ina command, ‘you’ will aloays be SA, because the subject of a command i ‘you (9) set Fra at wa ada a ser sry Ba AT | ‘This is my very own car Hindi is our own language. (You) read your book. Giveme your dirty clothes. ‘Take care of yoursel. srr takes some geting sed to. As a geea le se tif youcan Ad the word own’ tan Engh poscnive Cher own ca, out aren house) without changing the fundamental sense of the ne team exceptions to is are wih tet alec an Wick avays ley anand conan 64 Compound postpositions ‘These postpositions consist of two or more words, the first of Which isthe possessive (or #7 if used with a feminine noun, eg. ‘cr ‘ditection). Like the one-word ‘simple postpositions” (3.1), they take the oblique case, itaer towards ae inside westey wae towardshome inside the room Hat about conceming ws bait about this matter Fane outside ‘RAMTEC outside theroom fm for wait Ff forthe children rel attheplaceof Ast Hat_—_ at Pinkie's place Bare facing opposite R¥CKAMA opposite your house Compare these two phrase, based on’ Ft ‘for’ = fit for them RF forme ‘The fist phrase, 3H fi, features ¥ because 3 is part of the postesive form S7e1/a7% heir. Butin the second phrase, 3 Fr ho Sis apparent hiss because there ino sin the possessive form ‘my’. Thus when used with pronouns (Yor me, for her cic), compound postpoitons are based on the pasessive form of the pronoun (62): $= REE forme at Rh foryou we- wer- ReREforhim/her/it se - gem aa forhim/her/it e- w- wr fg forus ay- aver aR foryou R- ree ‘Par fee foryou sr from: feet fee forwhom? seli= mer= AWA Fe foroneselfa HINO ‘Some more examples: Meee towards wre ae — towardsus wee like Rae ike me FAB behind RMD behind me FH about — HH —aboutoneself ore with Rare ‘with me 65 Pronouns revisited Let us revise the pronoun types encountered ofr. Direc case personal pronouns such a % 3,3 came in 11 with the verb tobe’ and should be very familiar by now. The oblique forms EL. GL. 3H ee, to which they change when followed by a ;postpostion, came in 3.4. Then in 5.5 we saw how the ‘personal pronoun + formula hasan alternative set: 339 te, “Personal pronoun +#¥ constructions are very common: err Tare @ Thave fever. in English the subjects T, but in Find it's gar (Remember that a verb subject must bein the direc case) You may find it helpful to think in terms of two general types. of construction: a type (Fe) and aE type RR Hee. Possessve pronouns (, , SHR ete) have just been introduced, in 62, although some had slipped in earlier. They agree with the thing possessed (not the possessor): Het wr, tafe, AR STM, 0 they behave just like adjectives, asin er we, feet. Possessive pronouns are replaced by ate when the ny also the verb subject ‘Tread my book’ must be # aest Pets tga because and ‘my both refer othe same person. We have also encountered some interrogative pronouns: 7 ‘oeho?, Fo ‘whom?, PERT whose”, aT ‘what? “which. And! we can look forward to meeting relative pronouns (‘the man ‘who. the book which.” ete.) in Unit 13. EXERCISE 6a1 Answer the questions (6-10 are onthe dialogues). 2 arvetd teait ane eH feat ar at Ee WHAT DOES PRATAP DOF a3 3 Rea seer a eh 2 ae Feo tr Set 2 sar are ge wre a IE 5 a fe ea 8 saa e feat ar ae aes tt aah & ate rer rear 5 era fea ere nt? we ats fens arvic ser? EXERCISE 6a.2 Translate this extract from Pratap'sletterhome [Ere pr se st rn & or sis ra eT 81a eo ear ae ag 8 re oT A a =e he TE a et Spe Bt he ate ona eee we ae ate see aT rar ra act 1 tor ng ear & Aor eR a rer aT et seth ata ee ar ee gh ec se wea Fe re at sft & at er et & te | A a ae exer eh Aer AT Ba er ET TT art rate! shh gs of tere, er ah Babe 8 cos she ws xg eh — eee ee Hg TCH SRT xg ar er ate ar gr wet 1 TOT Ra Fee ee ET TE see) wh raw ano eae [EJPeERCISE 6b. Translate the English words, then translate the ‘whole sentences into English sare hi are & eee aH ee ao TT TE | carder shee sore a sn atc his mf thie eet es ta #1 2am your er tf your wr fear sft. gyourst ey Fee ag my wer fe Fa his 8 Ber WBA wie guar | eather fr a her wea Te weto vanor []_wrarooes reataroce [RJ EXERCISE 60.2 Translate — wt! a eight length ‘They calle Rishi Raj is my ltlebrother he'sabitcrary. He'snot | | OE busi fn bis room atthe moment, he's in my room, And Ym ot in my = i roomFminhis room! He doentkrow that inow tathe'sn ny | youriom) Sey eet room. Here in his room thee ate several old newspapers, but T er ate expresses adiaton dont nee whey athe reno hs. Snare ks fet day; fot wall day sco wonder cor newspapers. He plays with his friends but he dean talk ome, were? RAM forte His friends are not my friends. aa =e ; ike Pratap 1g othe cinema with him and we tk about ns. It SSO ET talent. NV sseenly seems he's quite bright. He speaks good Hindi, Even his Pronunciation is quite good. Hee doesn’t speak like a foreigner Vocabulary xbaTeT™ lnaines FAB behind SFC often usually Bae ater ‘BT well proienty BATA about conceming HFT (one’s) own FTE outside [BATE twenty-one Beat attheplaceot SeTET™ pronunciation FFE for 3M togetup,rise Fare with incompany of ‘afte nineteen Ba facing opposite seeft company, firm (7) HAE CET totakecareot, AA sometimes; ME mind sever AT alot well A towards aN! gosip Fag ike are meat Wa inside fe" moon Bat infromotaheadof alent Fa ontpor HE fourteen AR deneath below Bet weave FAT below STR twine ore near BOR™ piece, bit tind sv hate asthe ARENT odie SIR™ love afetion: 8) STC toove fee then: apn H™ cildhood SF ordock sent! congratulation @ sca FT walk convene am” father TE tee ind EGE PCT ofr experience safes boss {FFT Manna ickname forte oy) free ict AETE™ guest ser" sarc FRE! alcholic quae ret! mich WRT" riday WF pucunmied eR! Sancti RE ise frend aft ac weet fret toleam Bee before BT thine at toseep But" station fe tolaygh Garr tomakelnugh TT our, ous BUT says BAEK promisingFATHER USED TO TEACH URDU Rant af 8 @ In this unit you will earn how to 1 talkabout regular activities in the past 1 express needs and wants ‘use ordinal numbers first, second use several colloquial expressions [Z]7a Grandmother's childhood in Kanpur Bleed rer aoe rage eA Se Gh R, Fro ft aH af a at UTA rue FE se ArT? ea eta aE ute ore ae ace a sere fet ate eter sera wench vi fer a ett ch aretnecafeerc st go adhd + are fete ma fomexuseoroweacuumoy ae terete eR Rw eTEE | weet genoa areca Se He re wR at ae RE TST a ter (aye are] werent a, Tt t aes gS HE? att | adda Feghad at goad wie ga TTT everyeah free Saturday Urdu { somersomewhat something ST totach EET Muslim BE anyones aboutany FTE" doctor Batts near ‘STE special, particular ‘feteT™ cinema ‘Ach delay,a while ‘Sangeeta Grandia, in your cilahood you people used tive in Kanpur, didn''you? Dadiji__Yeschild, my father use to tach Urduin ome college Mother sed to teach 0. Sangeeta Did anyone speak English in your home? rather knew some five languages. But we most spoke Sangeeta Was there any cinema neat your house? Dadiji Yes, we used o goto the cinema every Saturday with some frends. Sangestn Tellme something sbout our tend Dadi AMsolin doctor’ daughter was my special rend, She was a ‘itolder thane Sangent [frat ntl] OK Granda, ffDo you need anything? Dadi Novell your old Grandoe’ anything Off you 2 do your work |Grammar 7A. The past imperfective "This tense describes regular events or habits in the past: ‘She used to speak Hindi’ The participle raat / Svat / aI “speaks! (6.1) is followed by the auxiliary a etca No Samet atest] used tospeak qaarar quate youused to speak aqreitn tre agaee A] he, sheused tospeak aaa —evatesiat © weused tospeak grasa grated? you used to speak smaiwat steht you used to speak Aagae Aaa they used tospeak qh fewer used to write you leters. eit nit aarti) You sometimes used to reply. ‘Beart ae eat 1 Books used to be cheap. wae agent fea® ——Weboth used to rea lots of books. waa ‘An imperfective verb with nether present nor past auxiliary (f 1) tells of an action whose timescale is indefinite; this “routine imperfective’ narrates habitual evens inthe past, like the English I ‘would. feast 141 Be OnSundays we would takea Jong walk. ave anc fide ar) Iwould often smoke in the ‘evening. 72 Mandy “These two essential words have several functions. Linger on these important paragraphs! 2) Asa pronoun, ¥¥€ means ‘someone and ¥6 means “somthing” “Thus the difference between the fo a proncns i a difeence between human beings and inanimates sie se ste agra ‘There was someone lying on the ground. wise ga agra ‘There was something lying on the ground, FATHER USED 70 TEACH UROU 2 1b) Hence in the negative, SE a means ‘nobody’, and 99 =h ‘means ‘nothing’ wat att! “There's nobody in the house. mips adlB ‘There’snothing inthe house. “The negative wf may be written separately from #1€/ $5 rat att serdar 1 Nobody here eats meat 6) Asan active qualifying a singular ‘coun tern whether Funan or earn) mena see,a,a crn one 1 ET Mme boy Mee Some ca Asan evant fo the Engish isan alenative to ‘fest HAE ai tor 1 Therewassome Englishman siting in the compartment. ‘ak amere mf TTT! Somenewspaper was lying on the floor. 4) The oblique of YE is Fra, both as pronoun (Pet # fe “for Someone’ and as adjective (Raft Ft "for some boy, frat C8 for some reason’: fiir wear fir net 57 {| Tell someone that'm standing (waiting) here ete fet ee WTA Give thisbread to some child. ©) In the plural, and fret both change to 4, qualifying a ‘group of ‘countable’ items: 3 asi ‘some boys’ (direct case), $3 “Tf forsome bop (oblique case The word sever i partially a plural equivalent to ‘pore feet 0 fed ae E | Some /several foreigners speak good Hindi ‘ps dat a1 fi atta Some English people only know English. 4) Asanadjetve, 99 also means some’, qualifying a substance or thing that is ether uncountable (ike ‘milk, or is a composite2 No whose parts aren't relevant (like ‘money’) $5 Z¥ ‘some has component pars aenreevant ike money #936 ‘seit @eagsterar! There wassomemoney in his pocket wean thera Take some daal, won't you? 8) $9 is also an adverb, qualifying an adjective: $9 "eet ‘rather expensive’ (compare ¥3F WET ‘very expensive’, and #1 EMT ‘quite expensive’) weer goer ‘This cloths rather coarse, ernie) This kurtais abitlong, hy iE before a numer means ‘about, approximately ‘about ten people’: pprnimaey Ea Feet ¥ aif ca stead #1 There were some ten pearls lying inthebox. eC E WEAN Gene! Thereare some ight orninehotels inthe town. ni usage, WE doesnot change to oblique Felt hence fic inaboutfiveminutes. = 1) sand feature in several wel phrases: eae everyone ReraE someone or ther Fb ste steme someone else ww everything per something or other peat ates something else, some more En apne Ft chi of someon’) wih for FATHER USED 10 TEACH 1 73 wtf ‘is wanted) needed ‘The word "HfEG means ‘is wanted, is needed’, The thing wanted becomes the grammatical subject; the person doing the wanting is in the oblique with #1. This is 4s" type of construction (see 6) setstar sr afig | Grandmaneeds new glasses. saree a fg What do you want/ need? wa aet ofan, sre! We wantroti bread), not ice, For the past simply add / at / / st to ‘fet. This auxiliary agrees with the subject ie. the thing wanted: widiarcisi sfc) Wenceded twobicycles. 2 eT TE Te aT needed cloth of his colour. Some speakers nasalize the ending inthe plural: 38t st t sufitt ‘Ineed five rooms’. Hy 2227 8 Hes teraly to Granda is a need of ‘glasses’ is an alternative way of saying ‘Grandma needs _lasses'; 73 isa feminine noun meaning ‘need’, Compare ‘eof course and Rett ‘necessary, urgent’. (K)7b Who works where? sian, raced Aster ae me? BCR ate gee ee ey TE TTL aiken rrr fre 27 se eR a he HEB arom ere wher ote 73817 sesh ae wR He eT | [TH Wear 2 ge sewer fer} ere steer ener re & of a at ate aE te fee? seme ha ae ot ar are ag eet FT aT srr gt rc wert rechten ah 8 gt ate order are AT we tats2 HINO: BA) ce sic various poopie ET first ‘Khanna ji Prakash, who works inall these rooms? Prakash Sir nthe first and second rooms the senior clerks ofthe office work ‘Khannaji And whoseis this third room? Prakash ‘There's nobody in the third and fourth rooms yet sit. Khanna. Sowhichsyouroom? Theft? Thesis? ash tthe moment workin Ramdas’ room, [Thinks to himselé 7 tana mespaieromt sj The third room’s vacant take t Do younced anything else? Prakash Yessir, anew fan'sneeded in that room I's ery urgent — the ‘le fan doar work ‘Khannaji' Thehot weather does'start before March. Geta fan later on Prakash Yes it ‘Par a1 # tthe infinitive verb A is here used as a ‘deferred’ command, ie. one which willbe acted on at some point inthe future. See 5.2. Grammar 74 Ordinal numbers cer first or sixth Fe second art seventh third eet cighth str fourth at ninth ‘teeth wt tenth FATHER USED TO TEACH URDU 93 ‘Thereafter, simply add At to the cardinal number (Appendix src, Tee “twelth twentieth’. The ordinal numbers iflct like other adjectives, but with nasal endings, %; thus td wes ‘ce ern the tenth house of the fifth road’ ‘Written Hindi sometimes borrows Sanstait ordinal numbers (14 fist’, Fe ‘second’, He ‘thie, Tp four, 7 AW el.) for formal effect ~ rather as English can use Roman rumerals in such set contexts as World War I~ fs ary 75 Aggregatives Forms such as St ‘both, the two! indicate the total or agregue ‘number of items in a ri iself is ieregular; other ggregetives simply add to the number frifeet allthree children “ifsc (on)allfoursides, all around Aggregatives can also refer to multiples of a number: ivan dovensofstudents (= dozen) ‘edi fruréf hundreds ofstudents ts" a hundred) gree? thousandsofrupees (ET thousand) ‘iis lakhsofwomen (PE hundred thousand) ‘watt croresofchildren (IF ten million) 7.6 Conjunct verbs ‘As you have already seen, many verbs are formed by simply ‘combining "2" te do’ with a noun or adjective. qe tobegin seu tofinish seer toshut, sig wor — todlean ‘These verbs ae ‘transitive’ — that i, they can take a direct object: ‘ont a OTT “to begin work’; HT aT FCAT "to clean a room’. Many such verbs have ‘intransitive’ counterparts, Le, verbs whose action ‘s intrinsic and has no direct object: ‘we start work’ is transitive, with ‘work’ as object of ‘we star’, while ‘work stars early today’ is intransitive, with ‘work’ itself as subject. The distinction isnot too clear in English, because the same verb often does duty for both4 No transitive and intransitive; but in Hindi, transitive verbs using FT ‘have intransitive equivalents using &°7, wrdt arena Tee! Ourcdassbeginsatnine lock. cert ra are BR EY ‘The doors are closed at night. ‘aie avec nfearet ge dt € The holidays usualy start on Saturday, EXERCISE 7a Translate, 1. Father used to work in some office and used to get home late. 2 Some 12 students are sitting onthe floor; we need some more: chairs. ‘On Saturdays we used to meet some friends. ‘We dont like this cold food — we want some rice and dal Isn’tthere any cheap hotel here? The Tajis rather expensive! ‘Give this money to someone else" Yes, but to whom?” ‘Weneeded the car keys but there was nobody inthe house. In the evening, Grandma used to read the Ramayan and we used to watch old films, EXERCISE 72.2 Write ten safe sentences on the model 4295 4, 7 sf, pairing items as you like from the list 1 Ineed a good dictionary 2 youneed about ten chairs 3 theyrneeded abeautifal pear! 4 who?) needs some money 5 my'friend needs thousands of rupees 6 thesestudents needed today’s newspapers 7 —thatothermanneeds some hot water 8 those girisneed some more time 9 someoneneeded cigarette 10 nobody needs anew house EXERCISE 72.3 Rewrite your ten sentences on the model 12 aca st FECT |ATHERUSED TO TEACHURDU 95 EXERCISE 7b. Rewrite the following sentences in the past tense, her translate them, sera srr ae a ef er 8 eee anfea eet Gf ar pre cob ata § fer STE ts a naiwart | adh at at ret & fie at fret ve erat Herd 1 sro ee i he oT eT FE | 6 area sores & gar afer ee oar | sort i rg fv ear her a wet cer fod ge & fa ac et a 8 for 8? aretha & fie fgegear eset oe B13 ore TF PT ageatil page eer Fee ae eh ng ce Fra et tops Frit exer oat are erat eae ard fl | EXERCISE 7.2 Translate. Come, si What would you ike? {want somehot food and cote Sin the kitchen clases early on Sunday. There it any ht food. Teave‘any’ untranslated Allright give me some frit And clean my room tomorrow rormingy i's very diy. Sr tomorrow ismy holiday. Please tell (AT) someone ose, ‘But Ince the coffe right away” Being tand dose the door Sin, the electricity (Pf isco ) atthe moment Please Ihave (rink?) somecold water. ‘Thishotelis useless (VF); and you're useless too. maf i aps i ays Vocabulary {0 separate diferent A cight a und are ARE any other sites! woman ‘wde™ tenmillon FA" Kanpur feet obtique of HEHN FATHER USED TO TEACH URDU 2 {7 sone somewhat something Fostcsometing le. some nore 3S PTsomahingor ether FerRes near Bw the equato AA anyone someone;some, any, about tf at someane ce; RETME someoneor other RE Ano one ‘Berrie various people 2 standing waiting BF finshed; APC tofinsh IN special particular set! heat summer set fourtuivin ATE ce siege) node tet fours oor ach if hotday retime sett! ground land EC! eed sre@t_ urgent necary svt torply 4 ye ae poctst BF property;exactly. REC" doctor fee boc railway compartment TER! side, direction et thi ae es wit! adoren distant faraway RT second Re delay, awhile fetta second nd vat ninth sith, Vin ST toteach FE fist strat sith FR fit Lt BR" difference, separation eH tnteron WA" dark feet! clectrity A swcles fer seated, siting HERE" gratwar af March, RRA Muslin art pear 4" colour A trea fod fe hundred thousand RE! reason, case arIr™ saturday mre! evening PEROT, FT obegin eT areamy AT RET to dream BeYS everything ART" cinema ‘oat ahundred Be! alk tip: RCO ogo for wall, trip et heaven BATE” thousand 1 cachyevery: CAE everyone BeA™ hotel-eate|WHATIS ARUN DOING IN LUCKNOW cy WHAT IS ARUN DOING per een eee sat age rere IN LUCKNOW? Res Ng asta ROR wea ercatety saieftatt wore &, ate go 7eT wen wes Haar a ED ae: ater ot ev oe aca ™ eh aw RR aR fee aT 2, fe NT at In this unit you wil eam how to 1 alk about things that ere happening now 1 descr ovmetip and peosonan’ Sohave! tearange of adverse Hicedates ‘Arun, my dea fiend! What are you ding herein thenarrow lanes of Lucknow? ‘Ymdoing some work witha friend; book of ours iscoming out So are youstayingin Lucknow nowadays? [Non atthe moment’ living at my brother's plac in Delhi You dan'thave your own house in Delhi? 1 dot, but Iwasjus thinking that need a new home, Prakash has thee children they harrass me let. ‘Yes, you are looking hasled Do you have ay particular twoublejust now? ‘Ali tiredness, nothing se ‘Themhave tea with me. Come, we're off to Ram Sahib’ 'No,1'm getting Ite ~ getting delayed look, my fend Premis just coming. Rafi Rafi Arun Rag Ann Rag Aran Rafi Arun oe wer GiGrammar SE geese nn cca gent ergo tenets ae Seetenaet are ‘ing’ ‘is made up of three elements: the wet et ag nih dt feet Fat ere tcf a sea, Mor erator Glos wa SE) et WRG iret oie Pare area ae a 8, feet Ey ‘continuous’ sense, plus the auxiliary verb (@, @ eTete.).100 vino I} warisaruoonenvemows 101 Tascuune —_pannene 82. Espressons for twhave Proent Reber? wih Tamspeaking eaeanged eaneblin gree yO qwrt teat youaespeaking thre cliferet constructions, wing the postpone 6 and mormwert tae he,itshels speaking sptirespectvely aE AEM wearespeaking +97 Aieadyseenin4A—tohave acok Taeea — Seat e _youarespeaking ferwgwet! ——Pinkiehasacold. amir@t eet youarespeaking for geet Sangeetahada fever. SAEAR.. AR. Bey weapodlng +7 Forthepossesson things, ‘potable’ items, ime, Pot RaveqreT TEA Las peaking money and oon alo for servants qaearer tee youwerespeaking we} eg fed #1 Rajhas ots toys AGAATGrT Gea he it shewasspeaking emtawamind ®t Wedor'thave time wards Sect wewerespenking SréaaegsttaT! — Theyhad lois of mone. eat eat youwerespeaking sarSsre greece | Khannahasa driver. amie aucdtst youwerespeaking Sowge ta 2\—Thavenothing all, RAMTRE UM they werespeaking + 8140% Forrlatives, houses, parts of the body: am¥amt®) ——— Ramhastwobrother. arate fire street Weare leaning Hind gorereemt: —_Krishnahasone house. seaAMERMR HL! She's asking boutherbrothe: fiesta 21 Shivahas three ees. Fees ea eT! —Whichstoryareyou reading? amit i —Pralachhas three children Bumenecerti Ween ety Rarer er eaTT | My father owns hospi. nical arf mnot going home just. aa eats : rierrenwel Br ot an tires cea: Capaeteet a Sarah een serarrermaacrcst {2 Areyoupreparng food? sa ctrset Akshay has ve children Tr we ae far oe a ‘You were ringing the wrong, atte Thave five children, umber foe arr atte1 —— Shivahas three eyes. ‘The continous tenses sed for identification onthe phone: Ber finé erate?) Thaveonly neeye. area steed Whotsthat speaking? Inferring to relatives some speakers use rather than or #) (Who are you speaking?) regaodles ef number and gender aonawea ts ‘This is Usha speaking setae phot Buntyhaseight daughters (TUsha am speaking’) sefaqwazer®1 Lakshmi hasoneson.\WHATIS ARUN DOING INLUCKNOWE 103 102 HN. Prakash Yes. yes, tim going Why areyou poterng me? Ri you [ZS Khanna Sahib's coming to dinner! come song. Ben warndanonetnaé: per tare wer geet arr afeere ot ar are? BD er saifpicl sre at ec aver find en der athe ie ore area Ty, ide patel bars soa Ga coin ae 35'eoy sper ersar oT he fen at arc ToT so fee occurs before a "An exception t0 this rule is with a0 Gh 1 eg soe cet, gt at are ad aH aT adverbial phrases such as 38 f= ‘Jon] that day’, One may imagine wrt Rea A EU aM ator | eM ore PSM Te that 81 has been dropped from such a phrase. Here re some more: seoree ert aricr st» a he se et She cre 1 seth cince acca, et intheaftemoon Sem. easton ratte wa inthisditecton RAT thenext day were repr at org ea “gete at wh we fet ym totheright/left FFT inthose days weer quail arc omit ot forte ar oat a ae yi hey alanine fo rag wer tated) ta frcatareg at? af, Career ‘frotave lestyear fer atwhat time 7 Similarly, the destination of a ‘motion’ ver is usually oblique Ble on eet! vegeblet) Set er to oto Calera eye ST, ogo to that wHTA™ God ere nour possesion Ne sekatas en oe dat terre 1rmgoing tomy village. EM separately tolivea life of pleasure eimai ar hE ‘They're going to Agra. ‘FAT above; upstairs ‘re head; RFC MTAT to pester ‘The postpositions @ and also form adverbial phrases. # can be AT below: downstairs [APY along, with, n company dropped where indicated by brackets: we bybus — dtwaTE A) properly ‘Prakash Darling, tonight Khanna Sehib is coming here, hand ee properly, precisely Emmi Oneal nae ening et NS ieee AT pas Prakash Yes Buthe has ust one son Harish He i 18 ® i (are Kamala tay Khatna's younger sister coming? What shername— sree @) well a attentively Pinker eee badly == — Prakash No. Shelives separately the others live usta she ives fereg@) how? twat punctually ownetais ‘i a aes usually Kamala Wellanyway, felch uy, ge some vegetables quickly. We rear ® carefully don‘thaveanything tall okie weet (i) quickly rerateawa specially Prakash Weneedmeat too dnt we? Khannsjand his wifeboth cat “The second part ofa compound postposition (eg, XC fom #7) Kamala Docarthiswifehavea name? an conapeaee te Prakash How do know? Khanna always ile Hares mother ase nH POSrrOSTION PHRASE WIT ADVERB Kamala Wellanyway you gotothe markt ight now, You laze Rebar oulsidethe | ECT gooulside around day! Go, won't you? house108 HIND weit Hse inside theroom 3% stat Rare withme come inside (grit ares youcome along, 100, seen 97 ontopofthe —s®t lookup cupboard RRAT —underthecloth EAT e shelives downstairs oF aM opposite the EATER zee shelives shop opposite {Fort harwats near theshop 4 a4éh gon, dat fe, 9.2. Future tense in the auxiliary verb “The future of the auxiliary verb dT canbe used within tenses such as the continuous. Compare the following three continuous tenses: emai! — Heisgoing. (present auxiliary ®) wearerat! — Hewasgoing. ——_(pastauxliary 1) wearer | Hewillbe going. (future auxiliary 21) “These sentences aren the present continuous, past continuo and future continaous respectively. Some more examples ofthe fare continuous: cream gi ww fest te Pratap willbe retuming to Delhi ea Dbynext week.a6 HIND: sre feared Fett] Arun’s book willbe coming out in eer eh afew days an arm st sar arraT dae Kamala will be preparing food this were evening. A similar construction applies with imperfective tenses, e.g, 5% WaT ‘Ber “he will be going (habitually but such usages mostly have a special implication, as described in the next section. 9.3. “Presumptive’ uses of the future The English sentence “That man will be our neighbour’ is ambiguous: it can indicate real future time (tomorzow, next week), or it can be an assumption about the present (presumably he's our neighbour). This usage is common in Hindi, both with the simple future, (as in the first example below), and with the future as aura (as in the remaining examples): eaves earerster GT | That man will/must be our neighbour. witeat ‘Theis will/mustbe sleeping, gatrantt ara —Theotherswill/mustbe on their ‘way just now. ov af red gt? Presumably you understand Urdu? swaidtdeprsred | Sharmajwill/must know Sansa Aare eaaT RAT They will/mustbe making arrangements fora car. {19> Arun and his co-author Be karigerot tid imedtaetor te, sree 1 Eo i Reet tek oe ae a foware ech aT eR 7 wer aR fc re are whe are ark era ae 1p fase ate fete ret ITE FUTURE - us set sever Bt efi Hes fet aro ae wets ci cane ait & var Frtaity armen Cr rer TERT 2 re err eat 8 ares ere, Hor 7 afte & afi sare at rat Fw | cod cE ere at bt Fer A ele on fer” owtoren wet ata, qari net A god aera aR, ata [NB: Prem’ English words are no given inthe losary. ‘rat tobeprned SOEATET sally got AT leven LAAT tocometohand ‘sf hard, difficult sfies @ afte atthemost 378! mail, post ATER worth (doing) fra toondersendfor FET. toke, approve ‘saqeat! arrangement(s) at true, correct FEAT tostop.tyon eq bt feFTT tobesold ‘wrat! public, the people ‘Arun Prem. ourbook ready fr printing 110 opis arbing print in Vranas rem —_Eowrillyou goto Vario pick them up before etuming bei? Anan elbe handforme oo therejust now Welln forthem by pot Prem _Whatwllhappon about the dtibutinand public ofthe tek? ‘Arun Ailton happening hee ats why Tm toping intacinow en daysrore rom Diyouthink he book ila well WeTlmake lads of money? Aran How irom whee) wil we make money, rem. Athe most ‘0 cope wil ‘Bat in my opinion people wil like the book's ‘worth reading — worth reading!6 001 nie FUTURE ww same. une ee aertt feet ef Steaks we who speak the real Hindi eG qerqa@ wert ‘Thesamelout was demanding eee wears _money from me to. 94 Theemphaticdt eudl a, FEAT! Wellstay sighthere, we won't ‘The word &t emphasises or restricts the word or phrase that ‘even move! precedes it: # &‘T myself” or ‘only I’; WEF a HOT ‘very good indeed’. Often @ can be translated as “only’; elsewhere the translation depends on context. Shea ara [shall speak Hind only rere rawr et ‘We have only one house. In many ways, # operates like Wt (23): it qualifies the word or phrase immediately preceding it, and not being a postposition it reeds nochange of case aware ars Lcomeon Monday itl. Fa area a ast Tl come on Monday myself. ‘Some pronouns coalesce with #, giving special forms: we te owt me ts at wee w+ a ot w+ et w+ a: we use ws @e wt wee me ts me Bp 2224 that very one’ also means ‘the same’ 2s the ‘same man’, 34 fez ‘that same day’. ‘Some adverbs also coalesce with #: wel + @ = wd righthere we + @ = ef rightthere aes = nt nightnow wes = allabsolutelyall ‘sec ae, ani TECH | Be cacy an ae ren fom af and ‘And notice also the difference in emphasis between “co, therefore’ and et fortis reason’ tha' why’. Doctor, please come at once. wextiatt Weliveright here Sat aerate too thnk the same thing wwadiatt Well go right there. war Welldo ust that 95. Some expressions of quantity ‘The word 4@ is both adjective (#@4 #+t‘many people’) and adverb (qe a ‘very big) This can lead fo ambiguities: 3@u ore fea could theoretically mean either ‘many good books’ or ‘very good books” To remove tis ambiguity and specify the former sense, the sulix 7/94 can be added tothe adjective: wae ‘ery good books (adverb qualifies 3%) srgest nai ten many good books (adjective ea qualifies For) Ina more general usage - modifies or lightens the meaning ofthe ‘word its sufixed fo, giving an ish’ sense: erat tert ‘reddish light "gi. 75 ‘quite expensive clothes’. Like English ‘quite’ its ‘emphasis is rather ambiguous: sometimes it seems to enhance the sense of the adjective, sometimesto toneit down, (rat and sf ‘much, many, mor’ and litle few, les’ are ike "Gl both adverbs and adjectives. The sense too much is expressedne HIND bys sare, and ‘too litle’ by WE =, although the sense of ‘excess’ isnotas specific asin these English expressions. srcidt gs) suerte In the summer (too) many people eget ont come to Mussoorie ca sweagr eet?! There'stoo muich/alotof satin the daa 19M eGE OH HTH eB | That student does vey litle work, Some more everyday phrases: er 8 eH atleast ‘purr @ eUrer at most satgrsgy acertainamount —afi# Aas at most ‘wish quite (mT ge, my sean; enough (wrt der, TT) 9.6 The infinitiveas verbal noun: 8A ‘to go, going” ‘The infinitive ~ HAT “to speak’ — can be used as a noun, also meaning speaking’ ‘farte ter wart ‘Smoking is prohibited. feet ere ara Tounderstand Hindi is ensy errata ‘Tobe or not tobe. Like any other masculine noun, this verbal noun inflects in the oblique case before a postposition: om @ si, we 51 “before {going, after doing’. Hindi uses like English ‘on’ in ss $e ‘on arriving’. caged eRe] Onamiving home, phone ws Rea hare qUeTeat? WhatwillyoudoaRtermy going? co fe ser sear? What’sthepointin wstnga eer? ‘Fron td ect a2! There's noneed to shout! ‘The oblique infinitive expresses purpose: Gt iat art ster at @ & ‘We are going to America to teach English’. The oblique infinitive may stand alone or be followed by #7 or 7: iarar 8 fest dew aT TL goto some hotel teat. THe Future ne ETS MIG fey TATE — He's going tothe market in arenes order) to buy something. argh disw SHE Fest) Senel some mechanic to fix ast thecar. The idiomatic English use of ‘going to as meaning ‘about tis reflocted in Hindi slo sts so Se ‘Tm gongto sing a song [iy Why is there no 3 after fret ‘mechanic, when in 5.4 we saw that a person a5 direct object takes #7? Because the person here is not individualised ~ it’s not a particular mechanic but #5 feat, any mechanic. (HE inddentally, is from Portuguese ‘mestre’) ‘The oblique infinitive +) x or (¥) TIF means worth doing’: se Eare aT He/she came into the room and had tea. + aor scaks ant fe ee ss fe 2 sietanh feat | seer sat aT seer ar eee Fre gee158 HINO e wegaatan) Garret ar festa Sg sree ne eT ATE | EXERCISE 128.2 Replace the ‘infinitive + «7 witha conjunctive w Repl Perec: Tenens Moe: Mea ware ere gH | > were ET RE EAT iter going /when we go home we'llisten othe radio. aggre bare gh ners et or nor 33 are rae he raha eH A eR a TE | soft Fe oe 0 ae BUT AT TAHT ee aT A aT SHH eT we sma ae 8 het A a er ee TCR RCA EXERCISE 12b41 Translate. 1 Whats thetime? Ieshalfpastsoven.tvealready had breakfast 2 usualy ariveat halpast eight but today could’tcome until quarter tonne 3 Thavelunch vec T= between 130 nd 20, 4 Willthe students comet exactly eleven o'clock? No, they turn pbyaquarterpast 5 Byaquartertoonein the morning Imanaged to finish ny studies. BEpeeRcise 122. Complete herpes sing he compound ve given in brackets: + meted e2 a. cea serge re en ec fae Bl, Owe TEM) sceididiy cident. ram sersitor’ sar ar fear? aed yer. (ar ge) gerranihdeadt gt? sired sree. eat ASK HM AND TEU ME Vocabulary a end et torn SR remarkable Aft toe, aint SWETH™ Ieisure,feetime AEP. tobathe, wash arét AE allday long ATE breakfast am mango SAM toregret repent ATE FETT forest ‘thet! examination: tt ars! voice sound totake(ai)anexam sree necessity {Tm (ter verb tem) tomanage to ‘sito poem: poetry STE tocrss or TEFCT topass(eametc) AFT! incre grace PTE de, aT hse quarters indy pease ATW publser AR” reget, {Few villain rogue rT tose HERAT tochange TEA! HomeMiniter berth ifr Gwalior ston toaivide SATAMM tocomeback: TT ATT A! bottle togoone’sway anf! eiderbrother' ie ‘rar ttt, tease ERA evendy mistake THT (aterverstem)tohave He! meeting encounter already done {te food; RTT FCT to dine (BTEC apartirom, except for AE crocodile TANT deliberately ‘rant! sweet sweetdish FeaAE! syophancy. faery RE" inte rt! tax FT totum fret! degree Scent kindly, please fer” dinner fet" radio ait twoand halt aI tobring @ ATA totake RR AE inthe attrnoon away160 HIN erm dealings,connaction WE seven free" marsiage ‘aft companion, frend fa particular TET soap Ae" osilty a apple HT (after verb stem)tobeable (RAT via TATE news At Holi springtime festival WAT oncandaquarter.plusa —_ofcolours quarter a posatale Ges FET tohold(phoneline) ; : Bier WHO KNOW In this unit you will lam how to 1m use relative clauses: ‘the day when. ‘the one who.’ ~press compulsion: ‘Tshould, must.” lc about availablity: to ge” | (¥]13a_ Pratap practises his Hindi with Rishi ru ge Sere ot gerd a eT eT ght fe ant rare ge See we aT sean et at Ot see ge fet tae TT axed wen amr foe aa fet MrT EL a et arr A AT Feed age | se 6H feet 8 ah a oR a TE Soret eer serve soe Gea gs fre ate at 8 oC TT sects | sneer atc ar ge a Tt ror aa TRY 493 49349343 FIR.aT sincothotime vwhen.since then RF when.-then Rater, ahead: ET in future, from now on ATA assoonas...then era hard work sro at. EF uni unil WRIT. TETG foraslongas. then for that ong ware” pracice ‘fet should ought to162 HIN [HOSE WHO KNOW 163 Rishi What di your mothersay on the phone when you retumed we ger wearer drzz When thedog barks Chotu from Nepal? amet gets scared. Pratap Shes that from now on fave to work very hard. “ ‘ Rishi Aslong.as youstay with us you should peak only Hindi wafer gata ag Whenitrains don’t gout. Pratap Yes since leame (have come’) to India ve been speaking sis) only Hina, at Rishi _And.assoon a you goback to London youl forget Among emphatic forms are « ¥ ‘whenever’ and a¥¥ at that very fat paanana a time instant’. Other relativecorrelative pais are: Pratap _No,until Team Hindi property Lmust keep my studies going, [Rishi After going backto London you should mee some Hind- fends and alk Pratap FIidojust that (this). And today 've had good practice of bye sentences! Grammar ‘BA 5. a, ‘when... then’ (Relative clauses 1) Hindi has several ‘relative-corelative" constructions ~ structures for building sentences such as ‘When the train comes, Il go’ or “The person who wrote this is a fool’, in which two adjacent statements ae related to one another as paired clauses, We deal first with relative-corrlative expressions for time: 3%. ‘when... then’; further structures come in 133 and 144-7. Relative pronouns and adverbs all begin with ax, whereas interrogatives such a5 F “when?” begin with a “%’. (By contrast, English ‘w" words such as ‘when’ are both relative and interrogative.) ‘The Hindi construction uses a balanced pair of clauses: ‘When the train comes, then Iwill go’ ‘when’ introduces the relative clause, and 3‘then” introduces the correlative clause. ‘sx arét anit re FasT | When the tran comes I'l go. wedi aver Whenthebell rings we wwRae! stop work. wa earn art ‘Come when Itell you. (When sy, comethen’) 3 is often replaced by at, because the correlative is often a consequence ofthe relative ‘aR since (the time) when../ 1 8 ‘since then’ waa qanttocd item Since youcamet haven't sat fer worked a al wea MR or te feeae# Since! bought myselfan soit mer ‘umbrella it hast rained, seew'as longas by the time that./ 78 ‘by then’ suse aratas ge — Aslongashestayslliremain tm happy. ace tetera see By the time Iarrived she had ager already gone, sea, “unt. 5 “unl then’ wegetaegacarg ——Youllstay sighthere until wea Tsay (as longs don'ts). aeaviadi Gl wee Until dheyeatTt00 will go Sigereger hungry. seit 88 & ‘as soonas.. eg} / #2 Hat that moment, then’ tft FF Ht ol et ‘Assoon as [rang the bell, the waa! Dus st off eaegioma ade —Assoonashesatdownthe warns light went out. In both English and Hindi, the clause order can be reversed (1 haven't worked at all since you came’, etc); but it’s best to stick to the ¥., 34 order until the construction becomes fully clear. The168 é: HN reversing of clauses is looked atin 14.8, 182 Infinitive + sf, ‘should, ought” ‘The sense ‘should, ought’ is expressed with the infinite verb + ‘fe. “fee means ‘is wanted /needed’ (and isan old form of the passive). The person under compulsion takes #. In past context, the auxiliary is added, pA emer ee Tshould go inside ea er ee 1 Weshould set off Past ararstfe aT! ——-Youshould have come too. If there's a ditect object, the infinitive (and any auxiliary) agrees with i ssw fied ta sfeg | They should learn Hin (fee fem. singular) Ra wre ec fig! Weshould finish these jobs (@ 374 mase plural) PES Fat Revd seg Youshould have written two letters. (2 Fatt fem. plural) Butt the direct object takes, then the ves stays in the form, With auxiliary also invariable as *. (This may remind you of @ ‘similar rule elting tothe construction ~see 113) ‘Ge ee feara S yt Te! ~—_ You should read this book. ‘siacdi stadt area! They shouldn’thit the children, ‘@ue Sram feLAT!—_Weshould haverrung the bell With intransitive verbs such as @ and te, the infinitive can agree with a subject (without #1 being involved): are re aA fe ‘The mangoes should be ripe. reer ett fee ‘The tea should remain hot. This usage without #7 usually involves inanimate objects; they are not under the ‘moral’ or pragmatic kind of compulsion that rests ‘THOSE WHO KNOW 16s fon a person (with #7. sft), as the following pair of sentences shows: stonrordiarsfig! The weather shouldbe good, (90%; no moral implication) cede ge cerrsfag) Children should keep quiet (with # and moral implication) min | Dip Unsre when to use witha direct object? See 54. [Notice the difference in meaning between (a) wf with a noun, is wanted needed! (73) and (b) "fez with a verb, ‘should/ought. Different again is the straightforward meaning of STE as ‘to ‘want, which can be used either (€) with a noun or (d) with an infinitive verb in te direct case (eg, ) Here's the fll st. @) even 1 want/neo ta (&) «-Rewesontee) should drinktea, © Afeesrert! I antbeer (@)— Rfeuedterergar 1 Lwantto drink beer. 133 Infinitive + aT / Te, Tam to, must” ‘The infinitive verb + ®t or TFATis used in a parallel construction to that of "fz, with the same rules of agreement but meaning ‘have to’ rather than should!” Using @4r gives a relatively mild sense of ‘compulsion’, as in describing tasks that are tobe done as a matter ofcourse: saved feet sar Today Ihave ogo to Delhi Feehan eer ‘you'll haveto come oo. cat aree ri yo TH Gc E_ When we gothere wehave to ‘buy some things. steartat steer dr) and we'thave tobring those things home166 E an ‘These sentences could be translated ‘Tam to. you ae to, ee. — ts a sense of programmed events rather than forced compulsion ‘Again the sense can be of simple intention rm Like to wash your ands? sere sree ‘Yesterday we were torest. Using +7 implies an extern compulsion ~ one that’s beyond the contol ofthe individual, In the perfective (21) such compulsion is often planned or wnuelome surfer sted gi orar fie Because ofthe rain wehad to er buy an umbrella awit qe Safe FE The train had already lft 0 cent aT they had to catch a bus. hit aare area gH AB The dhobiwasillsowe had to eae! wear dirty dothes ‘ere, incidentally, we seean almost literal sense of A asta fall’: sewn Beret! Itfelltometoanswerthe etter The impefetive (a1 & J SF 1) ndash or regular compulsion ‘ef gra Sarr TAT TEaTe | We have to goto Allahabad every week BiPAE feast — Weused tohaveto cok for vera guruji cor fei aw ps are oT In those days we had todo veeren everything by hand. ‘The future (#1 is parallel ot but with stronger compulsion Ba et ato We willhave to get two taxis. sEaqewH wens! ——They'Ithavetodo alotof work wwi ma 7 GEA Going toCalctta? You'llhave et sit to learn Bengal! THOSE WHO KNOW 167 ‘You shoul go. (moral compulsion) You are to go. (neutral compulsion) ‘You willhave to go. (strongexteral ‘compulsion) (Z]13b Atthe dinner 4 s ais ava 7 4 eh ara | at orga I ar, EAT te TET acer sie, re Febaret BeB t fc firs at tr fet eh, se fet rt eT safer ar teh ar eh Rete Bat Fe tte exci a rect eee a cE FT (ara ee sre oi, gs Fed Senet gt 2 at hare & ae fe ate st age fr eh eT A Fe 8 MT te a, gor fad a, oe eT Ga CET AT [aT waa168 HN BB ae comer ERE tottvow ft toberetatachdo a contbuton git Te expended tne) ffeenagen foresee mec ately sere discord rere eet torn TT tofight, qual at place ok {Una low oie] What lation to youis that boy who's siting in fhe comer, Ra? Raj Uncle he's not relative of ours, He's come from London to Jean Hind, ‘Suresh People who want to eam the real Hind shouldn’tstay in Delhi Kamala Why doyousay that Suresh? Whats there that one can't get in Danie Suresh Our Panjoi“brothershave ruined our Hin! language of late Prakash [Vhrowing glace at Khaya] Ohno, not at all The Parjabis have made] huge contribution to Hing Rishi Yes, ts true; and Hind! and Panjabi are very much alike, sacle! Even things that arealike can have discord between them Rishi Kamala Yes Rishi you look ike Ra butt doce’ takelong for youto ih aang ‘0 applies to both time recently’) and space over here’) Grammar 134 "the one who.’ Relative clauses 2) eg sderat Fare estate NED a Howe aaa agnor ae THA. at ard srr fee | FRJERERCISE 133.2 Replace sft constructions with TE inthe future tense; then translate the new version. RRO ab Gem setae rae ner ee stg feud ect at fe} few ee seme she ar 28 a ea he ey | sere arr FT HE A eA ee ehson de are sheet fe [THOSE WHO KNOW. v3 IEJEXERCISE 132.3 Complete the sentences with an appropriate clause. Then translate. ae a ee TCT NT A RT FRAN FOB een ste a eS a fs tae sree at et we ea ns EAR EH FH a nnn EAT YT | ta 8 ge sat cw Pah a TT eT TTT JEXERCISE 13h. Translate. (Begin by establishing a HT clause ~ the shop which {showed you, in i.e Boks whick you need, them you wil find’ ete) You can get foreign clathesin the shop that showed you You wl find the books you ned on that table Did you get the letter that sent you? “Those who get the chance should meet again next year. ‘The children we sve yesterday are my friend's children, The man who looks ike ay brother i my unde Thelack we boughtin Khan Markets quite strong. ‘You should lear the sentences you wrote yesterday, People who smoke should stay outside EXERCISE 1362 Answer the questions on Dialogues 19a (1-4) and 3b (5-8): sare te et FT 7 re rae er ma a Be eT ET! age rae acer ae a on a re 2 ar rare afi ares 6 8 eT TE AT 7 rape aA H dor, sab RT tego Te? ser gtr dtr ear? fie For fe gar, 3 fer arora et rT aT? (12D) sig fe te ee?va_—_____________________o [THOSE WHO KNOW ws | EXERCISE 136.3 Write six sentences ofadvice to travellers in Indi, using fee constructions (13.2)then rewrite them Be contort fret tobe avaible toesenble: substituting eubjuntve verbs (10D, ver! gems ‘eA o resemble = ovat: anes emenere eC fee > aE TE TET {5 ripe FRE tog jointly re! thst AEA hits RE fot strike eel hity Ae hacdwork Veadiiey Fe! tenure eetime OR every ay daly moe Eels - Ee fret! Bengali danguage) FAT tose tapes. a oe sree nie |B ee ee ee mona crewed eee nutans | [SE wey berated atahechibe or uy FAST tonin expended (tine, moe) Bt ter ahend a ARE in ARTE sncethetine ital skeet: | sh Gea inl when. nc en Serbo Sen? sores ee andehnie yea pill Sever4/™ poor wnsched, TRE sentence Ses, a ples poor low fee thoughts, opinion ‘REATT tobecal named — AT ABET_assoonas then Slee eee Ren ae ‘re! fate who /which, the one Lees a See FemET deawseot who vie bear, ay Ebr tae Ber" comer RHE whatever Sten wha Epes ores ante HWM tofelathome he she tana) i alt SB whoever whatever (asa Tig otro 42 ba fore" tit stamp SeET tostat i! cold si (withinGiniv should "fear ae eaegay BR dict bandit ewe togethurt UT tothow SHE! thet obey eK" aver ams eT to srr umbrla become divorced wre! place WT™ tock 5 when. then fer aAT tofeclathomeKATHMANDU ag at wrenig 4 ater at 1 4 THIS WAS BOUGHT IN In this unit you will learn how to use the passive: this was bought” use to begin’ and ‘to allow" 1 use the remaining relative constructions z 14a Sangeeta gets touchy 8 a wa a fa eee eh ea see Reo ete ce a oe 7 Re peta aecaat 8A, detonator So Uren et are a, sr Ce rT TE acetate RU eS E eer qene emit waste tetn et sitar? Mier gerd Brera a er are ze av A aM gfe ee ter JMSWASBOUGHTINKATHMANOY a Re Reed Mahe aifior ry fa, si, ad gear tne — oc ga aT gtr AT Serta ae aT er Grea sit tere ETT aE! BU haat ged ta aetna geet ee fee EUR we wt BB steer Gv ice of good quality GAR" tevison: Door {FT (witch ine) tsar, danhan tion TV etwas) tobeginto wee! news BAT GwithobL infinitive) toallow ARAT rudeness, impertinence torlet eT face features SET ily, pointless when udder) Suresh Where you getthisNeplijewellery Sango? I aly Sangeeta Itwasbrought from Kathmandu tet Und! Recently everyone's started wearing this ind of jewellery. Suresh looks good. Now time one thing why didn’ Harish comet lat rights diner? Sangeeta Noidea. Hew invited. Maybe is father idle im come. Suresh Bt ben old that Khanna Sahib wanted you twoto Sangeeta Lette uncle! This sly tall Shall we watch the TV news? Suresh What othathow ore tas toon's elder? Sangeeta Sony; ncl, [was rade btn stand Harish’. Kamala [Comin] Why Suresh wha’ happenedo you? You're looking wry cos! Suresh Yes just started asking your daughter something about Harish when she suddenly started being abusive! [Grammar ‘4.1 Star AT to be spoken’ the passive ‘The active verb ‘to speak’ i M7; the passive verb to be spoken’ is ‘Te aT. Thus the Hindi passive consists of perfective participle (eg, a, fe, sr) +the auxiliary verb SOA. Both parts agree withthe subject.Hot ferdist stat eter art 1 Hindi is spoken in many states. ag ereraage Herrera | Thiscloth smade in Jaipur. GEAR TATE! Manysuchletters are written, ‘The passive can be used with any tense, and with compound verbs (24), sega arse rrr tt seat | Sanskrit was spoken in ancient times. eer Rear ‘Thisartcle was written in june. A ae gree ‘Twonew bridges willbe built. yaiatarmferar arg! Thehungry arebeing fed seat orf a ‘Tea should be brought now. feat wre wc aE ‘The electricity had been cut of Bp RRR AEs complervers phrase! 5 ‘closed’ ec 50m ‘todos! xt 2 compound verb 2 Fe feat a0 passive infinitive ‘<6 fat Tt remotepast (112) ea acdt née agreement with fem. subject Feat {HS WAS BOUGHTIN KATHMANDU 179 ‘Some more passive examples with =t— ood tare aT ‘The mosquitoes were killed, sre eat aA TAT TET | They willbe told about this. loafer araTar®! We're being sent to Pakistan firedt Srarcrc fear |The electricity had been cut off ‘What isthe passive ov? passive verb tends to focus attention on the action done rather than the ‘doer or ‘agent’ ofthe action, who is ‘often not mentioned at all. When mentioned, the agent takes the ‘postposition # or, ina more formal style, ¥ 2 sq Pet she 8 Four ame 1 This work should be done by someone ele ave ner ene xrcrerrar_— The Taj Mahal was builtby ware Shah Johan. Even some intransitive verbs can be used inthe passive: 4at 107 ‘Shall we sit” (it. shal ite sat [by us}. In this construction, the perfective participle for #71 i AH, not arcane? Shall we goto the market? sar? Shallwebe off ‘The passive with # (not #277) can imply inability oF unwillingness todo something: ‘agar qui avers arat | Toan’t (bear) eat this food. ‘Adding to the subject makes the passive verb revert to ‘masculine singular x or tnt > pst ar fer The roads were cleaned fara aft E> fests SrtA | Thebook was ead. ‘This processis similar to that in both* (11.3) and fe (13.2): Bifeorwt > Afemeate read hebook ei rare pt sofa > et Fre st ear seg | We should read the book. Head dharma! Wecouldntsleep in such heat. qed gre Teoulda’t contain myst Ee Patol ste givesapusio veg. ste tobe spoken’ but stem + 31 gives a compound verb, eg, Ar “ospeak out (124). 142. Transitivity andthe passive The concept of transitivity, met in 11.1, needs revisiting here. Hindi makes a greater distinction between transitive and160 HINO: THIS WAS BOUGHT IN KATHMANDU intransitive verbs than English does, as the folowing example of active (not passive) verbs shows: A tobrak Ste tobreak sore! wehoematemts ‘Thebotte breaks Hebreaks the bottle. ‘The English verb ‘to break’ covers both what happens to the botle (an intransitive action) and what the person does to the bottle (a transitive action); but Hindi has two separate verbs. Sometimes the ‘only way an intransitive action can be expressed in English is with a [passive ver: ‘ths cloth s made in Jaipur’ ~ it would be odd to say “this cloth comes into being in Jaipur’, an intransitive equivalent. ‘Hindi, on the other hand, can express similar meanings through the ‘uansitive verb ‘TTT used in the passive (like is made’) and the intransitive verb 77 used in the active (ike ‘comes into being’): -aqeorer song Hamar oar | This cloths made Jaipur mermmaan Tent?! Thisdothis madein Jaipur. The same applies with many other such pair, such as transitive ‘em tose and intransitive fe "Yo beso’ cat fro A oe Books are sold here. rat Feat fet Books are old here. ‘The former sentence (passive transitive Fr aT focuses attention on the act of selling, while the latter (active intransitive Few) focuses on a more general sense of books being available. Such nuances depend greatly on the contextof the sentence. ‘BIC HET ATG TEA | Houses willbebulthere. ‘pat nd ate 8 € gE | Clothesare washed in the river. ‘por ge Fema /e GT! Workwas begun/ began. 143. FA eit began raining’ ~to begin to ‘The oblique infinitive +1 means to begin to". WT doesnot take ‘and.t’sonly rarely used inthe negative. safer wt Tegan to rain, A afters ‘The children began to clap. at era Fer? a 1 Mother began calling my name. where amt at ‘Webeganfeling thirsty. 218 meq free MTS wT Tegan to feel tome that this soe 1 chapter would never end. Another way to express ‘to begin with a die ininve« IF For eg. Hert Me eto gin to wri’ This often imple a renter sense of planned action or deliberate parpoe than the Stage, and sont normally used with spontaneous, unplanned sensations ike tht or natal actions ike an flling Soave frame fe! Last year took up waiting wath ae sa Weil sar earning Urdu ‘eras ‘to begin’ takes oblique infinitive: but T&T takes 4 144 GAAAT et megor’—toallow ‘The oblique infinitive + 2at means to allow to, to let. 2 does take 4, and the perfective verb agrees with a direct object (unless marked with #1) see agreement with "Tin the ist example: ‘arava ah st adh aA 41 Uncle let me dive his ca. ‘ara & ae ot frcteat 1% Et Father let the child eat the sweets Dont lt the ct eat the butter. Obyletitbe! Let train! est 6 eer a8 Ba | eat afore! [X14 Arun's book azar fv ts ee & ar 2 ft? fect fief rf et a Pree gE sear at free at fer ae at ae au ae AT tT fat?