GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
Osmotic pressure – pressure that has to be
TYPES OF SOLUTION
*Solution – a homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances the composition are uniformly distributed
1. Amount of solute dissolved in a solvent
a. Dilute solution – low concentration; also
known as unsaturated solution
b. Saturated Solution – amount of solute
dissolve in a given amount solvent is
maximum.
- Rate of dissolving is equal to the rate
of crystallizing.
c. Super Saturated solution –more than
maximum. The excess solute crystallizes
and the solution is back to a saturated
solution
2. Presence of solute in and out of a membrane
a. Hypotonic solution
- any solution that has a lower osmotic
pressure than another solution
- In the biological fields, this generally
refers to a solution that has less
solute and more water than
another solution.
b. Isotonic solution
- two solutions having the same
osmotic pressure across a
semipermeable membrane
c. Hypertonic solution
- type of solution that has a greater
concentration of solutes on the outside
of a cell when compared with the
inside of a cell.
ENERGY OF SOLUTION FORMATION
Solvation process – solute particles is surrounded by
the solvent particle
*if solvent is water – hydration process
*In the process, the solute – solute interactions and 3.
the solvent – solvent interaction must be distributed applied to pure solvent
before a solution is formed *Osmosis – process w/c solvent tend to pass
*In a state function system, to analyze the energy through a semipermeable
involved in solution formation, a thermochemical 4. Vapor pressure – equal to the mole fraction of
process in 3 steps is used. the solvent multiplied by the vapor pressure of
the pure liquid known as Raoult’s law
Enthalpy of Solution: ΔHsoln = ΔH1 + ΔH2+ ΔH3
H1 – enthalpy of the solvent
H2 – enthalpy of the solute
H3 – enthalpy of the solute – solvent interactions
*Insoluble – a high enthalpy of the solution
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF DISSOLVING
1. Stirring or agitation – affect how fast a solute
dissolves in a solvent but it has on effect on
how much solute will dissolve
Ex. Coffee added to a cup of water will
dissolves faster if a teaspoon is used to agitate
the solution
2. Heating – gives the solvent particles more
kinetic energy.
Ex. Coffee dissolves in hot water than cold
water
3. Powdering – the smaller the size of the solute
particles, the greater is the surface area in
contact with the solvent
Ex. Powdered coffee dissolves faster than
granulated coffee.
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTE
SOLUTION AND NON – ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION
*Electrolyte – a solution that contain ions, atoms or
molecule that lost or gained electron
*Nonelectrolyte – a solution that does not conduct
electricity due to absence of ions or charged particles
1. Boiling point elevation -  boiling of the
solvent due to the addition of solute
ΔT = mKb
2. Freezing point depression -  freezing of the
solvent due to the addition of solute
ΔT = mKf
 MOLARITY
What is the molarity of a solution made when 32.7
g of NaOH are dissolved to make 445 mL of solution?
Solution
To use the definition of molarity, both quantities
must be converted to the proper units. First, convert
the volume units from milliliters to liters:

Now we convert the amount of solute to moles, using

the molar mass of NaOH, which is 40.0 g/mol:

Now we can use the definition of molarity to

determine the molar concentration:

Test Yourself
What is the molarity of a solution made when 66.2 g
of C6H12O6 are dissolved to make 235 mL of solution?
Calculate the molarity of a 0.396 molal glucose
(C6H12O6) solution. The molar mass of glucose is
180.2 and the density of the solution is 1.16g/mL.
Answer

In working problems of this type, the mass of the solution

must be converted to volume. Since 0.396m glucose
solution contains 0.396 moles of glucose in 1 kg of water,
the total mass of the solutions is
Answer
1.57 M

MOLE FRACTION
What are the mole fraction of glucose and water in a
solution containing 4.75g of glucose,
C6H12O6 dissolved in 25.2g of water?