FLUID STATICS

BES 4/L FLUID MECHANICS

 PRESSURE
is defined as the ratio of normal force
to area at a point.
Ex.
The pressure in a balloon will push on a
water column upward about 8 inches.
Engineers state that the pressure in the
balloon is 8 inches of water.
 PRESSURE

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
pressure measured relative to zero pressure.
GAGE PRESSURE
A pressure value when pressure is measured relative to
prevailing local atmospheric pressure.
 PRESSURE
VACUUM PRESSURE
is defined as the difference between atmospheric
pressure and actual pressure.

Pabs = Patm + Pgage

Pabs = Patm - Pvacuum
Pvaccum = - Pgage
PRESSURE HEAD

P = wh
P = gage pressure
h = pressure head
w = weight density
VELOCITY HEAD

h = velocity head
v = velocity of fluid
g = gravity
 HYDRAULIC MACHINES
uses components such as pistons, pumps, and hoses to
transmit forces and energy using fluids.

HYDROSTATIC EQUATION
is used to predict pressure variation in a fluid with constant
density.
 HYDROSTATIC EQUATION

PZ = Piezometric Pressure
h = Piezometric Head
 EXAMPLE
What is the water
pressure at a depth of
35 ft in the tank
shown?
 EXAMPLE
Oil with a specific gravity of 0.80
forms a layer 0.90 m deep in an
open tank that is otherwise filled
with water. The total depth of
water and oil is 3 m. What is the
gage pressure at the bottom of
the tank?
 PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
BAROMETER
An instrument that is used
to measure atmospheric
pressure.
 PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
BOURDON-TUBE GAGE
measures pressure by sensing the deflection of a coiled tube.
The tube has an elliptical cross section and is bent into a
circular arc.
 PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
PIEZOMETER
is a vertical tube, usually transparent,
in which a liquid rises in response to a
positive gage pressure.

MANOMETER
often shaped like the letter “U,” is a
device for measuring pressure by
raising or lowering a column of liquid.
 EXAMPLE
What is the pressure of the air in the tank if l1=40 cm, l2=100
cm, and l3=80 cm?
 PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
is a device that converts pressure to an electrical signal. are
designed to produce electronic signals that can be transmitted
to oscillographs or digital devices for record-keeping or to
control other devices for process operation.
 FORCES ON PLANE SURFACES
PLANE SURFACE OR PANEL
- is a flat surface of arbitrary shape.
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
- the pressure at all points along a surface
 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION
the pressure distribution when a pressure distribution is
produced by a fluid in hydrostatic equilibrium.
EXAMPLE
 BOUYANCY
Is defined as the upward force that is produced on a body that
is totally or partially submerged in a fluid when the fluid is in a
gravity field.
 BOUYANCY
A. Weight of object in air

B. If the object is floating

C. If the object is submerged