ABSTRACT

Copper oxide/cellulose composite is successfully prepared by impregnation of CuO into regenerated cellulose fiber. The structure of
composite was investigated by Fourier trans-form infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Cellulose were extracted from the most available and
inexpensive raw material of our country rice straw by pretreatment with alkaline and acid solutions successively which was characterized
by FTIR spectroscopy. CuO was synthesized by using different precursors as copper (II) acetate [Cu(CH3COO)2.H2O)] and sodium
hydroxide (NaOH). Relevant properties of synthesized CuO were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and FTIR
Spectroscopy. The antibacterial assays of copper oxide/cellulose composite showed that the antibacterial activity depends on the ratio of
CuO and cellulose in the composite.

Keywords: Rice straw, cellulose, CuO/cellulose composite, antibacterial activity, FTIR and SEM.

CONTENT
 S

1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................1-2
2. Literature review.............................................................................................................3-5
3. Objectives...........................................................................................................................6
3.1. Short-term objectives...........................................................................................6
3.2. Long-term objectives...........................................................................................6
4. Materials and istrumentation........................................................................................7-10
4.1. Materials...............................................................................................................7
4.2. Instruments used for synthesis and characterization............................................7
5. Experimental...............................................................................................................11-14
5.1. Extraction of cellulose from rice straw..............................................................11
5.2. Synthesis of CuO nanoparticles.........................................................................12
5.3. Preparation of CuO/cellulose composite............................................................13
5.4. Antibacterial activity measurement of CuO/cellulose composite......................14
6. Results and discussions...............................................................................................15-19
6.1. FTIR spectrum analysis of rice straw & cellulose.............................................15
6.2. FTIR spectrum analysis of CuO nanoparticles..................................................16
6.3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of CuO nanoparticles.................17
6.4. FTIR spectrum analysis of CuO/cellulose composite........................................18
6.5. Antibacterial activity of CuO/cellulose composite............................................19
7. Conclusions......................................................................................................................20
8. Collaboration....................................................................................................................20
9. Reference....................................................................................................................21-24

FIGURES
Figure 01: Microcentrifuge......................................................................................................7
Figure 02: Ultrasonic Cleaner..................................................................................................8
Figure 03: Vacuum Drying Oven.............................................................................................9
Figure 04: FTIR spectrometer..................................................................................................9
Figure 05: Hot plate & stirrer.................................................................................................10
Figure 06: Analytical balance................................................................................................10
Figure 07: Cellulose extraction from rice straw.....................................................................11
Figure 08: Synthesis of CuO nanoparticle.............................................................................12
Figure 09: Preparation of CuO/cellulose composite..............................................................13
Figure 10: FTIR spectrum of rice straw & cellulose..............................................................15
Figure 11: FTIR spectrum of CuO nanoparticles..................................................................16
Figure 12: SEM image of CuO nanoparticles........................................................................17
Figure 13: FTIR spectrum CuO/cellulose composite & cellulose........................................18
Figure 14: Antibacterial activity test of CuO/cellulose composite........................................19
1. INTRODUCTION

Textile fabric, especially those made from natural fibers, provides an excellent environment for the growth of microorganisms because of
their large surface area and the ability to retain moisture [1, 5]. A large number of chemicals have been used to impart antimicrobial
activity to textile materials. In this scene, the preparation and applications of nanoparticle coatings onto cotton fibers have received much
attention due to its promising applications [1].

There are three general methods to impregnate metal oxide nanoparticles onto the cotton fibers: the first method is “pad-dry-cure process”
while the second method is ultrasonic irradiation, which is an effective method for the deposition of nanoparticles onto the surface of
cotton textile fibers and other substrates. The third method is a thermal chemical treatment [1-4].

Bacterial infection has become one of the serious public health issues in recent years due to the growing antibiotic resistance of bacteria,
giving rise to an urgent need to explore and develop effective and environmentally-friendly antibacterial materials [5. 6].

Cellulose fibers and their derivatives, such as carboxymethylated fibers (CFs), originated from abundant nature wood resources, have
potential applications in paper, food, cosmetics, hygiene and biomedical industries [6, 8-10]. Among those applications, the use of
cellulose fibers and their derivatives as antibacterial carriers or substrate is attractive in light of their biocompatibility, thermal stability,
functionalized surface and environmental benefits [11, 6].

Rice is the largest cereal crop in the world, and rice straw represents around 45% of the volume in the rice production. Therefore, rice
straw is the most available cellulose source from agricultural crop residues in the world [12, 13]. Since rice straw is mainly composed of
cellulose (38.3%), hemicellulose (31.6 wt. %), lignin (11.8 wt. %) and ash (18.3 wt. %) [17, 19], efficient separation is essential before
converting it to useful chemicals [13, 15,16,17]. Several processes have been continuously developed to isolate cellulose from biomass,
such as steam explosion [12, 18, 19, 20], organosolv process [12, 21], chlorine-free method [12, 22, 23], combined chemical and
enzymatic extraction [17, 24] etc. Among these methods, the chemical pretreatment is generally carried out under mild conditions as well
as the relatively complete removal of lignin and hemicellulose [12].

Antibacterial agents are classified into two types: organic and inorganic. The organic materials are often less stable than that of the
inorganic antibacterial agents with respect to the high temperatures and pressures compared to inorganic antibacterial agents [1, 25]. The
inorganic materials such as metal and metal oxides are considered to be stable at harsh processing conditions. Among these materials are
the metal oxides ZnO, CuO, and MgO [1,26].

CuO nanoparticles are very efficient in imparting antibacterial effect to fabric [1, 27, 28]. They have been investigated as antibacterial
agent against Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganism E. coli. These copper oxide-plated or impregnated synthetic fibers possess
broad spectrum biocidal properties: they are antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and they kill dust mites. Moreover, animal studies
demonstrated that these fibers do not possess skin-sensitization properties [1, 28].
In this project, we explore an inexpensive way for preparation of cellulose, CuO nanoparticles and cellulose-CuO composite. This work
explores the use of cellulose fibers as carriers for Cu NP to enhance the antibacterial properties of cellulose-based biocomposites.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW

In a recent work Issa M. El Nahhal at el. [1] Synthesis metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and its deposition onto cotton fibers were
conducted using various methods. These include the high energy γ-radiation, thermal treatment-assisted impregnation, “pad-dry-cure” of
the impregnated fabric in the colloid formulation of metal oxide soluble, and ultrasonic radiation methods. The coated metal oxide
nanoparticles have shown an effective enhancement for antimicrobial activity. The morphology of the cotton coated metal oxide
nanoparticles and their chemical structure have been analyzed by UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron
spectra (XPS). SEM and XRD analyses revealed that the shape and size of the coated nanoparticles are dependent on the nature of the
metal oxide and its preparation conditions.

Mithilesh Yadava at el. [29] successfully prepared iron oxide/cellulose high-performance nanocomposite film by impregnation of iron
oxide nanoparticles into a regenerated cellulose film. The structure, thermal stability and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite
films were investigated by the wide-angle XRD, FTIR, SEM, TGA, and mechanical pull test. The investigation results reveal that the iron
oxide is bound to hydroxyl groups of the regenerated cellulose film by hydrogen bonding. Compared with the regenerated cellulose, the
tensile strengthand elastic modulus of iron oxide/cellulose high-performance films were significantly improved by about39% and 57%,
respectively [29].

Corrie L. Carnes at el. [30] produced nanocrystals of CuO and NiO by an alkoxide-based synthesis involving the corresponding metal
chlorides, ethanol, and water. The resulting oxides are in the form of powders, with the CuO having crystallites in the size range of 7-9 nm
and the NiO having crystallites in the size range of 3-5 nm. As seen with other metal oxides, once they are made as nanoparticles their
reactivity is greatly enhanced. This is thought to be due to morphological differences, whereas larger crystallites have only a small
percentage of reactive sites on the surface, smaller crystallites will possess much higher surface concentration of such sites. Elemental
analysis, XRD, and FTIR have been used to characterize this nanoparticles, and reactions with CCl 4, SO2, and paraoxon have
demonstrated significantly enhanced reactivity and/or capacity compared with common commercial forms of the oxide powders [30].
Ran Li, Meng He. at el. [31] prepared cellulose/silver nanocomposite fibers by soaking the cellulose fibers in AgNO 3 aqueous solution,
which was heated at 80 °C for 24 h to synthesize Ag nanoparticles in situ. The structure and properties of the composite fibers were
characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM,TGA, transmitting electron microscopy (TEM) and tensile testing. The content and diameter of the
Ag nanoparticles (NPs) increased from 0.15% to 2.40% and from 7.2 nm to 12.5 nm, respectively. In their findings, the pores of the
cellulose fiber at wet state were used as a microreactor to synthesize Ag nanopariticles. The cellulose/Ag nanocomposite fibers exhibited
good mechanical properties and thermal stability. Antibacterial experiment revealed excellent antibacterial activity of the cellulose
nanocomposite fibers against Staphylococcus aureus. The cellulose/silver nanocomposite fibers would have great potential in antibacterial
textile and wound handling due to easy industrialization [31].

Ortal Lidor-shale at el. [32] worked on Atomic layer deposition (ALD) which is a vapor-phase technique capable of producing inorganic
thin films with precise control over the thickness of the film. The ALD method offers high precision in the design of advanced 3D
nanostructures. Here silica and alumina thin films have been grown over fibers of cellulose by the ALD process. The morphology and the
chemical composition of the fabricated thin films are characterized, as well as their thermal durability through elevated temperatures. XPS
is used to confirm the phases of the alumina nanofilms and to further understand the deposition process on the cellulose microfibers [32].

Dexu Kong at el .[33] studied on structure of iron oxide coated cellulose materials. His study reports on the structural characterization of
cellulose-iron oxide composites at variable iron oxide content using spectroscopy methods (Raman, solids 13C NMR, powder X-ray
diffraction (pXRD)) and TGA. Iron oxide was supported onto cellulose (ca. 25 wt.%) without significant loss in the Fe coating efficiency,
where the accessibility of the biopolymer -OH groups affect the coating efficiency and yield of the iron oxide-cellulose composite.
Isotherm adsorption studies for cellulose, iron oxide species and the cellulose composite materials with roxarsone (3-nitro- 4-
hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) were studied to characterize the surface chemical properties of these potential adsorbent materials [33].

MithileshYadav [34] synthesized cellulose/iron oxide films by a simple solution mixing-curing method. The structural elucidation of these
films was made, using FTIR and XRD. The homogeneous dispersion of iron oxide in nanocomposites and morphology of their films were
analyzed by SEM. Thermal stability was conducted with the help of TGA. The improved Integral Procedural Decomposition Temperature
(IPDT) value confirms that cellulose/iron oxide is more thermally stable than cellulose film. The tensile stress test was conducted to
analyze the mechanical properties of cellulose, cellulose / (0.5 wt%) Fe3O4, cellulose/(1 wt%) Fe3O4 and cellulose/(2 wt%) Fe3O4
nanocomposites films. The tensile strength and Young modulus of the cellulose/(1 wt%)Fe3O4 nanocomposites films were observed as
9.42 ± 0.6% and 45.16 ± 0.4% higher than that of the cellulose film, respectively. The physico-mechanical properties of these films
suggest that the iron oxide based cellulose nanocomposite films may have a potential scope for their application in packaging industries
[34].

Zlotski SV at el. [35] research topic was Facile Sol-gel Synthesis of Metaloxide Nanoparticles in a Cellulose Paper Template. Here,
Ensembles of free standing particles of titanium, zinc, copper and iron oxides of 6-109 nm in size were sol-gel synthesized with a use of a
cellulose paper as a template. The calcination time as short as 60 min at 550 °C in air was found to be sufficient for the formation of
crystalline single phase TiO2 or ZnO nanoparticles, Cu2O + CuO or Fe2O + Fe3O4 nanocomposites and to burn out the organic
components. The impurities initially present in the cellulose (Сa, Na, Cl) were detected in the synthesized compounds[35].
3. OBJECTIVES

3.1. Short-Term Objectives

1. Extraction & characterization of cellulose.

2. Synthesis & characterization of CuO nanoparticles.
3. Preparation of cellulose-CuO composite.
4. Antibacterial activity of cellulose-CuO composite.

3.2. Long-Term Objectives

1. Enhancing the purity of the cellulose.

2. Improving the antibacterial property of cellulose/ metal oxide composite by optimizing cellulose/CuO ratio.
4. MATERIALS AND ISTRUMENTATION

4.1 Materials

Rice straw was collected from local farmer. The chemical reagents, used in this project, were analytic grade and used without further
purification throughout the whole experimental process. We used copper (II) acetate, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), glacial acetic acid
(CH3COOH), Distilled water, ethanol (EtOH), were used as solvent.

4.2 Instruments Used for Synthesis and Characterization

Several procedure and different type of characterization methods were carried out in this synthesis project. Following instruments were
used for this thesis work.

1. Microcentrifuge (TT-14500 PRO, hercuvan)

2. Ultrasonic Cleaner (GT SONIC P2, 2L with 50W)
3. Vacuum Drying Oven (215L Large , Biobase)
4. FTIR spectrometer ( IRPrestige-21, Shimadzu)
5. Hot plate & stirrer ( MS300HS, Mtops)
6. Analytical Balance

4.2.1. Microcentrifuge

TT-14500 PRO Microcentrifuge is a compact personal sized 12-place centrifuge that achieves maximum rotation speeds of 14,500 rpm
(14,000 x g) which is able to accommodate microtubes of 1.5 ml/ 2.0 ml or even smaller volumes with adapters. It is intended for
separating aqueous solution and suspensions in test tubes.

Figure 1: Microcentrifuge
 4.2.2. Ultrasonic Cleaner

Ultrasonic cleaning is a process that uses ultrasound (usually from 20–40 kHz) to agitate a fluid. The ultrasound can be used with just
water, but use of a solvent appropriate for the item to be cleaned and the type of soiling present enhances the effect. Cleaning normally
lasts between three and six minutes, but can also exceed 20 minutes, depending on the object to be cleaned.

Figure 2: Ultrasonic Cleaner

Most hard, non-absorbent materials (metals, plastics, etc.) not chemically attacked by the cleaning fluid are suitable for ultrasonic
cleaning. Ideal materials for ultrasonic cleaning include small electronic parts, cables, rods, wires and detailed items, as well as objects
made of glass, plastic, aluminium or ceramic [36].

Ultrasonic cleaning does not sterilize the objects being cleaned, because spores and viruses will remain on the objects after cleaning. In
medical applications, sterilization normally follows ultrasonic cleaning as a separate step [37].
 4.2.3. Vacuum Drying Oven

Vacuum ovens are very versatile pieces of equipment with applications in laboratory research, engineering, and industry. A vacuum
drying oven is most often used for delicate drying processes, such as drying tiny parts or removing flammable solvents. The low pressure
environment also minimizes oxidation during drying. A standard vacuum oven can operate at temperatures as high as 200 0C to 250 0C. A
rugged, high quality pressure chamber, gasket seals, and pump are features to look for, as well as convenient, programmable controls and
a computer interface.

4.2.4. FTIR Spectrometer

Figure 3: Vacuum Drying Oven
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (IR) is a technique which is used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a
solid, liquid or gas. An IR spectrometer simultaneously collects high spectral resolution data over a wide spectral range. This confers a
significant advantage over a dispersive spectrometer which measures intensity over a narrow range of wavelengths at a time.

Figure 4: FTIR spectrometer

 4.2.5. Hot Plate & Stirrer

The magnetic stirrer hot plate is generally used to heat glassware or its contents and allow the heated liquid to be stirred automatically.

Figure 5: Hot plate & stirrer

4.2.6. Analytical Balance

An analytical balance is a precision weight measurement instrument capable of measuring below a milligram. Although some might
describe an analytical balances as a "lab balance" this is really too vague and we rather say "a four (4) decimal place balance".

Figure 6: analytical balance

5. EXPERIMENTAL

5.1 Extraction of Cellulose from Rice Straw

Rice straw was cut into 4–5 cm lengths and thoroughly washed with water to remove dirty and aqueous soluble substances, followed by
drying. The dry and clean rice straw was then crushed into powder by a grinder. 10 g powder mixed with 150 ml toluene –ethanol mixture
for 24 h, followed by oven-drying. The dewaxed powder was mixed with KOH at 90 ◦C for 4 h. The mixture was then filtered and
washed thoroughly by deionized water to remove the dissolved substances. The obtained solid was dried at 50 oC overnight, followed by
immersing acetic acid solution for 5 h. Then the mixture was washed with deionized water, followed by drying.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 7: Cellulose extraction from rice straw, (a) rice straw (b) smashed rice straw
(c) Treat with KOH & acetic acid (d) cellulose
5.2 Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles

CuO nanoparticles synthesized by aqueous precipitation method using copper (II) acetate [Cu(CH 3COO)2.H2O)] as parent and sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) as a decreasing agent. In short 0.2 M copper (II) acetate solution (300 mL) and glacial acetic acid (CH 3COOH) (1 mL)
were added to a round-bottom flask and heated to boil under magnetic stirrer. In a flask, 15 mL of 3.0 M NaOH solution was poured. The
reaction was carried out under stirring and boiling for 3 hr. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and centrifuged by which a wet
CuO precipitate was obtained. The precipitate was filtered and washed with distilled water and absolute ethanol for several times. The
resulting product was dried at 80 °C for 3 hr. to obtain the powder of CuO nanoparticles.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 8: synthesis of CuO nanoparticle (a) Copper acetate (b) Treat glacial acetic acid (c) micro-centrifuge (d) CuO nanoparticle
5.3 Preparation of Cellulose-CuO Composite

After washing by distilled water, 1 g wet cellulose fibers ( sonicate with 90% water) were immersed into 20 ml CuO aqueous solution in a
round bottom flask, and then heated at 80 °C for 24 h for in situ synthesis Cu nanoparticles by reduction. No apparent redox reaction was
observed on immersion at room temperature. After cooling to room temperature, the gel was thoroughly washed with distilled water. After
drying into vacuum oven we got the product.

Figure 9: Preparation of cellulose-CuO composite (a) CuO (b) cellulose (c) reflux
(d) vacuum drying oven (e) CuO-cellulose composite
5.4 Antibacterial Activity Measurement

Culture medium, inoculating loop, petri dish, normal saline, 10ml centrifuge tube (used to dilute the bacteria) and others were sterilized in
high-pressure steam for 20min. Put specimen, spirit lamp, test tube rack into the Clean Bench, and ultraviolet (UV) sterilized for 30 min.
The culture medium in the high-pressure steam sterilization (to avoid the culture liquid cooling and solidification) was dumped into a petri
dish (about 20 ml). UV sterilized for 30 min during culture medium solidified. 3 mL of normal saline solution was taken into a centrifuge
tube. Staphylococcus aureus colonies were scraped with inoculating loop, and then transferred to saline, vortexing to disperse bacteria
evenly. 60 μL of broths were added to the medium and then scratched. Sample was tiled on the culture medium and placed at 60 °C in
incubator and cultured for 48 hours. The treatment process was the same for E. coli. This procedure was performed at Biochemistry &
Molecular Biology department.
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

6.1. FTIR Analysis of Rice Straw & Cellulose

The FTIR spectrum (Figure 10) with KBr pellet used to characterize the functional groups of the rice straw & cellulose was carried out in
the range 400-4000 cm-1.

Rice straw have stretching vibrations of O-H at 3362 cm-1, stretching vibrations of C-H in CH2 at 2885 cm-1, glycosidic bond in glycogen
at 1625 cm-1, glycosidic C-H deformation with ring vibration & O-H bending at 891 cm -1, aliphatic esters in lignin and/or hemicellulose at
1715 cm-1, the aromatic skeleton vibrations of C-C in bound lignin at 1495 cm -1, the vibrations in hemicellulose and/or lignin at 771 &
455 cm-1.

In treated rice straw (Cellulose fiber) peaks at 1495 & 1715 cm-1 disappeared. Peaks at 771 & 455 cm-1 almost completely disappeared.
Increase in the intensity at 891 cm-1.

Figure 10: FTIR spectra of (a) rice straw (b) cellulose.

6.2. FTIR analysis of CuO nanoparticle

The FTIR spectrum (Figure 11) used to characterize the functional groups of the CuO nanoparticles was carried out in the range 400-4000
cm-1. The observed peaks at 499, 528, 621 cm-1 corresponds to the characteristics stretching vibration of Cu-O bond in the CuO. There is a
Sharp peak observed at 621 cm-1 in the spectrum on CuO nanoparticles, which is a characteristic of Cu-O bond formation. Moreover, no
other IR active mode was observed in the range of 605 to 660 cm -1, which totally rules out the existence of another phase, i.e., Cu 2O
[38]. The bands at 2935 cm-1 and 3437 cm-1 belong to the symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibration of the O–H bond respectively
[39]. A peak at 2355 cm-1 is due to the presence of atmospheric CO2 [40].

Figure 11: FTIR spectrum of the CuO nanoparticle.

6.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Image of CuO nanoparticles

In order to observe the morphology of the prepared CuO particles, scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) was taken as shown in figure-3.
Prepared sample consists of nanoparticles as well as microparticles. Our work is going on to optimize the size in nano scale only.

Figure 12: SEM image of CuO particles

6.4. FTIR Analysis Cellulose-CuO Composite

FTIR spectroscopy is one of the methods used to bring out the finer surface information. Figure-4 shows the FTIR spectra of cellulose-
CuO nanocomposite. Cellulose and the cellulose-CuO nanocomposite show similar bands in the range of 600-4000 cm -1. The bands
observed at 2889, 1622, 893 cm -1 are characteristic of cellulose. The band at 2889 cm -1 represents stretching vibrations of C-H in CH 2 &
stretching vibrations of O-H at 3387 cm -1. The band at 1622 cm-1 represents glycosidic bond in glycogen & glycosidic C-H deformation
with ring vibration & O-H bending at 891cm-1. As for the CuO, the bands relating to the CuO nanoparticles incorporated in the cellulose
are located at 781, 1036, 1232, 1389 cm-1. On the spectrum of cellulose-CuO nanocomposite (Figure-4) the band at 781 cm -1 is clearly
observable. The cellulose-CuO nanocomposite showed slight shift in the bands compared with that of the cellulose, suggesting a weak
interaction between the CuO nano particles and cellulose in terms of chemical bonding.

(b)

(a)

Figure 13: FTIR Analysis Cellulose-CuO Composite. (a) cellulose (b) Cellulose-CuO
6.5. Antibacterial activity of cellulose-CuO composite

To test the anti-bacterial activities, implanted Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli strains were placed in a Petri dish, a bunch of CuO-
cellulose fibers was cut and spread, and then stuck on the petri dish to culture for 48 hours. From Figure 5 we can see the inhibition zone
diameter of Serratia marcescens is larger than Bacillus. May be the Serratia marcescens cell wall is thicker with less protein content than
Bacillus cell wall, so Serratia marcescens is more easily destroy. Therefore, the inhabitation ability of the composite fiber on Serratia
marcescens was significantly higher than Bacillus. With an increase of the copper nanoparticles content and particle size in the composite
fibers, the antibacterial capacity enhanced.

Serratia marcescens Bacillus

Figure 14: Antibacterial test of cellulose/copper composite fibers.

7. CONCLUSION

In this research project cellulose/metal oxide complex was prepared. Cellulose was extracted from rice straw and characterized by FTIR
spectrum analysis. CuO particles synthesized by co-precipitate method and characterized by SEM & FTIR spectrum analysis. The
Cellulose-CuO composite is prepared by impregnation of copper oxide nanoparticles into pores of the regenerated cellulose fiber and
characterized by FTIR spectrum analysis. The cellulose/CuO composite exhibited moderate antibacterial activity. Further work will be
directed towards enhancing the antibacterial activity of the cellulose-CuO composite by optimizing the ratio of CuO and cellulose.

8. COLLABORATION

We cordially acknowledge our collaborator Professor Dr Md Abul Kalam Azad, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology,
Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet-3114, Bangladesh for his cooperation in doing the test of antibacterial activity of
CuO/cellulose composite in their laboratory.
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