Asigurarea calitatii serviciului de alimentare cu energie

electrica

Laborator nr. 4
Evaluarea factorilor care determină în mod direct calitatea
serviciului de alimentare cu energie electrică .
What is power quality? Defining power quality

Ensuring the continuity of supply Enhancing the electrical parameters Optimizing the commercial quality

Consumers can utilize electricity from
the supplying network efficiently, without
interference or interruption. Suppliers can
generate power consistently over a planned
life expectancy
The technical shape of voltage waveform and The speed and accuracy with which power
all electrical parameters are according to quality problems are handled
specifications and defined limits

Power quality is a measure of the availability, quality and efficiency of the electricity being supplied and utilized on a
consistent basis
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Causes of poor power quality

Result of high reactive power in the network

Low power factor Reduces the capacity of the system for productive work
01 Overloads electrical supply systems like cables, transformers etc, causing malfunctioning or breakdown
Attracts penalties from utilities

Caused by non-linear loads, e.g. electronic equipment, drives, fluorescent lights, computers and uninterrupted
power supplies
Harmonics
Increases energy losses and can leads to equipment malfunctioning or damage
02
Result of fast load variations, e.g. arc furnaces or welding loads, or background voltage variations
Voltage variation Can lead to inefficient system operation, inability of loads to run and damage of electrical equipment
03
Caused by single phase loads, like trains, office equipment or lighting systems
Load imbalance Can lead to excessive voltage unbalance, damaging equipment, overload of individual phases and safety issues
04 HITACHI ABB POWER GRIDS
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The changing power landscape | Many drivers one common need

Generation Consumers

Increasing energy production Increasing power consumption

Integration of renewables Need for good New grids in emerging markets

power quality
Faster and stronger transportation
Deal with distributed generation
systems

Transmission & Distribution

Changing regulations Energy trading Reversible

Aging infrastructure
grid code compliance between regions power flow

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Modern networks and power quality challenges

Power Electronics (VFD, UPS etc.)

Wind Captive generation (solar)

Industry

Power variations due to E-Mobilityation (including railways)

weather-dependent output

Reactive power needs

restrict capacity utilization Sensitive loads (data servers, medical devices etc.)
Transmission Infrastructure
Harmonic pollution

Accumulation of all power

quality issues

Lightning and switching

surges
Distribution / Domestic loads (computers, SMPS, E-chargers etc.)
Microgrids
Solar HVDC converters

* Prosumers = Producers + consumers of energy, e.g. factories and buildings with rooftop solar PV installation HITACHI ABB POWER GRIDS
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How to achieve good power quality

Analyze Optimize Realize

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Your benefits | Widest range of products, services and solutions

Consulting BENEFITS

FACTS Sustainability
Optimized revenue Enhanced grid
lower running costs reliability and stability
Shunt reactors

Capacitors and filters Ease of integration

Deferral of grid Reliability
or realization of
upgrades
integration
Active filtering solutions

Voltage conditioning and regulation

Reduced penalties
New revenue from Productivity
from harmonic pollution
ancillary grid services
and demand peaks
Monitoring, protection and controls

Volt-VAr management
Improved productivity Increased
Cost
and saving on self-consumption
maintenance costs of renewables optimization
Energy storage

Surge arresters and surge

capacitors

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Power quality portfolio

Voltage level Segment Products and solutions

1200 kV
Generation and
transmission Capacitor banks Passive Filters HV surge arresters
Capacitor units FACTS

Energy intensive
industry, utilities
Capacitor units Capacitor banks Passive Filters HV surge arresters STATCOM

Industry and
large commercial Modular capacitor Motor surge Pole mounted
Capacitor units protection MV surge arresters
banks capacitor banks

Small industrial,
commercial and
residential Capacitors Automatic Stepless Active harmonic
capacitor reactive power filters Battery energy
200 V storage
banks compensators

We offer power quality solutions for all segments, across all voltage levels

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Power quality challenges for E-Mobility

Typical power quality challenges

Electrification of Everything
Electric vehicles (EVs) like e-cars, e-busses and electric ferries
generally use rechargeable batteries
Chargers for these batteries use AC-to-DC converters that can
cause:
Harmonic pollution
Low power factor
Voltage dips and peak load
Voltage dips may be significant in case of electrified rail networks,
along with sudden and large reactive power demand and load
imbalance
Voltage surges are a risk for electric trains

need maximum capacity utilization of grid

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Power quality challenges for Industries

Typical power quality challenges

Rapid replacement of electromechanical equipment by power
electronics in industries
e.g. VFDs replacing gear drives for motors
Such electronic loads

power quality)
can generate multiple harmonics and draw significant reactive

(e.g. solar photovoltaic

Exchange of excess output of this generation with grid can cause
voltage variations and harmonic pollution, reactive power related
issues
Industries face penalties or disconnection risks wrt poor power
quality due to stricter regulations of grid utilities

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Power quality challenges for Buildings and Infrastructure

Typical power quality challenges

Like in industries, electronic loads also dominate buildings and other
infrastructure
Power quality issues like harmonic pollution, voltage variation and
load imbalance can affect their performance, like:
Improper operation of loads, e.g. elevators, escalators, HVAC,

Maloperation or incorrect output of equipment (e.g. medical

diagnostic instruments)
Malfunction of servers of data storage facilities

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Power quality challenges for HVDC

Typical power quality challenges

High voltage direct current (HVDC) lines transfer electricity over long
distances with significantly less energy losses
Electricity is generated in alternating current (AC) form, and
converted to DC for transmission through power electronic
converters
For distribution, electricity is again converted from DC to AC
This AC-DC-AC cycle can introduce some power quality issues, e.g.
Harmonic pollution
Reactive power demand

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Power quality challenges for Renewables

Typical power quality challenges

Output of renewables like solar and wind farms depends on climatic
conditions, and thus, is highly variable.
If this output cannot match the demand in grid, there can be large
variations in voltage.

Wind power
Wind turbines use induction generators directly grid-coupled or
converter technology
For optimal operation, they may need external reactive power
support
In addition, the harmonic signature at wind farm connection point
may be too high, and not in line with grid regulations.
Solar power
Solar inverters have a maximum kVA-rating they are designed for.
If reactive power demand is high, the capacity of inverter to deliver
active power is reduced
Less active power output = less revenues!

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