888888888888




 


 


 
 







!"
 &! '()$%
 #
,-./01*  +)

2345016789:8;<=
23>?=>@A89>B1CDE
888888888888

OMNKLJI=GH
 F
  S QRPL
Z[XYW8UV89
 &! '() S T
]%% S \ I=
& S ^
 S 8_
23>B1CDE>ed  
c S `ab
23>a 8>4501
 
f 89 S KL

hg

23>?=
 >lmjk8i
 >@A89B1CDE
 

0300/0336-63.32.387:no
23>nvw
 \u  '>lt
 
ris q/@p
 
0300-48.40.053:no
M12 4DT:)€4}
 >
 ~>,-) |}l{zyEx
Jamia Islamia, Manchester M12 4DT, UK
Tel: 0044-787.715.1083, Mob: 0044-781.510.8503
23>a 8‹>‰Š@ˆ>‡
 †
 „8…
 LG-20>‚ƒ8
 
042-37.32.15.26, 0302-42.84.770:no
Œ 3

888888888888

‫ـــ‬òç‫ــ‬ʼn‫ـ‬Ē

11 Ž
12 ................................ 
–
 ”• 
 ‘’“




 
16.................. œm›š™
˜



—



  

16........................... $
#
"


!


—
 
 '

22 ............... ¡¢   %&
  
 žŸ
 P-
 — 

25 ..................... ¦…  ()
 8¥W ¤
 £
 
 

30................................................. ©ª¨ 8*+§
31................................................. ©ª«*+§
32............. 1¯0

/
.


I¬

‘ ­®– I¬,-



33 ........................................

2




33.................................................. 4



3


, 
33................................................... —\ °  85

38....................................................... 4
 8\ ±
38.............................................. œEµ‘´  ”³A²
39......................................................
6

4


42............ …À2¿½¾¼;8»º”¹¸·—8¶ 8
 4
Œ
;
888888888888

 = = /
<
42.......... ?
>


:Â

Á4


, 
98 7

3


, 
43............ Çƾ–ÅnÄn ÂÁ—Ã:
45.............. HG7%F


C
DE
BÉA
È

@


46....................... È„IJ%&



Ê%
48.............................. LKË-P-

Ê&
49.............................................. ÍÌ–MN


50............................... ?QR



%P





O

51................................ „S8T%&


Ê
'
51.................. HWX

VU


€\ÑÐÎÏ
52............. ]#
[\


Z

ØÙ



׀Ö ÕY


ÒÓ
Ô
53............... H^—

ÜÛÙÚ=%&



Ê
54............ ?áÏWà·—ÞßGÝÚ=%&
;
 = 
55............................. 
bc

= =9

`a8
_


55........... æ€de¦…=€ÃåPäGÝãQâ

57............. h
'g7


ãf


S8T%&

Ê
58.................éèç —jk


i



6
4


;
60......................o%&

êÙ

,
l%&
Lnm

61..................... „ë
pl

%&



Ê  (
61.............................. s

qr

—

ìÚ=%&

65..................... :

îâ íÙ”…l%&

;
67........................ vw
*u


t/
  = 




îâÈ
67............ áÏxòP-—¼;\ñïð
Œ 5

888888888888

68............. É8
y


”…l%&



Ê
70............................. Kõö

/

%Pz{


—óô
72...................................... 1øE€



~Z

—
|}


÷
73....................... Oý2ü ûú‚

ù
> 

úè8—
74....................................... ?
ÀÙ
 8þ



o
;
79 ...............O
 áÏ 
—ƒ
  
 áÏ  89


%P



81............................................ G® –—„  
90 .............................. 1?… 
 G® —
 
 å
  
  å

93............. O?
Ù¤å—5 œå
95.................................................. ƾ 8
97.................................................... ‡ˆ8=9…†

98 ............................. „$÷÷%”! ‰
 ò


¨
99......................................... Š—
ََ َ
100.................................'
ŒŒ
‫‹‹ ﻻ َو ِﺻ ّﻴﺔ ﻟ َِﻮ ِار ٍث‬


102.............................. Ž


n8   ‹
—
117..................................„$÷%ò
 P
  að

121..............................................   òP‹ að
127...................................... ‘!8LUVað

130.............................. 9“
8 ’
"

‘

l


|
P

133......................................... –


• 

”


 6
Œ
888888888888

135.................. D—˜
nÙÄ

aðg7



$
#


137............................ „$÷&'%”!
 %
 ò
 L3¾

138..................................... (”!™l

L3¾
139.................................... „”!™l

L3¾
140........................................ * L

)š›
141..................................... G®—+ î+
142....................................... ”!™l

L3¾
146...........................................œ'

-‘€

\,

149............................................... .”~ %


150............................................. .0¤”/ 8
;
151........................... s

¡

V
 

 žŸ


156....................................... \2Ï4Q3\2Ï1
164..............................................¢‘

5 —nÙÄ
 È
164¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥ 7£¤


”7

6
'



164.......................................... 8 òP A9:;
167..................... „$÷@%
 ?>=c
 <

170...............................$÷D%BC ¦
 ”!

´A '
170........... H
8;GFE

@

!
W

ª©

|¨

/
§

²
171.............. H´³

§

±=
8 —¯°|


­®
«¬
172........................................ '

s||}

'
¶·



µX
Œ 7

888888888888

  
  #
 
º


I¹



¸
að
 /
O
175‘’“


D»

 ¼ J
178............................... s ½


Ê
98 ‰

ã<
179................................. ¾ZÂÁ


¦WÀ
¾¿

َّ َ َ ‫ت‬َ ‫ﱶ‬ َ
ْ َ ‫€ ٔا ْﮐ‬UVað
186............... :QM.L¼;]KJ
”
 ~A¾  R
   QO
 P 
 ON
190....................................... ÄÃ

/
%P


g/
190........................ Æg

ÙT ”~A¾S
Å
190................................. vV6¤ØÙÐU ¤%P
190............ ¦ý2  lYš™—¼; 8‚XW
192.............................. Z—
%PÇ


%P



g/
193................................. „$÷[[%
 8 8¾L3¾


196.................... _^O‘


 5


È8É
g\]

¦


200................. 5

Âg7



Ê
ab`Ÿ—
202........................ Çhg´f–ednc Ê
205................ :¦m-dl·>æ8knÙÄ‚ji8
207..................... ?qW Ëpno¾
209....................... ?Ï


Î

sÍ


[



Õr



Ì
209...................................... L
K'
ÐÑ
= 

\
210.......................................utG sЀ8
 8
Œ
888888888888

215.................... —Ü˜wvÙœ8 8¾L3¾

216...................... OåE

%P


,(Ô

*u



Ó

Ò
220............ €
 €ØÙ ~
 Ð }
   ~{|
 Ø  z
 UV
  xy

220.......... ¾†8 …„ƒW‚8 —WÒÕ
;=
222............................................................×
,W8Ö
225.............................. ŒŒÛs
Ú
'
Ù
Ø



Š

‹‹
227............

 —±8
=9
%P

g/


xyò


 E
231.............. O‡ˆÝ

—É8Ü

!
%P


UV

xy
233.................................... ûŠ‰ 8ЀUVxy
238 ........................ ތÀ‹ 
238... ¦2
 Pû
 ¤
   „
 ‚j  ‘  
   
 ¼
 Ž
239............................... “8¼’8n—´‘n¬
240.................................................................... :|”
241 .................... –— —P1• P1¼
241...............
 —Ü
  P1
 ¼
   xyò
    E
241.............. :¦
8˜· ܨ 8–P1¼UVxy
243........... .œ” Ê Enš™L3¾ Ê
244........... — 8Ç©
?2Pd8
a — 8ß%P
247.................LÙŸž 
 a¤U€\aœ×2› nÙÄ
248.....................................\ i —¡
‚ 
'Þ

mnÙÄ
Œ 9

888888888888

248..................................... P3Ü£–¢W}
249..................... ¨¨ %§¦¦à© n=µ¥¤ \ i

250................. G®8k —á)©ÛL3¾ UVxy
251...................... âd

 8´A¾ª«UVá)


252............................... ­8EãY¬ —‚ ¡nÙÄ
254.............. ûˆäM¯‚8®¤\]¦¼Ž
255........ nÙÄX± °¤Å¤W©UVxy
256............. ³P;î⢼²¤å€nÙÄ
258.... ×Ù¶·
 µ  —  «¬
 — 8
   8  ´a”
 ”Ñ®

260........ ë—
ç
èê èé= {)

æ
˜

ç
¸š{)
 æ
˜
$i»ƒ%˜„ ÇIº ¹å˜
260............................................Oì ¼–` Ð
263........................ º
Ïåîâ
;
265................ H¾î£—í89€º½ W
;
267................... ¦ï¿·.n8=
 í89
274........................ ½ ” 8=nþòP-
275.................................... º½ „ P-1
276......................................º½ „ÀP-2
278................................... º½ „8v8ŸP-3
280................ ºä

'
É-
„
Â


%& 

×Á%&


>Õ%&


;
285.............................. 

ðñò%

Ê—Ö Õ
10
Œ
888888888888

285............................................ $'%×Á%&


288......................................... $@%ó&p

%&


290........................ ¾[#
ôÄMÃW;L3¾
293............ HÉ  Z
 ·   8Ç
 ~8PÈ   ÆÅ
 —
 óô
 õ ®

294 ....... ©ËÊ-—‚Xi»ƒ ÂÁ

  ÎÏ
 è ×3
 —
   $÷&'%@Íi
   &jL Ì
 c 
296.................... ÔÓ  ÒÏ
 aL  Ñ
 Ð
 
 ”ŸR
  
 
306............ „‘×'
÷


õö


Õð
Ö=
306.............................................. ø ‘Ø
ÙÚۋ ܖ   %&
 

306...................................... ŒŒ"
  ©ŽnÙĦ¦

310........... ý2æ{ â
á à
ß ° n=
 ¤©kŸ²¤5ÞÝ
312............................  ‹ ¸;nÙħ

 8E:ãPL



