Analytical Chemistry

College of basic education

Third semester
Mr Reving A. Rashid
BSc, MSc

Email: Revingrashid04@gmail.com
 Outline of lecture
Lecture (3 )
(Analytical chemistry -theory)
•Concentration of Solution
▪ Molarity (M)
▪ Normality (N)
Concentration of Solution
The concentration of a solution is a measure of the amount of solute
in a given amount of solvent or solution.
Ways of Expressing Concentration
The concentration of solution can be expressed in various ways as
discussed below,
1- Molarity (M):
Molarity : is the number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of
solution. The units, therefore are moles per liter, specifically it's
moles of solute per liter of solution.
Molarity is defined as:

Weight (g) 1000

Molarity = ----------------------------------- x ------------
Molecular Weight ( g/mol) Volume (ml)
Where n denotes the number of moles of solute and V is the volume of
the solution in liters.

Weight (wt)
n=
Molecular weight (MW)

Molecular Weight (MW) or Formula Weight(Fw) is the sum of the

atomic weights of the atoms forming the molecule.

Molecular Weight = Sum. Of atomic weight

Example
Find the molecular weight of NaOH? (atomic weight of Na = 23, O =
16 and H = 1)
MW = Sum of atomic weight = 23 + 1 + 16 = 40 g/mole
Example: Solution contains 49.04 g of H2SO4 per liter of solution
calculate the molar concentration (Atomic weight H = 1.008, S = 32.06, O
= 16.00
Solve : Weight (g) 1000
Molarity = ----------------------------------- x ------------
Molecular Weight ( g/mol) Volume (ml)
M.wt of H2SO4 = 2 x 1.008 +1 x 32.06 + 4 x16 = 98.08 g/mol.

Example1:1.00 g of NaCL is dissolve in sufficient water to give 1.0 liter

of solution. What is the molar concentration of solution?
Example 2. What is the molarity of a 5.00 liter solution that was made
with 10.0 moles of KBr ?
Example 3:Prepare 0.1 M of NaCl in 250 ml of D.Water from Solid?
2- Normality (N):
Normality : is the number of equivalents of solute dissolved in one
liter of solution. The units, therefore are equivalents per liter,
specifically it's equivalents of solute per liter of solution.

Weight(g) 1000
❑ Normality = ------------------------------ x----------------
Equivalent weight (g/eq) Volume(ml)

Equivalent weight is the formula weight divided by the number of

reacting units.
For example, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a mono protic acid and thus
has 1 mol = 1 gram equivalent. So, 1M of HCl = 1N.

HCl → H+ + Cl-
 1.Equivalent weight of Acid
Equivalent mass of acid = Molecular mass of acid
Number of replacable H+ (Basicity)

Molecular weight
or Eq.wt. for acids =
No. of acidic hydrogen
Example:
Equivalent mass of HCl and H2SO4

→ H+ + Cl−
HCl ⎯⎯⎯
H2SO4 ⎯⎯⎯→ 2H+ + SO4−−
1 + 35.5
Equivalent mass of HCl = = 36.5
1
2  1 + 32 + 4  16
Equivalent mass of H2SO4 = = 49
2
 2.Equivalent weight of Base
Molecular mass
Equivalent mass of base =
Number of replacable OH− (Acidity)
Molecular wt.
or Eq.wt. of base =
No. of (OH-)
Example:

Equivalent mass of NaOH and Ca(OH)2

→ Na+ + OH−
NaOH ⎯⎯⎯
Ca(OH)2 ⎯⎯⎯ → Ca+ + + 2OH−
23 + 16 + 1
Equivalent mass of NaOH = = 40
1
40 + 2  16 + 2  1
Equivalent mass of Ca(OH)2 = = 37
2
- 3.Equivalent weight of salts
Molecular weight
Eqwt. For salts =
No. of metal x oxidation no. of metal

Ex : Equivalent weight of NaCl and MgCl2

→ Na+ + Cl−
NaCl ⎯⎯⎯
23+ 35.5
NaCl = = 58.5
1 (+1 )

→ Mg+ + + 2Cl−
MgCl2 ⎯⎯⎯
40 + (35.5X2)
CaCl2 = = 55.5
1x (+2 )
4-for oxidation or reduction reaction :
molecular wt.
Eqwt. =
No. of (electrons) accept or released

Fe+2 Fe+3 + one ( e )

Mwt.
Eqwt. =
1

KMnO4 + H+ Mn+2 + 5(e)

Mwt.
Eqwt. Mn =
5
 Example: How many grams AgNO3 are necessary to prepare 500
ml of 0.125 N an aqueous solution of AgNO3.

solve eq. wt. = 169.9 g/ g. eq.

Exp: Find the normality of H2SO4 having 49g of H2SO4 present in 500
ml of solution.
Relationship between Molarity and Normality

Weight (g) 1000

Molarity = ----------------------------------- x -----------------------------
Molecular Weight ( g/mol) Volume (ml)

Weight(g) 1000
Normality = ---------------------------------x-------------------------
Equivalent weight (g/eq) Volume(ml)

M.Wt
Eq.Wt = -------------------
n

N=Mx n

n= reacting units.