Name : …………………….……………………………….

LIST OF DEFINITIONs AND MEANINGs IN CHEMISTRY FORM 5 Class : ………...

Terminology is/are a/the .. Description
CHAPTER 10 : RATE OF REACTIONS
1. Rate of reaction = . of .of reactant or product of reaction in a unit ..
2. Average rate of = Rate of reaction in a certain .of time
reaction
3. Instantaneous rate of = Rate of reaction at a certain .time mentioned.
reaction
4. Observable changes = Quantity that undergoes changing in reaction which can be used in determining .of the reaction. E.g: volume
of gas collected, intensity of colour, decreasing in mass of reactant, formation of precipitate.
5. Catalyst = . that can .the rate of reaction and does not change .at the end of reaction.
Normally it is a kind of transition metal or compound of transition metal.
6. Activation energy, Ea = Minimum . that required by particles of reactants that .each other so that the reaction can be occurred.
7. Collision theory = Theory said that the reaction only can be occurred when the particles collide .each other.
8. Effective collision = Collision of reactant particles that collect enough energy to overcome the .energy of system to produce
product.
9. Energy profile = Diagram that represent how particles of reactants .certain amount of energy to overcome the activation
diagram energy of the reaction system before formation of product.
10. Frequency of = Number of effective collisions between .of reactant per unit time
effective collision
CHAPTER 11 : CARBON COMPOUNDS
11. Organic compounds = Covalent compounds that origin from .organism that contains carbon as one of the elements exist.
E.g.: carbohydrates, proteins & fats
12. Inorganic carbon = Covalent or ionic that contains carbon element in it but not from .things.
compounds compounds E.g.: carbon dioxide, metal carbonate etc.
13. Hydrocarbon = (Covalent) . that build up by carbon atom(s) and hydrogen atom .. They can be alkanes, alkenes or alkynes.
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compound
14. Saturated = Hydrocarbon compound that build up by 100% of .covalent bonds in their molecules. It is a kind of alkanes compound.
hydrocarbon E.g.: methane, ethane, propane
15. Unsaturated = Hydrocarbon compounds that contains at least one . (double or triple) covalent bond in their molecules. It can be from
hydrocarbon alkene or alkyne group. E.g.: ethane, butane, hexene
16. Alkanes = Saturated hydrocarbon where each of carbon atom in its molecule is bonded to four other atoms (carbon or hydrogen) by single
compound covalent t bonds. All members of the family are ended their names by ‘ane’. CnH2n+2 is its general formula.
17. Alkenes = Unsaturated where at least a pair of carbon atoms in the molecule are bonded by .covalent bond. All
hydrocarbon compound members of the family are ended their names by ‘ene’.Its general formula is CnH2n.
18. Homologous series = Family / Group of the carbon compounds with their own general formula, .group, chemical properties and
method of ..
19. General formula = Formula that represents each of .series of carbon compound specifically.
E.g.: alkanes (CnH2n+2); alkenes (CnH2n); alcohols (CnH2n+1OH); carboxylic acids (CnH2n+1COOH)
20. Structural formula = Formula that represents the way how atoms are .in the molecules. Functional group is shown clearly in
the structure.
21. Functional group = Group of . in an organic compound that determine the .properties of the molecule. The chemical reaction
or bond occurs at the specific functional group. E.g.: alkenes (carbon-carbon double bond); alcohols (hydroxyl).
22. Combustion of = Chemical reaction involved by carbon compounds when react with excess .gas where most of products of the
carbon compound reactions are carbon dioxide and water. E.g.: C3H6 + O2  3CO2 + 3H2O
23. Substitution reaction = Chemical reaction involved by alkanes when react with .where each of hydrogen atoms in the molecules are
substituted by halogen atoms step by steps. E.g.: C2H6 + 6Cl2  C2Cl6 + 6HCl
24. Addition reaction = Chemical reaction involved by alkenes when atoms or group of atoms are added to each of .atom that bonded to carbon-
carbon double bond to form a single product. E.g.: hydrogenation, halogenation, oxidation, polymerisation.
25. Hydrogenation of = Chemical reaction involved by alkenes when react with .gas where both of carbon atoms of the carbon-carbon
alkenes double bond are added by hydrogen atoms respectively to form a corresponding .molecule.
E.g.: C2H4 + H2  C2H6

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26. Halogenation of = Chemical reaction involved by alkenes when react with .where both of carbon atoms of the carbon-carbon double
alkenes bond are added by halogen atoms respectively to form a corresponding .molecule.
E.g.: C2H4 + H2  C2H6
27. Hydration of alkenes = Chemical reaction involved by alkenes when react with .where both of carbon atoms of the carbon-carbon double bond
are added by hydrogen atom and hydroxyl group respectively to form a corresponding .molecule.
E.g.: C2H4 + H2O  C2H5OH
28. Oxidation of alkenes = Chemical reaction involved by alkenes when react with strong .agent solution where both of carbon atoms of the carbon-
carbon double bond are added by hydroxyl groups respectively to form a corresponding .molecule.
E.g.: C2H4 + H2O + [O] C2H4(OH)2
29. Isomerism = Phenomenon whereby two or more . (called as isomers) are found to have the same molecular formula (same type
and number of atoms) but shows different .formulae (the way how atoms and bonds are arranged).
30. Alcohol = Carbon compound that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms with at least one .group (-C – OH) is bonded
to the molecule covalently. E.g.: methanol, ethanol & propanol. The general formula for alcohol is CnH2n+1OH
31. Fermentation = Process of making alcohols .by adding yeast to sugar or carbohydrates and left in a warm place for a
several days in the absence of air (anaerobic).
32. Dehydration of = Chemical reaction involved by alcohols when react with .agent such as hot glazed porcelain chips where water
alcohol molecules are removed from the alcohol to form a corresponding .molecule.
E.g.: C3H7OH  C3H6 + H2O
33. Oxidation of alcohol = Chemical reaction involved by alcohols when react with strong .agent such as acidified potassium manganate(VII)
where oxygen atom is added to the alcohol to form a corresponding .acid molecule.
E.g.: C3H7OH + 2[O]  C2H5COOH + H2O
34. Carboxylic acid = Carbon compound that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms with at least one .group (-CO – OH) is bonded
to the molecule covalently. The general formula for it is CnH2n+1COOH
35. Esterification = Chemical reaction involved by carboxylic acid when react with .where .molecules are eliminated from
the combination to form a corresponding .molecule. Concentrated sulphuric acid is used as catalyst.
E.g.: C2H5COOH + C2H5OH  C2H5CO-O-C2H5 + H2O
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36. Ester = Carbon compound that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms with one .group (-CO – O-) which joining the
molecular part derives from carboxylic acid and part that derives from alcohol.
E.g.: ethyl ethanoate C2H5CO-O-C2H5 & propyl methanoate HCO-O-C3H7
37. Fats = Natural saturated ester that derived from a variety of long-chain .carboxylic acid (saturated fatty acid) and glycerol.
Naturally found as .of saturated fats at room temperature.
38. Oils = Natural unsaturated that derived from a variety of long-chain .carboxylic acid (unsaturated fatty acid) and glycerol.
ester Naturally found as .of unsaturated fats at room temperature.
39. Saturated fats = Fats which contains lipids (ester) of glycerol and .fatty acids. E.g.: tristearin and tripalmitin.
40. Unsaturated fats = Fats which contains lipids (ester) of glycerol and .fatty acids. E.g.: triolein and trilinolein.
41. Hydrogenation of = Chemical reaction involved by unsaturated fat when reacts with .gas where both of carbon atoms of the carbon-
unsaturated fats (making margarine) carbon double bond in fatty acid are added by hydrogen atoms respectively to form a saturated fat molecule.
42. Polyisoprene = Carbon compound of natural rubber that made up from polymerisation of isoprene molecules ( )
43. Latex = Milky fluid of trees that consist of aqueous suspension of colloidal .particles.
44. Coagulation of latex = . of .of latex when added by acid (formic acid) as the hydrogen ions neutralise the negative charges
on protein membrane and breaks up to set the rubber polymers free and then .one another.
45. Vulcanisation of = Process of converting raw rubber into tough and useful (vulcanised) rubber by adding .and heated
rubber carefully. The sulphur cross-linkages improve the weaknesses of raw rubber into more ., tougher
and more heat resist.
46. Sulphur cross-linkage = Links of sulphur atom(s) that inserted between adjacent .of rubber polymers at the carbon-carbon
double bonds.
CHAPTER 12 : OXIDATION & REDUCTION (REDOX)
47. Redox = Chemical . that involved by the processes of oxidation and reduction which occur ..
48. Oxidation = . whereby a chemical particle in a chemical reaction undergoes - the .in oxidation number // the
losin g of electron(s) // the addition of oxygen atom(s)

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49. Reduction = . whereby a chemical particle in a chemical reaction undergoes - the .in oxidation number // the
losin g of electron(s) // the addition of oxygen atom(s)
50. Oxidizing agent = Chemical that .other substance but the chemical itself undergoes reduction process.
E.g.: chlorine water, acidified manganate(VII) solution, acidified & hydrogen peroxide.
51. Reducing agent = Chemical that reduces other substance but the chemical itself undergoes .process.
E.g.: reactive metals, potassium iodide solution, hydrogen sulphide gas & iron(II) sulphate solution
52. Metal displacement = Chemical reaction that occurs when a more .metal displace a less electropositive metal from its salt solution.
E.g.: Mg + CuSO4  MgSO4 + Cu
53. Metal corrosion = Redox reaction that occurs when the metal is oxidised .by losing its electrons to form metal ions.
n+
General equation : M  M + ne
54. Iron rusting = Metal corrosion that involved by .when exposed to air and .(humidity)
55. Sacrificial metal = More electropositive that undergoes .first when it is in contact with a .electropositive metal by losing its
metal electrons (undergoes oxidation)
56. Reactivity series of = Arrangment of elements according to the tendency to react / combine with .to form oxides (esp. metal oxides)
elements
CHAPTER 13 : THERMOCHEMISTRY
57. Thermochemistry = Science discipline that study the relationship between the changing in .energy and chemical reaction.
58. Exothermic reaction = Chemical reaction that occurs when the total of heat energy .(to the surroundings) is greater than the total of heat
energy absorbed. Generally, it causes the temperature ..
59. Endothermic reaction = Chemical reaction that occurs when the total of heat energy . (from the surroundings) is greater than the total of
heat energy released. Generally, it causes the temperature ..
60. Energy level diagram = Diagram that describes the total energy .from reactants to product in a chemical reaction.
61. Heat of reaction = Heat (energy) change occurs in a chemical reaction from the processes of bonds .and bonds formation.

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62. Heat of precipitation = Heat . when 1 mol of an .salt is formed from its ions pair in aqueous solutions.
E.g.: BaCl2 + Na2SO4  BaSO4(p) + 2NaCl ∆H = -42 kJ mol-1
63. Heat of metal = Heat . when 1 mol of a metal is .from its (salt) solution by a .electropositive metal.
displacement -1
E.g.: Fe + CuCl2  Cu + FeCl2 ∆H = -151 kJ mol
64. Heat of = Heat . when 1 mol of .is produced from neutralisation of an acid with an ..
neutralization -1
E.g.: HNO3 + NaOH  NaNO3 + H2O ∆H = -57 kJ mol
65. Heat of combustion = Heat . when 1 mol of a .is burnt completely in air / (in excess oxygen).
E.g.: C3H7OH + O2  3CO2 + 4H2O ∆H = -1934 kJ mol-1
66. Fuel value = Heat quantity released by 1 . of fuel that burnt completely in air.
CHAPTER 14 : CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS
67. Soap = Sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids that produced from .process.
E.g.: potassium palmitate & sodium stearate.
68. Saponification = Process whereby .of strong alkali reacts with animal fats or plant .to produce glycerol and
soap molecules. The process also known as alkaline hydrolysis of natural ester.
69. Detergent = Sodium or potassium salt of sulphonic acid or alkyl .sulphonic acid that produced from alkylation and neutralisation reactions.
E.g.: sodium alkyl sulphate & potassium alkylbenzene sulphonate.
70. Hydrophobic = .part in soap and detergent molecules that can be dissolved in .substance such as oil and grease
71. Hydrophilic = .part in soap and detergent molecules that can be dissolved in ..
72. Hard water = . that contains a lot of calcium and .ions which will form .(grey solid) with soap.
E.g.: sea water, river water, magnesium sulphate solution, calcium nitrate solution.
73. Non-biodegradable = Substance that cannot be decomposed .due to the complex structure in their molecules.
74. Food additives = Chemicals that added in a small quantity into food in order to improve its ., texture and taste.

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75. Preservatives = Chemicals that being used in food in order to keep food .longer.
E.g.: sodium nitrite, benzoic acid, salt, vinegar & sulphur dioxide gas.
76. Anti-oxidants = Chemicals that being used in food in order to prevent food from easily ..
E.g.: Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherol (vitamin E) & sodium citrate
77. Flavourings = Chemicals that can .the taste of food.
E.g.: monosodium glutamate, aspartame & ester
78. Colouring agents = Chemicals that can make the food looked more ..
E.g.: brilliant blue FCF, tartrazine & triphenyl dyes.
79. Stabilisers / = Chemicals that can improve the texture of food by mixing both fats and ..
Emulsifiers E.g.: lecithin & diglycerides.
80. Thickening agents = Chemicals that can improve texture of food by .the food.
E.g.: pectin, acacia gum, gelatine & xanthan gum.
81. Traditional medicine = Chemicals that extracted from .resources such as plant and animal without any chemical process
82. Modern medicine = Chemicals that synthesized in .by chemical process with certain purposes and functions.
83. Analgesics = Modern medicine that can .pain without affecting consciousness. E.g. paracetamol, aspirin & codeine.
84. Antibiotics = Modern medicine that can be used in killing or slow down the .of bacteria. E.g. penicillin & streptomycin.
85. Psychotherapeutics = Modern medicine that can be used to alter abnormal thinking, feelings or .who suffered by people with mental
illness. It is divided into stimulant, antidepressant & antipsychotic.
86. Stimulant = Drug / medicine that can reduce .and elevate mood. E.g. : amphetamine & methylphenidate
87. Antidepressant = Drug / medicine that can reduce .and anxiety. E.g. : tranquillisers & barbiturates
88. Antipsychotic = Drug / medicine that used to treat .illness such as schizophrenia. E.g. : chlorpromazine & clozapine.
89. Sedative = Drug that slows down the physical and .processes and can cause calmness and sleepy effect.

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