ASSIGNMENT

SBEQ2632 ENGINEERING SURVEY

STUDENT NAME MATRIC NO.

LILY NURIANI BINTI WARIS A19BE0095

MASYITA ISMA REZKYA A19BE0363

NUR ATHIRAH IZZATI BINTI MAZMI A19BE0185

NUR FATIHAH BINTI MOHAMMAD ZAMNI A19BE0195

NUR SYAIRA BINTI MOHD ZUKI A19BE0200

LASER SCANNER

c) Choose one survey measurement technology (e.g. echo sounder, Global Positioning
System (GPS), remote sensing, laser scanner, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), etc).
Discuss how this technology can help solve some of the land/water related issues.

1.0 Introduction

3D laser scanner

Laser scanning is the most important method of acquiring information about the structures
that are interesting to engineering surveying. Laser scanners collect information in the form
of point cloud data, which consists millions of 2D & 3D coordinate (XYZ COORDINATE)

Back to the 1960s, this equipment was basic, only consisting of cameras, projectors, and
lights. in 1960 was the first scanning system that took a lot of time to process data. Then, in
1985, these simple scanners were replaced with LiDAR systems that means high quality
scanners that use laser beams and shadowing to collect all data relating to objects and
surfaces.

And now, modern laser scanners can collect detailed point clouds, also with point processing
software, these data can create digital 3D models of the scanned environment.

There are three types of laser scanners such as phase shift, time of flight & triangulation.

1.1 How does laser scanning work?

1.1.2 Time of flight
 Time-of-flight is one of the central principles of laser scanning. This relates to
the use of a laser range-finder to time a light pulse's round trip from the
scanner to the object and back again.

As the speed of light is a known constant, it is possible to measure the distance

between the scanner and the object by calculating the time it takes for the light
pulse to return to the scanner. The formula for calculating the distance
dependent on flight time is therefore simply as follows:
c ×t
d=
2
As a result, the precision of a time-of-flight sensor is based on the chronometer
accuracy of the laser scanner.
Its long-distance capability is the key benefit of this technique, which is why
some time-of-flight scanners are used for large-scale survey projects. It is
however impossible to precisely calculate an amount as miniscule as the time
it takes for a pulse of light to make a round trip in a quality laboratory. For
applications involving high-accuracy measurements, which is why time-of-
flight sensors alone are inadequate.

1.1.3 Triangulation

To counter the decreased precision that comes with time-of-flight calculations,

many handheld scanners use triangulation. For eg, a camera that monitors the
laser dots projected onto scanned subjects is also implemented by handheld
 laser scanners. This helps the scanners to triangulate the subjects' distance
even more accurately than with calculations of time-of-flight alone. However
while triangulation allows for higher accuracy, it also restricts the scanner's
effective range.

The advantages of laser scanner

● Accuracy: General contractors and project managers achieve EXACT site conditions
(down to the millimetre) with a simple non-harmful laser scan that their trade teams
can then rely on to make organised and precise project plans for construction. Field
teams will ensure that all the designed components (ductwork, electrical, waste pipe,
etc.) match together on the first attempt with the physical dimensions of the room and
objects inside instead of having to go back to the drawing board. Goodbye expensive
work order modifications.
● Speed: Laser scanning has been shown to reduce the time it takes to measure
construction sites dramatically, often by even 75%! One laser scanner can do in a day
what a team of 2-6 will take one week by collecting millions of data points per
second.
● Cost: If 75 percent of the time spent on-site for calculation decreases, so does the cost.
But cost savings aren't all saved by man-hours. Inaccurate site measurements will
result in extra costs, which add up rapidly, in equipment rentals, man-hours,
additional trade materials, and project delays. Teams can easily schedule and avoid
these expensive disturbances with the specific site conditions given by the laser
scanner.

Discuss how this technology (laser scanner) can help solve some of the land/water
related issues.

If it is silt, clay and/or sand, and the size and geometry of the open spaces, or soil pores, the
soil structure determines how water flows through it and how fast it is. 'Hydraulic
conductivity' is the property that quantifies the rate of movement of water.

To scan and accurately demonstrate large soil pores, a Multistripe Laser Triangulation (MLT)
scanner has been adapted to (macropores). By comparing soil when it is dry to when it is
saturated with water, the use of the MLT scanner enables soil hydrologists to predict water
movement. To understand the recharge rates of aquifers, it is important to predict water
movement in the soil, making management of this resource potentially more effective and
efficient. This is particularly important for farmers in areas where drought is plaguing them.

The technology could also help researchers and farmers better understand water runoff, soil
erosion, how sediment is added to the soil (i.e. deposition), and surface water reservoir
sedimentation. It could also predict how nutrients are transported inside the soil.

REFERENCES

● Laser helps measure water in soil. (2018, October 11). Retrieved November 26, 2020,
from https://wle.cgiar.org/solutions/laser-helps-measure-water-soil
● DJMCADCoordination. (n.d.). Top 5 Benefits of Laser Scanning. Retrieved
November 26, 2020, from https://caddjm.com/top-5-benefits-of-laser-scanning-in-
construction/
● Wright, I. (n.d.). Quality Basics: How Does 3D Laser Scanning Work? Retrieved
November 26, 2020, from
https://www.engineering.com/AdvancedManufacturing/ArticleID/12390/Quality-
Basics-How-Does-3D-Laser-Scanning-Work.aspx