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IME-241& IME-241L: Thermo-Fluids
IME-241& IME-241L: Thermo-Fluids
IME-241& IME-241L: Thermo-Fluids
THERMO-FLUIDS
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Objectives of the course
The objectives of this course are;
• To cover the basic principles of thermodynamics,
fluid mechanics, and heat transfer.
• To present diverse real-world engineering examples
to give students a feel for how Thermo-fluid sciences
are applied in engineering practice.
• To develop an intuitive understanding of Thermo-
fluid sciences by emphasizing the physics and
physical arguments.
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Topics to be discussed
2. Thermodynamics
3. Heat Transfer
4. Fluid Mechanics
5. Problem-Solving Technique
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INTRODUCTION TO THERMO-FLUID
SCIENCES
• Word Thermo stems from the Greek word
therme (Thermo sciences = sciences that deal
with heat).
• Many engineering systems involve the transfer,
transport, and conversion of energy, and the
sciences that deal with these subjects are
broadly referred to as Thermo-fluid sciences.
• Thermo-fluid sciences are studied under the
subcategories of thermodynamics, heat transfer,
and fluid mechanics.
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INTRODUCTION TO THERMO-FLUID SCIENCES
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INTRODUCTION TO THERMO-FLUID SCIENCES
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I- THERMODYNAMICS
• The name thermodynamics stems from the
Greek words therme (heat) and dynamis
(power).
• Power of heat: the capacity of hot
bodies to produce work.
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II- HEAT TRANSFER
• Heat: The form of energy that can be
transferred from one system to another
as a result of temperature difference.
• Heat Transfer: The science that deals
with the determination of the rates of
such energy transfers and variation of
temperature.
2. Thermodynamics
3. Heat Transfer
4. Fluid Mechanics
5. Problem-Solving Technique
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Chapter 2
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Objectives
• Identify the unique vocabulary associated
with thermodynamics through the precise
definition of basic concepts to form a sound
foundation for the development of the
principles of thermodynamics.
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SYSTEMS
• System: A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
• Surroundings: The mass or region outside the system
• Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from
its surroundings.
• Mathematically speaking (assumption), the boundary has zero thickness,
and thus it can neither contain any mass nor occupy any volume in space
• The boundary of a system can be fixed or movable.
• Systems may be considered to be closed or open.
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SYSTEMS
• Closed system (Control mass): A closed system (also known as a
control mass) consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross
its boundary.
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Open system (control volume): A
properly selected region in space.
Intensive
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Extensive
Continuum
• From the macroscopic perspective, the description of
matter is simplified by considering it to be distributed
continuously throughout a region. The correctness of
this idealization, known as the continuum hypothesis
• When substances can be treated as continua, it is
possible to speak of their intensive thermodynamic
properties “at a point.” Thus, at any instant the density
ρ at a point is defined as:
Density is
mass per unit
volume;
specific volume
is volume per
unit mass.
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STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
• Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium
states.
Path: The series of states through which a system passes during a process.
To describe a process completely, one should specify the initial and final states, as
well as the path it follows, and the interactions with the surroundings.
Quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium process: When a process proceeds in such a
manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all
times.
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• Process diagrams plotted by employing
thermodynamic properties as
coordinates are very useful in visualizing
the processes.
• Some common properties that are used
as coordinates are temperature T,
pressure P, and volume V (or specific
volume v).
• The prefix iso- is often used to designate
a process for which a particular property
remains constant.
• Isothermal process: A process during
which the temperature T remains
constant.
• Isobaric process: A process during
which the pressure P remains constant.
• Isochoric (or isometric) process: A
process during which the specific
volume v remains constant.
• Cycle: A process during which the initial
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and final states are identical.
The Steady-Flow Process
• The term steady implies no change with time. The
opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient.
• A large number of engineering devices operate for
long periods of time under the same conditions,
and they are classified as steady-flow devices.
• Steady-flow process: A process during which a
fluid flows through a control volume steadily.
• Steady-flow conditions can be closely
approximated by devices that are intended for
continuous operation such as turbines, pumps,
boilers, condensers, and heat exchangers.
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Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given position. It is measured relative
to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure).
Gage pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure and the local
atmospheric pressure. Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to read
zero in the atmosphere, and so they indicate gage pressure.
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Pressure Measurement
Devices
• Bourdon tube: Consists of a hollow metal
tube bent like a hook whose end is closed
and connected to a dial indicator needle.
• Pressure transducers: Use various
techniques to convert the pressure effect to
an electrical effect such as a change in
voltage, resistance, or capacitance.
• Pressure transducers are smaller and faster,
and they can be more sensitive, reliable, and
precise than their mechanical counterparts.
• Piezoelectric transducers: Also called solid-
state pressure transducers, work on the
principle that an electric potential is generated
in a crystalline substance when it is subjected
to mechanical pressure.
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