“Tutorial no 1 and 2”

Concept:
1) list and discuss the types of data?
 In the data collection point of view there are two type of data
i) Primary data
ii) Secondary data
iii) Categorical data
iv) Numeric data
 In nature point of view:
i) Qualitative data
ii) Quantitative data
 Qualitative data includes:
i) Nominal data
ii) Ordinal data
 Qualitative data includes
i) Continuous data
ii) discrete data
iii) internal data
iv) ratio

2) List of type of variable:

The following are the types of variable
i) Dependent variable
Example: health and growth of plant. Because health and growth are dependent on water amount
or fertilizer amount.
ii) Independent Variable:
Example: amount of water and salt or fertilizer given to the plant/
iii) Control Variable:
Example: the temperature and light in the room the plants are kept in.
3) How to describe the type of data?
The data represents characteristics are called categorical data. The categorical data present in the
form of groups. Nominal data represents discrete units and are used to label variable including
name etc. ordinal data represents ordered units. These above discussed data types cover the
qualitative data.
The Qualitative data is the type in which the values or observations are countable or take
numeric values. Discrete data is also a sub type of numerical data. Continuous data represents
measurements and the value can’t be counted but measured under the interval and ratio scale.
Type of data is based on what we want to do with data. And how we want to collect.
4) Discuss how to present different type od data
Different types of data can be presented through these different graph or charts.
i) Column chart
ii) Histogram
iii) Bar chart
iv) Scatter Plot
v) Box plot
vi) Pie chart
vii) Frequency polygram
5) Discuss differenc b/w proportion and rate?
Proportion and rate both are types of ratio, proportion is a type of ratio that relates a part to a
whole. While rates are special type of ratio that incorporate the dimensions of the time into
denominator.
6) Explain how to calculate prevalence?
Prevelance can be calculated by using the formula:
(Number of person selected * 100) / Number of person measured = prevelance (%)
This is how we calculate the prevelance.
7) Explain how to calculate incidence rate using 2 methods?
Method 1:
Incidence rate= number of new cases of disease / time totaled for all person
Method 2:
IR = new cases of disease / no. of persons at risk
8) Explain how to calculate Sensitivity?
The sensitivity of any case is calculated as the no. of diseased that area correctly classified
divided by all the diseased individuals.
For example we have 108 true positives and total positive results are 200, so we use this
expression to calculate sensitivity:
Sensitivity = ( True positives * 100) / Total diseased
9) Explain how to calculate specificity
The specificity is calculate by:
Specificity = ( true negatives * 100) / total non-diseased
10) Explain how to calculate relative risk (RR)?
RR is calculated by dividing the probability of an event occurring for group A by probability of
an event occurring for group B.
RR = ( A / (A+B)) / (C / (C+D))
11) Explain how to calculate odds ratio?
In 2x2 table with cells a,b,c and d odd-ratio is odds of the event in the exposure group ( a / b)
divided by the odds of the event in the central group or non-exposure group ( c / d).
Odd-ratio = ( a / b) / ( c / d)
12) Difference b/w RR and odd-ratio?
RR is similar to odd ratio. However, RR is calculated by using percentages and odd-ratio is
calculated by the ratio of odds.
In RR, a value indicates the neutral result, the chance of an occurring for one group is same for
group two and O represents the none of the cases in group 1 had the event occur while event
occur for group two.
In odds ratio, when odds ratio is equal to 1 it means that the exposure to property A does not
affect the odds property B. more than 1 means high odds of property B happening with exposure
to property A. and less than 1 means associated with lower odds.
13) Explain how to calculate measure of tendency from row data?
Mean, median, mode, quartiles, percentages are measure of central tendencies. And can be
calculated by using these formulas.
Mean = ∑X / n
Median = value of (n + 1) / 2 item (for odd number of n)
Median = value of (n / 2) item (for even number of n)
Mode = most repeated value in the data set.
Geometric mean = antilog ( ∑ log X / n )
Harmonic mean = n / ∑ ( 1 / x )
Q1 = value of (n / 4 )th item
Q2 = value of (3n / 4 )th item
Di = value of (i ( n + 1)) / 10 i= 1,2,…, 9
Pa = value of (an / 100 )th item where a = 1,2,…,99

14) Advantages and Disadvantages:

Advantage Disadvantage
Mean Considered all observations Effected with extreme values
Median Does not effected with extreme Uses only mid values does not
values or outliers considered whole observation
Mode It is easy to calculate It is not based on all the
observations and not well defined.

15) frequency table:

A frequency table is constructed by arranging collected data values in ascending order of magnitude
with their corresponding frequencies

Example

N0. Of members Frequency Tally

1 2 II
2 4 IIII
3 3 III
4 6 IIII I
5 9 IIII IIII
6 10 IIII IIII

The sum of frequencies must be equal to N.

16) Measure of tendency from frequency table

It means this is grouped data so,
Mean = ∑ fX / ∑f
Median = l + ( h / f) ( ( n / 2) – c )
l = lower limit of median
h = height/size of the class interval of median class
f = frequency of median class
c = cumulative frequency of median class
( fm−f 1 )
Mode = l+ ∗h
( fm−f 1 ) +(fm−f 2)
l = lower limit of model class
fm = maximum frequency of model class
f1 = frequency of the class preceding the model class
f2 = frequency of the class following the model class
h = size of the model class interval
h 3n
Quartile = l+ ( −c)
f 4
Q2 = median
h 3n
Q3 = l+ ( −c)
f 4
h
Percentile = l+ ( ¿ −c) where i = 1,2,…,99
f 100
h
Di = l+ ( ¿ −c) where i = 1,2,…,9
f 10
17) Explain how to calculate the coefficient of correlation?
Coefficient of correlation is respresnted with r
n ( ∑ XY )−∑ X ∑ Y
r=
[ n ∑ X 2− ( ∑ X ) 2 ] ¿ ¿
∑XY = sum of product of X and Y
∑X2 = sum of square of X
∑Y2 = sum of square of Y
N = number of observations
18) how to interpret the coefficient of correlation?
r = -1 means perfect negative correlation or linear relationship
r = +1 means perfect positive linear relationship
r = 0 means there is no relationship or no correlation
r = -0.7 strong negative
r = -0.5 moderate negative
r = -0.3 low negative
r = 0.7 strong positive
r = 0.5 moderate positive
r = 0.3 low positive

QUESTION#03
Sol:
Prevalence N0. Of observations

Nursing students 39% 188

Tea worker 77% 54

OR
PREVELANCE
A 39% 74%

B 77% 25%
 Chart Title
2500

2000

1500

1000

500
Q#3
0
1955-1965 1970-1971 1975-1978 1980

Yes NO

Solution
a)
Class interval Frequency Relative frequency Cumulative relative
frequency
20-34 2 0.01 0.01
35-49 3 0.02 0.03
50-64 7 0.04 0.076
65-79 19 0.126 0.202
80-94 24 0.16 0.362
95-109 32 0.213 0.575
110-124 17 0.113 0.688
125-139 22 0.146 0.834
140-154 18 0.12 0.954
155-169 06 0.04 01
150

b) Using Formulae:
Mean = (15729 / 150) = 105.0
Median = 103.5
Mode = 117
Q1 = 82
Q3 = 128
Using Frequency table
Mean = ∑fX / ∑f
X f fX
27 2 54
 42 3 126
57 7 399
72 19 1368
87 24 2088
102 32 3264
117 17 1989
132 28 2904
147 18 2646
162 6 972

Mean = 15810 / 150 = 105.4

Median = l + ( h / f) ( ( n / 2) – c )
Cumulative Frequency C.I
2 2 20-34
5 3 35-49
12 7 50-64
31 19 65-79
55 24 80-94
87 32 95-109
104 17 110-124
126 22 125-139
144 18 140-154
150 6 155-169

l = 95
h = 14
f = 32
c = 55
Median = 95 + (14 / 32 ( 87 – 55) )
Median = 109
( fm−f 1 )
Mode = l+ ∗h
( fm−f 1 ) +(fm−f 2)
( 32−24 )
Mode = 95+ ∗14 = 100
( 32−24 ) +(32−17)
 Frequency
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
2 5 12 31 55 87 104 126 144 150

Frequency