instrument of death.
Cremation, of course, destroy any possibility of further
CDI 3: SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION
Special Crime Investigation deals with the study of major crimes
based on the application of special investigative technique.
The study concentrates more on physical evidence, its collection,
handling, identification and preservation in coordination with the crime
laboratory. Special Crime Investigation involves a close relationship between
the prober in the field and the crime laboratory technician. They work
together as a team, reacting to and extending one another’s theories and
findings both working patiently and thoroughly to solve a crime from their
investigative discoveries.
HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION
Homicide Investigation is the official inquiry made by the police
on the facts and circumstances surrounding the death of a person which is
expected to be unlawful.
Primary Job of the Investigator
1. To discover whether an offense has been committed under the law.
2. To discover how it was committed
3. Who committed it and by whom it was committed
4. When it was committed
And under certain circumstances why it was committed
Responsibilities of a Homicide Investigator
1. When called upon to investigate violent death, he stands
on the dead man’s shoes to produce his instincts against
those suspects.
2. The enthusiasm and intelligence the investigator brings
in the case marks the difference between a murderer
being convicted and set free.
3. If he interprets a criminal death accidental or natural, a
guilty person is set free.
4. Remember that the police is the first line of defense in
the effective application of criminal justice.
Basic Guide for the Investigator to look upon is to establish the following:
1. Corpus delicti or facts that crime was committed
2. Method of operation of the suspect
3. Identity of the guilty party
THE THREE BRIDGES IN HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION WHICH
SHALL NOT BE CROSSED
A. The first bridge is that the dead body has been moved.
B. The second bridge is when the cadaver has been embalmed.
C. The third bridge is when the dead person is buried or cremated.
Bridge 1- the first bridge is burned when the dead body is moved. Before it is
done, it is imperative that photographs be taken, measurement made,
fingerprints searched for and a host of other tasks carried out, because, when
the body is once moved, it can never be put back again and the investigation
repeated exactly.
Bridge 2- the next bridge is burned when the body is embalmed. Embalming
effectively destroy traces of alcohol and several other poisons. It also makes
the determination of other substances much more difficult. Consequently if
there is slightest reason to suspect poisoning, the organ should be removed
before embalming.
Bridge 3- the investigating officer has burned his last bridge when the body
has been buried or cremated. It is difficult and expensive to disinter a body.
The lapse of time increases the difficulties of a scientific examination and
diminishes the likelihood of successful conclusion as to the cause of
scientific work on the body.
TITLE 8- CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS
Art. 246. Parricide. – Any person who shall kill his father, mother
or child, whether legitimate or illegitimate, or any of his ascendants, or
descendants, or his spouse, shall be guilty of parricide and shall be punished
by the penalty of reclusion perpetua to death.
Elements of Parricide:
1. A person is killed;
2. Accused killed the deceased;
3. The deceased is the legitimate or illegitimate father, mother or child, or
other legitimate ascendant or other legitimate descendant (in a direct line) or
legitimate spouse of the accused.
Art. 247. Death or physical Injuries inflicted under exceptional
circumstances. Any legally married person who, having surprised his spouse
in the act of committing sexual intercourse with another person, shall kill any
of them or both of them in the act or immediately thereafter, shall inflict upon
them any serious physical injury shall suffer the penalty of destierro.
If he shall inflict upon them physical injuries of any other kind he
shall be exempted from punishment.
These rules shall be applicable, under the same circumstance, to
parents, with respect to their daughters under 18 years of age, and their
seducer, while the daughters are living with their parents.
Any person who shall promote or facilitate the prostitution of his wife
or daughter, or shall otherwise have consented to the infidelity of the other
spouse shall not be entitled to the benefits of this article.
The one who killed the spouse must be legally married to the latter
so that article 247 may apply.
In People vs. Abarca, the husband killed the paramour of his wife only
after an hour had lapsed from surprising the two having sex. Article 247 was
applied.
Article 247 is also known as extraordinary mitigating
circumstance. It however does not exempt the culprit from civil liability
Destierro here is inflicted not really as a penalty but more on for
the protection of the accused.
Destierro prohibits a person from entering a designated place
normally within a radius of not more than 250 and not less than 25 kilometers
therein.
Art. 248. Murder (assasinato) - Any person, who, not falling
within the provisions of Article 246, shall kill another, shall be guilty of
murder and shall be punished by reclusion perpetua to death if committed
with any of the following attendant circumstances.
Qualifying Circumstances to Murder
1. With treachery
2. Taking advantage of superior strength
3. With the aid of armed men
4. Employing means to weaken defense
5. Employing means or persons to insure or afford
impunity
6. In consideration of price reward or promise
7. By means of inundation
8. By means of fire
9. By means of poison
10. By means of explosion
11. By means of shipwreck
12. By means of stranding of a vessel
13. By means of derailment or assault upon a railroad
14. By means of fall of an airship
15. By means of motor vehicle
16. By the use of other means involving great waste and ruin
17. On the occasion of any of the calamities enumerated in letters g-p.
18. On the occasion of an earthquake
19. On the occasion of eruption of volcano
20. On the occasion of destructive cyclone
21. On the occasion of epidemic
22. On the occasion of any other public calamity
23. With evident premeditation
24. With cruelty (by deliberately and inhumanly augmenting the suffering of
the victim)
25. By outraging or scoffing at the person or corpse of a person.
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Elements of murder:
1. A person was killed;
2. The accused killed the deceased;
3. The killing was attended by any of the qualifying circumstance mentioned
in article 248;
4. The killing is not parricide, infanticide or homicide.
* Treachery must be alleged in the information so that it will qualify the
killing to murder.
* If treachery is not alleged in the information which charges murder, but in
the trial treachery was proven, the accused cannot be convicted of murder.
Homicide only would be the crime
* The act of Euthanasia or mercy Killing is considered as murder. It is the
practice of putting to death a person who is suffering from some incurable
disease. It may also be defined as the acceleration of the death of a person
who suffers from some incurable disease.
Art. 249. Homicide- is a crime committed by any person who shall kill
another without the attendance of any of the circumstances mentioned in
article 248.
Homicide, defined- the unlawful killing of another but which is not
parricide, murder or infanticide.
Elements of homicide:
1. A person was killed;
2. The accused killed the deceased;
3. The accused had the intent to kill;
4. The killing was not attended by any of the qualifying circumstance
mentioned in article 248.
5. The killing is not infanticide or parricide.
Accidental homicide, defined- This is a homicide that results when the death
of a person is brought about by a lawful act performed with proper care and
skill and absence of criminal intent.
 Article 251. Death caused in a tumultuous affray.- (See the article)
*Here at least four (4) persons must take part in the affray.
*There would be no tumultuous affray if the quarrel is between
two well-known groups.
Q: What is a tumultuous affray?
A: It is one which takes place when a quarrel occurs among several persons
not composing of organized groups, and these persons assaulted each other in
a confused and tumultuous manner. It takes place when a quarrel occurs
between several persons who engaged in a confused and tumultuous manner,
in the course of which a person is killed or wounded and the author thereof
cannot be ascertained.
Article 252. Physical injuries in a tumultuous affray
Article 253. Giving assistance to suicide- is committed by any person who
shall assist another to commit suicide, or lending his assistance to another to
the extent of doing the killing himself.
*One who commits or attempts to commit suicide is not liable under the law.
Nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege.
Art. 254. (Illegal) Discharge of firearm (Pagpapaputok g sandata) - is
committed by any person who shall shoot at another with any firearm.
Elements of Discharge of Firearm:
1. A person discharges a firearm against another person
2. The offender has no intent to kill that person
Art. 255. Infanticide- is the killing of a child less than three (3) days old.
Elements of infanticide:
1. A child less than 3 days old (72 hours old or less) is killed;
2. The accused killed said child.
Q: A father sired a child out of his kerida. This child who was less than three
days old was killed by his own father. The purpose of the father in killing the
child was to conceal its existence from his legitimate wife. What crime was
committed by the father?
Art. 256. Intentional abortion. is committed by any person who shall
intentionally cause an abortion by:
1. using violence upon the person of the pregnant woman; or
2. acting without the consent of the woman but without using violence;
3. acting with the consent of the woman
Elements of intentional abortion:
1. Violence is exerted, or any drugs or beverages be administered or the
accused acts upon a pregnant woman;
2. As a result thereof, the fetus dies, in the womb or after having been
expelled therefrom;
3. The act is intended.
*Abortion has been defined as the willful killing of the fetus or violent
expulsion of the same from the maternal womb.
Art. 257. Unintentional abortion- committed by any person who shall cause
an abortion by violence, but unintentionally
Elements of unintentional abortion
1. There is a pregnant woman;
2. Violence is used against the woman but without intending an abortion
3. The violence is intentionally exerted
Fetus died
* If there is no violence used; No intent to cause an abortion- there is no
abortion of any kind.
Art. 258. Abortion practiced by woman herself or by her parents- this is
committed by a woman who shall practice an abortion upon herself or shall
consent that any other person should do so.
Art. 259. Abortion practiced by a physician or midwife and dispensing of
abortives. - is committed by a doctor or physician who shall cause an
abortion or assist in causing the same. Also a pharmacist who without proper
prescription from a physician shall dispense any abortive.
Duel, defined- is a combat agreed between two parties in the presence of
seconds who makes the selection of arms.
Art. 260. Responsibility of participants in a duel.
Art. 261. Challenging to a duel- committed by any person who shall
challenge another, or incite another to give or accept a challenge to a duel, or
shall scoff at or decry another publicly for refusing to accept a challenge to
fight a duel.
Art. 262. Mutilation - committed by any person who shall intentionally
mutilate another by depriving him, either totally or partially, of some
essential organ of reproduction. Any other intentional mutilation is also
punished (known as mayhem)
Art. 263. Serious Physical Injuries- committed by any person who shall
wound, beat or assault another causing the offended party to become:
1. insane, imbecile, impotent or blind;
2. the person injured has lost the use of speech, or the power to hear or smell,
or losses an eye, a hand, a foot, an arm, or a leg or shall have lost the use of
such member, or shall have become incapacitated for work which he was
habitually engaged;
3. deformed, lost any part of his body, or use thereof, or ill or incapacitated
for work he was habitually engaged for 90 days;
4. ill or incapacitated for labor for more than 30 days.
Q: Distinguish mutilation from physical injury.
A: The mutilation must have been made deliberately to clip off some part of
the body to deprive the other person of such part of the body. This special
intention is not present in physical injuries.
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Art. 264. Administering injurious substances or beverages (Pagpapainom
ng mga nakapipinsalang mga sustansiya o inumin)- committed by any person
who without intent to kill, shall inflict upon another any serious physical
injury, by knowingly administering to him any injurious substances or
beverages or by taking advantage of his weakness of mind or credulity.
Elements of administering injurious substances/beverages
1. Offender inflicted any serious physical injuries
2. By knowingly administering any injurious substances or beverages
3. Accused had no intent to kill.
Art. 265. Less serious physical injuries- committed by any person who shall
inflict injuries upon another which shall incapacitate the offended party for
labor for 10 days or more, or shall require medical attendance for the same
period. 
Art. 266. Slight Physical Injuries- committed by any person who shall
inflict physical injury upon another which shall incapacitate another for labor
from 1-9 days or shall require medical attendance for the same period or any
injury which does not prevent the offended party from engaging in his
habitual work nor require medical attendance, or shall ill treat another by
deed without causing any injury (maltreatment).
RAPE RA 8353
Rape is committed:
1. by a man who shall have carnal knowledge of a woman under any of the
following circumstances:
a. through force or intimidation;
b. woman is deprived of reason or unconscious;
c. fraudulent machination or grave abuse of authority;
d. offended party is under 12 or is demented
2. By any person who, under any of the circumstances mentioned in par. 1
shall commit an act of sexual assault by inserting his penis into another
person’s mouth or anal orifice, or any instrument or object, into the genital or
anal orifice of another person.
Q: What consummates the crime of rape?
A: The slightest penetration of the labia consummates the crime of rape. The
absence of sperm is not important. It is enough that the labia of the female
organ was penetrated.
Q: What is statutory rape?
A: The rape of a woman under 12 years of age.
Q: What is the “rape shield” concept in the crime of rape?
A: It means, in a prosecution for rape, evidence of complainants past sexual
conduct, opinions, and his or her reputation shall not be admitted, unless the
court finds it material.
Effect of pardon -the subsequent valid marriage between the parties shall
extinguish the criminal action or the penalty imposed. The forgiveness by the
wife shall extinguish the criminal action or the penalty. But the pardon will
not benefit the accomplices and the accessories. But in crimes against chastity
pardon benefits even the accomplices and the accessories.
HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES
- Criminal Investigation of homicide is a discovery process. The
investigator seeks to discover and documents such facts as type of death,
identity of the deceased, cause of death and motivation and identity of the
perpetrator. In order to resolve these fundamental questions, the
investigation will focus on the cadaver, crime scene and post mortem
examination.
- The cadaver is often of prime importance as an investigative
factor. The victim’s body can reveal much through examination of wounds
and other types of tracing clues that may be present.
Establishing Death.
-The first essential step of the homicide investigation is to
establish that the victim is, indeed, dead.
-Police officers do not have the legal authority to pronounce death,
only physicians/ medical doctor can establish the fact of death.
-For this reason, the police officer should never assume death
unless the condition of the victim’s body demonstrates death in a totally
obvious manner.
Identifying the Cadaver.
-Establishing the identity of the victim is important, it will provide tracing
clues to the motive and identity of the perpetrator, with the identity
known, the investigator can focus attention on the victim’s background
and establish a possible motive through such information.
-Victims encountered in indoor scenes will normally have identifying data on
the body, or such data will be available throughout the crime scene. In
outdoor scenes, such evidence is normally not as readily available,
since the victim is removed from the personal environment and also outdoor
scene may not be discovered for long period of time; thus evidence may
be destroyed by elements of nature or will be lost.
-If there are no identifying papers on the victim’s person, fingerprint should
be used as means of identification.
-If fingerprint identification is unsuccessful, the investigator must rely on
other methods to establish identity.
-Dental structures are highly resistant to destruction, and are frequently useful
when the other portions of the body are totally decomposed. (Forensic
Odontology).
-The skeletal remains of the victim may also help to determine identity, as
well as yield other types of information.
-If bone fractures are noted, they may be used to identify the deceased,
but if only corresponding medical records can be located
-The widths of the pelvic bones are excellent indicators of the victim’s sex;
Determination of the victims age maybe more difficult, in that the victims
past the age of eighteen years have generally achieved their maximum
skeletal growth. However, general age determination can be established via
dental structure.
Determination of time of death.
-A determination of the time of death should be attempted in all homicide
investigations. This fact is significant because of its investigative
importance in corroborating or disputing alibis, or in establishing the victim’s
movements prior to death.
-Determining death is not an exact science.
MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS OF DEATH
Life – is the sum total of all vital processes by which the physical integrity of
the body is maintained.
Death- is the state of complete persistent cessation of the vital function of the
body such as the function of the heart, the lings and the brain.
Importance of Death Determination
1. The civil personality of a natural person is extinguished by death. The civil
personality is extinguished by death. The effect of death upon the rights and
obligations of the deceased is determined by law, by contract and by will.
2. The property of a person is transmitted to his heirs at the time of death.
3. The death of a partner is one of the causes of dissolution of partnership
agreement.
4. The death of either the principal or agent is a mode of extinguishments of
agency
5. The criminal liability of a person is extinguished by death.
6. The civil case for claims which does not survive is dismissed upon death of
the defendant.
Kinds of Death
1. Clinical Death or Somatic Death
Is a type of death usually declare by members of the immediate family of the
diseased or by the physician.
2. Molecular or Cellular Death
Is the type of death characterized by death of individual cells ( one at a time
) after the somatic death.
Notes on Special Crime Investigation and Forensic Chemistry by CFR 3
The nerve cells and brain cells die earlier at about 5 minutes due to loss of The two types of bullet wound are:
food and oxygen while the muscles live longer until the onset of the rigor
mortis which about two to three hours after death. a. Entrance wound

3. Apparent Death/ State of Suspended Animation b. Exit wound

A transient loss of consciousness or temporary cessation of the GUNSHOT WOUND

vital function of the body on account of disease, external stimulus other
1. Pressed and Firm Contact Fire
forms of influence.
a. Entrance wound is large, frequently star-shaped
Signs of Death
b. Entrance wound may be everted
1. Cessation of Respiration
c. There is burn, tattoing and smudging
Cessation of respiration in order to be considered as a sign of death
must be continuous and persistent. A person can hold his breath for a period d. Muzzle imprint
of not longer than 3 – ½ minutes. In case of electrical shock, respiration
may cease for sometime but maybe restored by continuous artificial e. Bullet may cause radiating fracture
respiration.
f. Blood and tissue become pink due to carbon monoxide
2. Cessation of Heart and Circulation
g. Fragments of lead may be found
As a general rule, if there is no heart action for a period of five
minutes death is regarded as certain. 2. Short Range Fire (1 to 15cm Distance)

3. Cooling of the body (ALGOR MORTIS) 1. Edges of wound is inverted

After death the metabolic process inside the body ceases. No more
heat is produced but the body loses slowly its temperature by evaporation or
by conduction to the surrounding atmosphere. The progressive fall of the
body temperature is one of the most prominent signs of death. The body cools
following death at approximately 1.5 degrees F per hour, under normal
conditions and assuming the body’s temperature at death is 98.6 degrees F
(37 degrees C).
2. If within the flame reach (6 inches in rifle and high powered gun and less
than 3 inches from ordinary hnadgun), there is area of burning)
3. Smudging due to smoke
4. Powder tattooing is present but dense and limited dimension of spread)
5. Abrasion ring or collar is Present (Contact Ring)

4. Insensibility of the body and loss of power to move. 3. Medium Range (more than 15cm but less than 60cm

No kind of stimulus is capable to letting the body have voluntary 1. Entrance is inverted with abrasion
movement.
2. Burning effect is absent
5. Changes in the Eyes
3. Smudging may be present if less than 30cm
a. Loss of Corneal and light reflexes
4. Gunpowder tattooing is present but lesser density and wide spread
b. Haziness of the cornea
5. Contact ring is present
6. Changes in skin
4. Fired more than 60cm
 Change of color
1. Gunshot wound is circular or oval
 Loss of the elasticity of the skin
2. Wound of entrance has no burning, smudging or tattooing
 Opacity of the skin
3. Contact ring is present
 Absence of reaction to injury
Exit Wound
PHYSICAL INJURY
its edges are everted and portions of the inner tissues are
Injury – is the scientific impairment of the body structure or function caused protruding and its shape may be slit-like, stellate, irregular or even similar to
by outside force or agent. the wound of entrance.

Physical Injury – is an injury of the body caused by physical agents which is ODD AND EVEN RULE IN GUNSHOT WOUND
the application of stimulus to the body producing damage or injury to the
tissue. if the number of gunshots wounds of entrance and exit found in the
body of the victim is even, the presumption is that no bullet is lodged in the
Common External Injuries Sustained by the Victim from Homicidal body, but if the number of the gunshot wounds of entrance and exit is odd,
Attack the presumption is that one or more bullets might have been lodged in the
body.
Contusion – an injury in the substance of the skin, discoloration of the surface
due to extravasation of blood. This is due to the application of a blunt FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENTRANCE WOUND
instrument.
a. Distance of the discharge of firearm
Hematoma – this is the extravasation of blood in the newly formed cavity.
b. The nature or type of the firearm
Abrasion – an open wound characterized by the removal of the epithelial
layer of the skin brought about by the friction against hard, rough object. c. The nature and amount of the gunpowder

Incised wound – produced by forcible contact on the body by sharp edge d. The affected part of the body
instrument.
THE EVIDENCE OF SUICIDAL GUNSHOT WOUND
Stab wound – produced by the forcible application and penetration of a sharp
instrument. A. A near-contact fire, evidenced by burning or tattooing around the wound.

Punctured wound – penetration of a sharp pointed weapon B. Presence of one gunshot wound

Lacerated wound – tearing of the skin due to forcible contact of a blunt C. Body part involved is accessible to the dexterous hand.
instrument. D. Presence of suicide note
BULLET WOUND - caused by bullets, which are discharge from a firearm. E. Wounding firearm is tightly held (cadaveric spasm)

Notes on Special Crime Investigation and Forensic Chemistry by CFR 4

EVIDENCE OF ACCIDENTAL SHOOTING in approximating the time of death of the person. But is more useful in
determining the position of the body after death. The discoloration of the
A. usually one shot bloody may varies in color. Usually it is dull-red or Reddish-purple with
some bluish-black due to rupture of small engorged capillaries. In carbon
B. No special area of the body is involved
monoxide and cyanide poisoning as well as exposure to cold temperature,
C. Testimonies of witnesses. the color is pink while lead color asphyxia. Although the color will become
darker and permanent as it completes.
EVIDENCE OF HOMOCIDAL GUNSHOT WOUND
The Color of Lividity may Indicate the Cause of Death:
A. Site of the entrance wound has no point of election
1. Carbon monoxide poisoning/ cyanide – cherry red to pinkish color
B. Discharge of firearm is made when victim is some distance away.
2. Asphyxia – dark lividity or lead
C. Sign of struggle may be present
3. Phosphorous poisoning – dark brown
D. Sings of disturbance in the surroundings maybe present.
Stages of Lividity or Livor Mortis
ESTIMATE OF TIME OF DEATH
1. Hypostatic Lividity
1. Primary Flaccidity ( period of the muscle irritability )
It is the lividity when the discoloration is due to the blood pooled
= muscles are relaxed and capable of contracting when stimulated in the most dependent areas of the body.

= pupil are dilated, incontinence of urination and defection. 2. Diffusion Lividity

= Lasts 3- 6 hours after death.
2. Post Mortem Rigidity (Rigor Mortis)
 body becomes rigid due to contraction of the
muscles
 3-6 hours after death and may last 24 to 36
hours
Conditions Simulating Rigor Mortis
a. Heat Stiffening
 body is exposed to temperature above 77
degree Celsius
 Pugilistic attitude
 More or less permanent
b. Cold Stiffening
 due to solidification of fat when the body is
exposed to freezing temperature.
c. Cadaveric Spasm or Instantaneous rigor = ridigity of the muscles
which occurs at the moment of death due to nervous tension, exhaustion
and injury to the nervous system
Rigor Mortis
3. Secondary Flaccidity or secondary relaxation
 due to the dissolution of the muscles protein
 onset of putrefaction
 the body become limp again and the muscles
are no longer capable of responding to
mechanical or electrical stimulus.
 Noted about 48 hours after death
CHANGES IN THE BLOOD
a. Coagulation of the blood
The stasis of the blood due to the cessation of circulation enhances
the coagulation of blood inside the blood vessel. Blood clothing is accelerated
in cases of death by infectious fevers and delayed in cases of asphyxia,
poisoning by opium, hydraocyanic acid or carbon monoxide poisoning.
Blood may remain fluid inside the blood vessel after death for
6 to 8 hours
It is a fixed or permanent discoloration when the blood clotted,
inside the blood vessels or has diffused to different parts of the body.
Diffusion lividity
CHANGES IN STOMACH. It usually takes three to four hours for the
stomach to empty its contents after meals.
ONSET AND STAGE OF DECOMPOSITION. Decomposition is the
action of bacteria on the dead body. The onset of decomposition is 1 to 2
days after death and then finally the dead body becomes skeletal remains in
months considering the factors that influence the rate of putrefaction.
LIFE CYCLE OF FLIES. The eggs of ova laid by the flies on the dead
body will hatch to form maggots within 24 hours. The maggots will feed
vigorously on the damaged dead body, then transform into pupal stage and
finally into adult flies within a few days.
SEX CRIMES
CONCEPTS ABOUT SEX CRIMES
A. It is triggered by emotions. A person who commits a sex crime has lost
control of his emotions. It is a not something you can set out and analyze. It
hiya compulsion coming within offender.
B. Gratification of the sex urge is often done in strange and morbid methods.
It involves an addiction. Sex is a normal human need, hence, this must be
considered in the investigation of the sex crime.
VIRGINITY - It is the condition of a woman where the hymen of her vagina
is still intact or unruptured. It does not mean that when the hymen is intact,
there is no case of rape. The mere touching of the labia majora (major lips)
of the pudendum (vagina) by the male organ is considered as
consummated rape because there is a slight penetration. Virginity is not an
element in the crime of rape because even the prostitute who is veteran of
many foreign warp could be a complainant.
Virginity is not only lost thru sexual intercourse but by bicycle
riding or other strenuous physical exertion on the part of the woman, or the
insertion of an object while in the act of masturbation.
EVIDENCE IN THE INVESTIGATION OF RAPE
1. Panty or other clothing of the victim
2. Physical examination of the victim to determine signs of force such as
injuries or the presence of seminal fluids inside her organ.
3. Detached pubic hairs of the victim and suspect.
4. Physical examination of the suspect and the examination news clothing.
5. Relevant matters at the scene of the crime

b. POST-MORTEM LIVIDITY 6. Testimonies of witnesses if there is any.

It is the discoloration of the body after death when the 7. Written complaint of the victim.
blood tens to pool in the blood vessels for the most dependent portion to the
pool in the blood vessels for the most dependent portion of the body. The NARCOTICS DEATH INVESTIGATION
blood remains fluid in the body after for 6-8 hours and gradually clot until it
1. THE THREE PHASES OF NARCOTICS DEATH INVESTIGATION
is fully developed at about 12 hrs. The appearance of Post Mortem lividity
usually stars about 20-30 minutes after death, thus, it can also be a means a. The scene of death investigation

Notes on Special Crime Investigation and Forensic Chemistry by CFR 5

b. The medical examination
c. The toxicological investigation
2. DEATH DUE TO NARCOTICS - A common occurrence in the use of
prohibited drugs is the death of the user. The investigation should determine
the manner of death which is either homicide, suicide or accidental. A
thorough investigation at the scene helps the medical examiner in
determining the cause of death.
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS OF USE OF DRUGS
A. Poison - symptoms, signs, causes of death.
B. Codeine - nausea or vomiting, dizziness, constipation (500mg) and
respiratory failure.
C. Heroine and Morphine - sweating, loss of appetite, nausea, constriction,
itching thirst, cyanosis.
D. Barbiturates - lower body temperature, cyanosis, skin rashes,
constipation, and cold extremities (1.6 g)
E. Cocaine - nausea, vomiting, chills, sweating, thrist, convulsion, (500 mg)
circulatory and respiratory failures.
F. Amphetamine - diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, cramps, chills,
sweating, thrist, convulsion, petechial hemorrhage.
BODY SIGNS
A. Cyanosis - bluish discoloration of the face or finger nails due to
insufficient oxygen on the blood caused bi increased carbon dioxide in the
body.
B. Petechial Hemorrhage - pin point spots of discoloration as a result of the
capillary reptures due to pressure and generally observed in the eyes, eyelids,
behind the ears and internally.
C. Formation of froth - observed in mouth and nose, maybe white or
pinkish and caused by fluids entering the air passage.
D. Hematoma - a localized swelling on any part of the body caused by
bleeding beneath the surface o the skin. This is caused by skin "popping"
rather than by vein injections.
E. Needle Marks and Tracks - visual evidence of intravenous injections.
The tracks will follow the vein and results in a dark discolaration and
eventual collapse of the vein.
F. Scar - skin marks caused by the victim in removing needle marks, scrabs,
which adds to the unsanitary conditions of the victim.
G. Rashes/Scratch Skin - external body signs due to the use of morphine or
heroine poisoning.
THEFT AND ROBBERY INVESTIGATION
TWO TYPES OF ROBBERY
A. Force upon things as means of entry to the house or building; and
B. Intimidation or violence upon persons.
FORCE UPON THINGS
A. As means of entry, a locked door is broken or forced open. A closed nut
unlocked door is not a locked door.
B. Thru an opening which might be not locked but which is not intended or
designed for entry. If a robber enters a building thru the open or locked
window where he takes personal properties inside, it is robbery;
C. If the door is open or closed but not locked, and once inside breaks open
locked drawers, aparadors, wardrobes, safes where personal properties are
taken, it is robbery.
D. If the door is open and used as entry and while inside, the robbery brings
out receptables such as aparadors, drawers, wardrobes, safes and other forms
of receptacles and while outside breaks open these receptacles where personal
properties are taken it is robbery.
E. The use of picklocks to open locked doors or locked receptacles inside and
personal properties are taken, it is robbery. Genuine keys stolen from the
owner are considered picklocks.
F. The mere possession of picklocks is punishable under the Revised Penal
Code.
VIOLENCE OR INTIMIDATION UPON A PERSON
A. Hold-ups are included in this category.
B. Snatching or handbangs or jewelries are considered under this category. If
the victim puts resistance and violence is applied by the robber on his person;
C. The violence or intimidation is directed against the person who is the
owner of the personal property or his caretakers or guards.
D. Poking a gun or other deadly weapon on the victim to divest his personal
property are some forms of intimidation; if the injuries of the victim are of
slight in character, it is absorbed as a form of violence. But if the injuries are
of less serious or serious in character, it is a complex crime of Roberry with
Physical Injuries.
E. If death results due to robbery with violence or intimidation of persons, a
complex crime of Robbery with Homicide is commited, irrespective whether
tge death occurs among the robbers. Heart attack or stroke as a consequence
of the robbery is still Robbery with Homicide;
F. If on the occasion of the robbery, rape is committed the crime is Robbery
with Rape.
G. If on the occasion of the robbery, homicide and rape were committed, the
proper complex crime is Robbery with Homocide. The rape is considered
aggravating circumtances.
THEFT - Personal properties are taken without the consent of knowledge of
the owner.
A. Pickpockets, simple snatching and other forms are included in this
classification.
B. Theft inside a house or a building where entry is thru an open closed door
but unlocked, this is theft;
C. Breaking the glass panes of a show window and extending an arm to get
the valuables inside is theft as the force upon things is not used as means of
entry. If the one who breaks the glass pane bodily entered the show window,
it would be robbery with force upon things.
D. Ordering someone to deposit or withdraw money from the bank by giving
the bank book and signed deposit or withdraw slips and that someone
absconded the money, it is theft.
E. Entrusting a piece of jewelry to be sold on commission basis and the agent
failed to remit the price or return the property unsold, the case is not Theft but
Estafa.
F. In theft, there is only material transfer to the property but in Estafa,
there is a juridical transfer of the property. Juridical transfer implies that
the receiver of the property has the authority to dispose the same. In Theft
there is no such authority.
G. In the investigation of theft and robbery cases, there is the importance of
the value of the property subject of the offense, because the imposable
penalty is based on the value.
Physical Evidence to be collected Robbery:
1. Footprints
2. Fingerprints
- Areas of break
- Closets- prints may be found in door and
- Door knobs
- Dressers
- Pieces of furniture
- Bottles and glasses
- Walls
- Tools
- Desks
3. Clothings- sometimes the robbers exchange their own jackets with that one
found.
4. If a window was broken in effecting entry, glass particles maybe presents
in the trouser cuffs and pockets of suspect. Samples of broken glass should
be collected for possible future comparison in the event that a suspect is
picked up.
5. Paint- if a crowbar has been used to force the window, paint may adhere to
the tool. Paint samples should be taken for future comparison.
6. Tool marks
7. Tools
Notes on Special Crime Investigation and Forensic Chemistry by CFR 6
8. Observed odd behavior patterns in the crime scene A. No license plate number
B. Sporting improvised plates
9. Cords and ropes used C. Spotting plates which are for specific vehicles like yellow plate attached to
the private
10. Firearms used D. Abandoned vehicles
E. Fake license plates or stickers
11. Means of escape F. No sticker for the current year
G. Haphazardly painted
Anti-Piracy and anti-highway robbery law of 1974 (P.D. 532) H. Plates do not correspond to the year or model of the vehicle
Piracy - any attack upon or seizure of any vessel, or taking away of the
whole or part thereof or its cargo, equipment or the personal belonging
ARSON INVESTIGATION
of its complements or passengers, irrespective of value thereof, by means of
violence against or intimidation of persons or force upon things, committed ELEMENTS OF ARSON
by any persons, including a passengers or member of the compliments of said
vessels in Philippine waters. A. Actual burning took place
B. done with malicious intent
C. the burning is done by a person who is criminally and civility liable.
SPECIAL AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCE IN ARSON (Sec. 4, PD
1613)
Highway Robbery/ Brigandage A. Committed with intent to gain
- The seizure of any person for ransom, extortion or other unlawful B. Committed for benefits of others
purposes, or the taking away of the property of another by means of violence
against or intimidation of persons or force upon things of other unlawful C. Offenders is motivated by spite, revenge or hatred towards the owner or
means committed by any person or any Philippine highway. occupant of the house;

Anti-fencing law of 1979 (P.D. 1612)
Fencing- is the act of any person, who, with intent to gain, for himself or
for another shall buy, possess, keep, acquire, concealed, sell or in
any other way, deal on any articles, items, objects,
any thing of value which he knows to have been derived from the
proceeds of crime or robbery or theft.
Fence- include any person, firm, organization, association or
corporation or partnership and other organization who/ which commits the
act of fencing.
D. Committed by a syndicate. A syndicate consists of three or more persons
who planned and carried out crime
HOW TO LOCATE THE ORIGIN OF FIRE
or
A. By witness – the first who discovered the fire
B. Low Point of Burning – the lowest point of burning should be given the
outmost consideration in locating the origin of the fire. Fire will normally
burn upward. The hot gasses and carbon particles will continue to rise for any
period of time before the fire spreads downward.

Anti-Cattlle Rustling Law of 1974 (P.D. 533) C. Charring – the char will generally be deepest from where the fire
originated. When the fire is extinguished quickly, the charring is only slightly
Cattle Rustling- Is the taking away by any means, methods or below the surface.
scheme, without the consent of the owner/raiser, or any of the above animals
(cow, carabao, horse, mule or other domesticated member of the bovine COLOR OF SMOKE
family) whether or not for profit or gain, or whether committed with or
A. Steam and smoke – presence of humid substances in contract with
without violence against or intimidation of any person or force upon things.
combustible materials.
It includes the killing of large cattle, or taking its meat or hide without the
consent of owner/raiser. B. White Smoke – indicates the presence of phosphorous.
CARNAPPING INVESTIGATION C. Grayish smoke – caused by ashes and soot’s of loosely packed materials
such as straw or hay.
THE ANTI CARNAPPING LAW - RA 6539
D. Black Smoke – coming from a material with petroleum base such as
A. CARNAPPING defined - it is the law unlawful taking, with intent to
rubber, tar, coals, turpentine or petrol gum
gain, a motor vehicle belonging to another without the letter's consent or by
means of violence against or intimidation of person or using force upon E. Reddish Brown or Yellow Smoke – presence of nitrates or substances
things. compounded with nitrates acid, plastics, films, or cellphones.
ELEMENTS OF CARNAPPING NOTES ON CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
=
(1) Unlawful taking
THE COMPOSITION OF THE CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
(2) Intent to gain
TEAM
(3) Motor vehicle belonging to another
1. Team Leader
(4) Lack of owners consent
2. Evidence Collector
(5) By violence or intimidation against persons or force upon things.
3. Crime Photographer
DEFINITION OF A MOTOR VEHICLE (Sec. 2, RA 6539)
4. Health or Medical Officer
5. Sketcher and Measurer
Motor vehicle is any vehicle propelled by means other than muscular power,
6. Evidence Custodian
using the public highways, but excepting road rollers, trolley cars, street
7. Security Officers
sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mowers, bulldozers, graders, foklifts, amphibian
trucks and cranes, if not used on public highways, also vehicle which run 1. Team Leader
only on rails on tracks, tractors, trailers and traction engines of all kinds used  Takes control of the scene right after being briefed by the first
exclusively for agricultural purposes. Trailers having any numbers of wheels, responder;
when propelled of intended to be propelled by attachments to any motor  Immediately chooses a command post location outside the crime
vehicle with no power rating. scene but adjacent to it that will serve as the CSI primary office;
 Conducts a preliminary survey of the scene;
MACRO ETCHING - It is the chemical process of determining the  Conducts final survey of the scene ;
aunthenticity of the engine and chassis numbers of a motor vehicle which is a  Releases the crime scene to the investigator-on-case after the
requirement before a clearance is used for registration of newly transferred completion of the final survey;
vehicle from dealers, owners or buyers.  Prepare the CSI report of personally supervise the preparation of
report.
MICRO ETCHING - It is the chemical process of restoring erased or
tampered engine and chassis numbers. The process is by continuous Preliminary Survey – it is an assessment of the crime scene conducted by
application of strong acid on the suspected tampered or erased numbers. carefully walking through the scene to evaluate the situation. It identifies any
threat to the integrity of the crime scene and ensures protection of physical
HOW TO DETECT STOLEN VEHICLES evidence. This will also provide first opportunity to recognize and identify
valuable and/or perishable evidence.

Notes on Special Crime Investigation and Forensic Chemistry by CFR 7


Final Survey – it is the critical review of the scene to ensure that all pieces of
evidence have been collected and the scene has been thoroughly processed
prior to release.
Command Post – a temporary office where the evidence custodian stays and
receives pieces of evidence from the evidence collectors. This is also a place
where the investigators entertain politicians, law enforcement officers who
are not involved in the processing of the scene, members of the media and
relatives of the victim.
2. Evidence Collector
 Collect physical evidence at the scene once thorough search is
conducted, the location of the evidence marked, photographs of the
scene and individual; evidence taken, and the rough sketch with
measurement completed;
 Mark the evidence container with his initial, date and time of
collection, place of collection and brief description of the evidence
gathered before turning over to the evidence custodian with proper
documentation for safekeeping.
3. Crime Photographer
 Takes neighborhood photographs of the scene which include:
 Landmark pointing to the exact location of the crime
scene;
 Structures that are adjacent and across the crime scene;
 Spectators or kibitzers in and around the crime scene;
 Vehicles particularly those which are leaving the crime
scene;
 Photograph all the marked physical evidence before they are
touched or collected;
 Prepare a photographic log.
4. Medical or Health Officer
 Determine the condition of the victim at the crime scene;
 While the team leader is coordinating with the first responder, the
medical officer cautiously enters the crime scene and determine
whether the victim is still alive;
 If the victim is already dead, he gets out of the crime scene and
proceed to the command post where he will wait for the instruction
of the team leader.
5. Sketcher and Measurer
 Prepares the sketch after the crime scene has been searched, items
of evidence located and marked, and photographs taken;
 Establishes compass orientation
 Draws and records the exact location of evidence based on
measurements;
 Places legends and other relevant information on the sketch;
 Measures the pieces of evidence from two fixed points.
6. Evidence Custodian
 Stays at the command post, receives the evidence turned over to
him and records the same on the Evidence Log;
 Takes custody of submitted pieces of evidence.
connection with the administration of justice. Chemistry is applied in the
elucidation of legal problems.
Forensic Chemist – specialist who practices Forensic Chemistry.
EXAMINATION OF BLOOD
Blood – highly complex mixture of cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic
substance. The normal blood pH is 7.35 – 7.45. Blood pH is The acidity or
alkalinity of blood. The pH of any fluid is the measure of the hydrogen ion
concentration.
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
1. 45% formed elements or solid elements consisting of:
a. Red Blood Cells or RBC (Erythrocytes) around 4-5 millions of
red cells per cc. of blood.
b. White Blood Cells or WBC (Leukocytes)
c. Blood Platelets (Thrombocytes)
2. 55% Plasma – the fluid or liquid portion of the blood where the cells are
suspended. This is the yellowish fluid of blood in which numerous blood
corpuscles are suspended. A straw-yellow that is formed when blood is
allowed to stand after oxalate has been added to prevent clothing. It is
composed of:
a. water
b. Solid – 10% (largely protein in nature and consists of albumen,
several globulins and fibinogen)
SERUM – this is a straw-yellow liquid formed when clotted blood is allowed
to stand for some time and the blood contracts.
THE FOUR TEST FOR BLOOD
1. Preliminary Test – determines whether the stain contains blood or another
substance.
a. Benzidine Test
Postive Result – Intense blue color is produced
immediately.
b. Phenolphthalein Test
Positive Result – Rose color develops of deep pink color
or permanganate color
c. Guaiacum Test
Positive Result – Beautiful blue color that
appears immediately.
d. Leucomalachite Green Test
Positive result – malachite green or bluish green
2. Confirmatory test – it determines whether blood stains really contain
blood. It positively identifies blood.
 Haemochromogen Crystal Test or Takayamaa Test
 Postive result – Large rhombic crystal of a salmon pink
color arranged in cluster, sheaves and other forms that
appear within 6 minutes.
3. Precipitin Test – this is the standard test to determine whether the blood
stain is of human or animal origin.
Positive Result – A white cloudy line or ring band at the contact points of the
fluids that appears immediately or within two minutes.

7. Security Officers 4. Blood Grouping or Blood Testing

 Secure the crime scene by cordoning it with the police line or rope A-B-O SYSTEM
if it was not cordoned by the first responder or investigator-on-
case;
 Must not allow any unauthorized person from entering the crime Blood typing (M-N System)
scene;
 Ensures that all crime investigators who are attending to the SEMEN AND SEMINAL STAINS
processing of a crime scene, log their names in the Crime Scene Semen – a viscid whitish fluid of the male reproductive tract consisting of
Contamination Sheet, with date and time of entry and exit from spermatozoa suspended in the secretion of accessory glands.
the scene as well as their individual purpose.
1.5 to 3.5 cc – is the normal amount of semen per ejaculation of a normal
built person.

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) EVIDENCE 400 – 500 million spermatozoa is released by a healthy young man in a
single ejaculation
The following biological sample with their recommended
quantities should be collected for DNA analysis: COLLECTION OF SEMEN
1. Semen on clothing and such other apparel should be air dried before
1. Wet Blood 1 – 2 ml packing.
2. Bloodstain 1 gram 2. Fluid semen should be placed in a test tube. It may be preserved by a few
3. Saliva / Buccal Scrapping 4 cotton buds drops of 10% solution of formalin during hot whether.
4. Semen / Seminal Stain 3 Swabs
5. Urine 100 ml SEMEN AND SEMINAL STAIN EXAMINATION
6. Hair with Follicles or Root Bulb 2 – 5 pieces 1. Physical Examination
7. Muscle, Tissue, and Cells 15mg each a. Semen when air dry gives stiff, starchy feeling to the cloth and
8. Bones and Organ 1 – 5 grams produces slight deeping of the color with the disappearance of the
9. Sperm Cells 3 Swabs odor.
10. Dried Tissues 100 mg b. Seminal stains exhibits fluorescence under the ultraviolet light
c. Grayish white, sometimes yellowish stain
NOTES ON FORENSIC CHEMISTRY and TOXICOLOGY d. They have an appearance or outline of a contour map
e. They may have a reddish tint in case of old man.
Forensic Chemistry – this specialized branch of chemistry deals with the 2. Chemical Examination
application of chemical principles in the solution of problems that arise in

Notes on Special Crime Investigation and Forensic Chemistry by CFR 8

 a. Florence Test – a preliminary test, the presence of spermatozoa
confirms the presence of seminal stain
Procedure: Cut a portion of the stain and divide into small bits and soak in
saline solution. Transfer to slide, tease and evaporate. Add a drop of florence
reagent and examine under the microscope.
Positive result – Dark brown, rhombic or needle shape that occur singly or in
cross even grouped in clusters.
b. Barberio’s Test – this test is almost specific for human.
Seminal stain as old as 6 year old is said to respond to this test.
Positive Result – Crystals that are slender yellowish, rhomboid
needles with obtuse angle
3. Medulla or Core – the most characteristic portion of the hair. It is the
central canal of the hair that may be empty or may contain various sorts of
cells more or less pigmented and begins more or less near the root.
THE MEDULLARY INDEX (M.I.) – the relationship between the diameter
of the medulla and the diameter of the whole hair.
The medullary index is an estimate of the width of the hair taken
up by the medulla; it is usually expressed as a fraction. The index generally
has a value less than 1/3 for humans; for most other animals the value is 1/2
or greater.
Not all human hairs have a medulla.

c. Acid Phosphatase Test – this test replaced the florence test in
reliability and was shown to be specific for human and higher apes.
Positive Result – Orange-red pigment.
3. Microscopic Examination – the purpose is to determine the presence of
spermatozoa. The identification of spermatozoa is at present the only
specific test for semen.
Spermatozoa – small object with a pear-shaped head, behind which is a short
neck and then a tail about ten times as long as the head.
DETERMINATION OF WHETHER OR NOT A PERSON FIRED A
GUN
Human head hairs generally exhibit no medullae or have
fragmented ones; they rarely contain a continuous medulla. One exception is
the Mongoloid race. Mongoloids head hairs usually have a continuous
medulla.
EXAMINATION OF GLASS
GLASS – super cooled liquid that possess highly viscosity and rigidity. It is
non-crystalline inorganic substance.
SPECTROGAPHIC ANALYSIS – an instrumental method of analysis that
determines the presence of trace elements. In the examination of glass, it
shows the constituent elements of a glass.

Diphenylamine-Paraffin Test or Dermal Nitrate Test or Lunge’s CONCENTRIC AND RADIAL CRACKS
Diphenylamine Test – this test is performed to determine whether a person Concentric cracks are fractures forming in an approximately
fired a gun or not with his bare hands. circular pattern around the point of impact. Radial cracks are fractures
extending outward from the point of impact.
a. Paraffin Test – the taking of the cast of the left and right hands to extract 3R’s Rule for Radial Crack
the nitrates. “Stress lines on a radial crack will be at right angle to the rear side
of the glass”
b. Diphenylamine test or DPA Test – determines the presence and
distribution nitrates. It is the chemical aspect of examination. RFC Rule on Concentric Crack
Reagent: Diphenylamine reagent of DPA reagent (0.5 gram diphenylamine “Stress lines on a concentric crack will be at right angle to the front
powder dissolved in 100ml of sulfuric acid. side”

Positive Result: Deep blue specks develop when nitrates comes in contact
with DPA reagent.
DETERMINATION OF THE PROBABLE TIME WHEN THE GUN
HAS BEEN FIRED
Procedure: The barrel is swabbed with cotton with the aid of a barbeque stick
and the presence of the following is determined microscopically and
chemically:
1. Rust – formation of rust inside the barrel of the gun.
If the gun has not been fired at all, no rust can be
detected inside the gun barrel.
If gun has been fired, iron salts are formed and are
found inside the barrel. These iron salts are soon oxidized, thus resulting in
the formation of rust.
EXAMINATION OF METAL
METTALURGY – the art of extracting and working on metals by the
application of chemical and physical knowledge.
MACRO ETCHING - It is the chemical process of determining the
authenticity of the engine and chassis numbers of a motor vehicle which is a
requirement before a clearance is used for registration of newly transferred
vehicle from dealers, owners or buyers.
MICRO ETCHING - It is the chemical process of restoring erased or
tampered engine and chassis numbers. The process is by continuous
application of strong acid on the suspected tampered or erased numbers.

2. Nitrite – presence of nitrites (NO2) is determined by the addition of

diphenylamine (DPA) reagent. If the color becomes blue nitrites are present;
and therefore the firearm may have been fired recently.

3. Nitrate – presence of nitrates (NO3) is determined by the addition of

diphenylamine (DPA) reagent. If the color turned yellow green nitrates are
present; and therefore the firearm may have been fired but not recently.

3. Soot – black substance that is formed by combustion, rises in fine particles

and adheres to the side of the barrel conveying the smoke

4. Metallic Fragment

EXAMINATION OF HAIR
HAIR – is a specialized outgrowth of the skin which occurs everywhere on
the human body except on the palm of the hands and the soles of the feet.

TWO KINDS OF HAIR

1. Real Hair – generally long and stiff
2. Fuzz Hair – generally short, fine at times curly and woody

PARTS OF HAIR
1. Root – portion embedded in the skin
2. Tip – sometimes termed Point. The distal end of uncut hair.
3. Shaft – portion above the surface of the skin. The most distinctive part of
the hair.

PARTS OF THE SHAFT

1. Cuticle – outmost covering of the hair. It consists of one layer of non-
nucleated polygonal cells which overlaps like the scales on the fish.
2. Cortex – the intermediate and the thickest layer of the shaft and is
composed of elongated, spindle-shaped fibrils which cohere.

Notes on Special Crime Investigation and Forensic Chemistry by CFR 9