IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO.
2, MARCH 2008
A ZVS Bidirectional DC–DC Converter With
Phase-Shift Plus PWM Control Scheme
Huafeng Xiao and Shaojun Xie, Member, IEEE
Abstract—The current-voltage-fed bidirectional dc–dc con-
verter, which refers to a current-fed inverter at low voltage side
and a voltage-fed inverter at high voltage side, can realize zero
voltage switching (ZVS) for the switches with the use of phase-shift
(PS) technology. However, the current-fed switches suffer from
high voltage spike and high circulating conduction loss. In order
to solve these problems, a novel phase-shift plus pulsewidth
modulation (PSP) control ZVS bidirectional dc–dc converter is
proposed in this paper. By adopting active clamping branch and
PSP technology, the converter can realize ZVS for all switches in a
wide range of load variation while input or output voltage varies.
In addition, a novel control strategy with one port voltage regu-
lation and another port current regulation is proposed to make
energy bidirectional conversion freely. The operation principle is
analyzed and verified by a 28V/270V conversion prototype rated
at 1.5kW.
Index Terms—Active clamping, bidirectional dc–dc converter,
phase-shift plus pulsewidth modulation (PSP), pulsewidth modu-
lation (PWM), zero voltage switching (ZVS).
NOMENCLATURE
Voltage of the converter port.
Voltage of the converter port.
Current of the converter port.
Inductance in the converter side.
Instantaneous current through inductance , and
, respectively.
Total effective inductance in series with the winding
of transformer.
Instantaneous current through inductance .
Clamping capacitor.
Instantaneous voltage across clamping capacitor
c.
Number of turns of primary winding, and secondary
winding, respectively.
Capacitor in the converter side.
Phase-shift angle between and . in switches
Duty cycle of the switches and .
Angular frequency.
s Switching frequency.
Conversion efficiency.
Manuscript received March 1, 2007; revised July 26, 2007. Recommended
for publication by Associate Editor C. Canesin.
The authors are with the College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing Uni-
versity of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China (e-mails: sa-
loulin@ynet.com, or xiaohf@nuaa.edu.cn; eeac@nuaa.edu.cn).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPEL.2007.915188
0885-8993/$25.00 © 2008 IEEE
813
Output power.
Effective value of the current .
Instantaneous voltage across the primary winding
of transformer.
Instantaneous voltage across the secondary winding
of transformer.
Output of the phase-shift angle controller.
Output of the duty cycle controller.
I. INTRODUCTION
I N recent years, the development of high power isolated bidi-
rectional dc–dc converters (BDC) has become an impor-
tant topic because of the requirements of electric vehicle, unin-
terruptible power supply (UPS), distributed generation, energy
storage, and aviation power system [1]–[12]. In a typical UPS
system, the battery is charged when the main power source is
normal and discharges to supply power in case of the failure of
lose of the main power source. In the aircraft high voltage di-
rect current (HVDC) power supply system [6], when the 270 V
HVDC generator is in gear, it charges the 28 V battery and sup-
plies the 28 V key load by the BDC, and when the generator is in
failure, the 28 V battery discharges to supply 270 V key load by
the BDC. The high-low voltage conversion and electrical isola-
tion are necessary in the above-mentioned conditions. The cur-
rent-voltage-fed BDC is suitable for such system due to its high
voltage conversion ratio and low current ripple in the current-fed
port.
A dual active full bridge dc–dc converter was proposed
for the high power BDC in [9] and [10], which employs two
voltage-fed inverters to drive each side of a transformer. Its sym-
metric structure enables the bidirectional power flow and ZVS
for all switches. A dual active half bridge current-voltage-fed
soft-switching bidirectional dc–dc converter was proposed with
reduced power components [11]. However, the current stresses
and are asymmetric. When the voltage
amplitude of two sides of the transformer is not matched, the
current stress and circulating conduction loss become higher
in [9], [10], and [11]. In addition, these converters can not
achieve ZVS in a wide range of load variation while input
or output voltage varies. These disadvantages make them not
suitable for large variation of input or output voltage condition.
An asymmetric bidirectional dc–dc converter with PWM plus
Phase shift (PPS) control was proposed in [12]. The circulating
conduction loss is reduced, however, it results the asymmetric
stresses in the main switches and a bias of the magnetizing
current which decreases the utilization of the transformer. So,
it is not suitable for high power bidirectional conversion.
814 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO. 2, MARCH 2008

Fig. 1. Novel PSP ZVS BDC (a) Main circuit. (b) Key waveforms in Boost mode. (c) Key waveforms in Buck mode.

It is proposed that a current-voltage-fed PSP ZVS BDC based II. OPERATION PRINCIPLE
on a current-fed half bridge and a voltage-fed half bridge guar-
anteeing volt-second balance of the transformer by its capacitors The BDC has two operation modes. It is defined as
and in this paper, as shown in Fig. 1(a). The converter Boost mode when energy flowing from side to side,
utilizes an active clamping branch and to avoid the and the counterpart is defined as Buck mode. Before anal-
voltage spike, achieve ZVS of and , and also restrain the ysis, the following assumptions are given: 1) All the active
start-inrush current [13]. By PWM control of and , the power devices are ideal switches with parallel body diodes
amplitude of and is well matched while input or output ( and ) and parasitic capacitors
voltage varies, which can reduce circulating conduction loss, ( , and ); 2) The inductance and
and realizes ZVS in a wide range of load variation. The control are large enough to be treated as two current sources with
strategy of Phase-shift (PS) plus PWM is realized by two indi- value of ; 3) The transformer is an ideal one with series
vidual controllers. The operation principle of PSP ZVS BDC is leakage inductor . Fig. 1(b) shows the key waveforms in
analyzed in detail. A 22–32 V/270 V 1.5 kW prototype is built Boost mode. One complete switching cycle can be divided into
to verify the operation principle of the proposed converter. twelve stages. Because of the similarity, only a half switching
XIAO AND XIE: ZVS BDC WITH PHASE-SHIFT PLUS PWM CONTROL SCHEME 815

Fig. 2. Equivalent circuits in Boost mode for a half switching period (a) Stage 0 [before  ] (b) Stage 1[  ] (c) Stage 2[  ] (d) Stage 3[  ] (e) Stage
4[  ] (f) Stage 5[  ] (g) Stage 6[  ].

cycle is described in detail. The equivalent circuits are shown riod, can be turned on under zero voltage. The
in Fig. 2. As the two sides of the topology are symmetrical, the voltage across is clamped at . At this stage,
operation principles in Buck mode are similar to those in Boost .
mode. Fig. 1(c) shows the key waveforms in Buck mode. 4) Stage 3 : Refer to Fig. 2(d). At is
1) Stage 0 [Before ]: Refer to Fig. 2(a). and are turned off. and begin to resonate,
conducting. At this stage, . The power flows is charged, is discharged. At this stage,
from side to side.
2) Stage 1 : Refer to Fig. 2(b). At is turned off. .
and begin to resonate, is discharged and 5) Stage 4 : Refer to Fig. 2(e). At , the voltage across
is charged. attempts to overshoot the negative rail. is therefore
3) Stage 2 : Refer to Fig. 2(c). At , the voltage forward biased. During this period, can be turned on
across attempts to overshoot the negative rail. under zero voltage. The voltage across is clamped at
is therefore forward biased. During this pe- . The current of rises to a positive value.
816 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO. 2, MARCH 2008

6) Stage 5 : Refer to Fig. 2(f). At is turned off.

and begin to resonate, is discharged and
is charged.
7) Stage 6 : Refer to Fig. 2(g). At , the voltage across
attempts to overshoot the negative rail. is therefore
forward biased. During this period, can be turned on
under zero voltage. The voltage across is clamped at
. At this stage, . The power flows from
side to side. At , the second half cycle starts, which is
similar to the first half cycle.

III. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NOVEL BDC

A. Output Power
The phase shift angle between
and [referring to Fig. 1(b) and (c)], which is defined to be
positive when is leading to in phase, is used to control Fig. 3. Curves of the normalized output power versus the phase-shift angle
the magnitude and direction of the transmitted power. The duty (V = 22  32 V; V = 270 V; N =N = 2:1).

cycle of and is used to match the amplitude of and

, that means the current keeps constant in stage 0 and B. Circulating Current
stage 6. Referring to the Appendix A, the duty cycle of and
is given by When the transmitted power is , the current RMS of
under PS control in Boost mode is (Referring to the Appendix C)
(1)

Under PS control, the output power is [10]

(2) (4)

Under PSP control, the output power is (Referring to the Ap-

pendix B) where is equal to 2 , and is equal to .
2(N V 0 jj 0 ;   [0; 02(1 0 d)]
) (1 d)(  +d 1:5 ) Under PSP control, the current RMS of in Boost mode is
(2N ) !L
0 0 0 01) ] ;   [02(1 0 d); 0]
(N V ) [ +2(1 d) (1 d)(2d (Referring to the Appendix D) as (5), shown at the bottom of
(2N ) !L
P =
0 0 0
the page.
(2N ) !L
;   [0; (2d 0 1)]
2(N V ) (1 d)[ (d 0:5) ]
Fig. 4 shows the comparison of the current RMS of under
0 0 0 ;   [(2d 0 1); ]:
(N V ) [  +2d d(2d 1) ] PS control and PSP control in Boost mode. It is evident that the
(2N ) !L
(3) circulating current is low under PSP control, which can improve
Fig. 3 shows the relations between the output power (nor- the conversion efficiency in low battery voltage.
malized by ) and phase-shift angle under
PS and PSP control. The bold curves are output power versus C. Range for Achieving Soft Switching
under PSP control. The intersection curves are output power From Section II, it can be known that in order to achieve ZVS
versus under PS control. When the amplitude of and for all switches, (6) should be satisfied in Boost mode.
is matching ( V, V), the both curves are su-
perposed under PS control and PSP control. However, the max-
imum of output power under PSP control is higher than that of
PS control in low battery voltage. Evidently, PSP control im- (6)
proves the capability of power transmission.

(5)
XIAO AND XIE: ZVS BDC WITH PHASE-SHIFT PLUS PWM CONTROL SCHEME 817

loops. The maximum discharge current of the battery is limited

by the current limiter. By selecting appropriate control parame-
ters, this variable structure controller can improve the steady and
dynamic performance of the system. The further studies about
theoretical model analysis and choice criteria of the controller
parameters will be presented in a coming paper.
The duty cycle controller realizes the amplitude matching
of and when varies. By sampling the voltage of
clamping capacitor and the voltage /2 of the port,
the controller can yield a signal which is transferred to the
PWM chip (SG3525).Here the voltage equals the amplitude
of , and the voltage is equal to the amplitude of
the secondary voltage reflected to the primary. When the
voltage value is higher than the clamping capacitor
voltage , the duty cycle controller makes the signal
rising. Sequentially, the duty cycle of and is increased
Fig. 4. RMS value of i . (V = 22 32 V; V = 270 V; N : N = to raise the voltage in accordance with the signal . Fi-
2:1; P = 1:5 kW, f = 100 kHz, L = 1:2 H).
nally, the amplitude matching of and can be achieved.
Contrarily, the duty cycle of and is reduced to match
Also, (7) should be satisfied in Buck mode. the amplitude of and . As can be seen in Fig. 5, the duty
cycle can be independently modulated when varies.
(7) V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In order to verify the operation principle of the proposed con-
The conventional dual active bridge converter with PS con- verter, a 1.5 kW prototype was built in laboratory. The specifi-
trol scheme can achieve full control range under soft switching cations of the converter are given as follows:
while the amplitude matching of and is naturally 1) The battery voltage of side: VDC.
matching. However, when the amplitude of and is not 2) The rated voltage of side: VDC.
matching, the soft switching range is rapidly reduced [10]. By 3) Rated power: kW.
adopting PWM control of and in this paper, the amplitude 4) The turns ratio of the transformer: : .
matching of and is completely guaranteed in different 5) The leakage inductance of the transformer: H.
battery voltage. Therefore, this converter can satisfy (6) or (7) 6) The inductance: H.
well from no load to full load under PSP control [12]. In other 7) The clamping capacitor: F.
words, compared with PS control, PSP control can expand the 8) The capacitors: F.
ZVS range to maximum in entire battery voltage range. 9) Switches and : APT20M11JFLL.
10) Switches and : APT77N60JC3.
IV. CONTROL STRATEGY 11) Switches and : APT20M16LFLL.
The control strategy of PSP is realized with two individual 12) Switching frequency: kHz.
controllers, as shown in Fig. 5. The BDC is difficult to control Fig. 6(a) and (b) show the experimental waveforms of the
stably because of the different small signal characteristics in dif- leakage inductor current , the primary voltage , and the
ferent operation mode. In this paper, a novel control strategy secondary voltage at V in Boost mode under PSP
with one port voltage regulation and another port current regu- and PS control, respectively. Since the amplitudes of and
lation is proposed. By sampling one port voltage (the port, are matched in this case, the maximum current of under PSP
) and another port current (the battery port, ), the controller control and PS control is the same. Fig. 6(c) and (d) show the
can realize the voltage regulation and current regulation in dif- experimental waveforms of the leakage inductor current , the
ferent energy transmission direction, respectively. The control primary voltage , and the secondary voltage at
strategy unifies the control system, simplifies the control circuit, V in Boost mode under PSP control and PS control. In this case,
and makes energy bidirectional conversion free [5]. the amplitudes of and are not matched under PS control.
The block diagram of phase-shift angle controller is shown Therefore, the current stress of with PS control rises rapidly.
in Fig. 5, which is used to control the magnitude and direction As can be seen from Fig. 6(a) and (c), the amplitude matching of
of the transmitted power. When the voltage value on side is and is guaranteed in different battery voltage. Therefore,
higher than the reference , the converter operates in buck the duty cycle controller is valid.
mode and is controlled by single current closed-loop. The con- Fig. 7(a), (b) and (c) show the gate drive signal, voltage across
stant-current setting for the low voltage side is decided by the the drain and source, and the drain current of and
current limiter, which can be regulated according to the charge respectively, at V in Boost mode with 1.5 kW output
condition of the battery. When the voltage value on side is power under PSP control. Fig. 8(a), (b) and (c) show the gate
lower than the reference, the converter will operate in boost drive signal, voltage across the drain and source, and the drain
mode, and be controlled by current and voltage dual closed- current of and , respectively, at V and
818 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO. 2, MARCH 2008

Fig. 5. Control scheme (UC3875 is a phase shift resonant controller, CD4098 is a CMOS dual monostable multivibrator, SG3525 is a regulating pulse width
modulator, and IR2110 is a high and low side driver).

Fig. 6. Experimental waveforms at V = 32 V and V = 22 V. (a) PSP control at V = 32 V, V = 270 V, f = 0:35; d = 0:5; and P = 1500 W. (b) PS
control at V = 32 V, V = 270 V,  = 0:35; d = 0:5, and P = 1490 W. (c) PSP control at V = 22 V, V = 270 V,  = 0:88; d = 0:65, and P = 1410
W. (d) PS control at V = 22 V, V = 270 V,  = 0:08; d = 0:5, and P = 250 W.

A in Buck mode with 1.5 kW output power under realize ZVS. The experimental results are in agreement with the
PSP control. Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 illustrate that all the switches theoretical analysis well.
XIAO AND XIE: ZVS BDC WITH PHASE-SHIFT PLUS PWM CONTROL SCHEME
Fig. 7. Gate drive signal, the voltage across the drain and source, and the drain current of the switches at full load and V
(c) S .
Fig. 9 shows the dynamic experimental waveforms of energy
bidirectional conversion process, from up to bottom are voltage
and current . When the voltage on port is higher than
the reference value, the bidirectional dc–dc converter charges
the battery with constant current. When the voltage on port
drops, the battery turns to discharge and maintains the voltage
at 270 VDC. The experimental results convinced that the novel
control strategy with one port voltage regulation and another
port current regulation can control energy bidirectional conver-
sion freely. The response time of voltage rebuilding is 10ms.
Therefore, this converter has high steady and dynamic perfor-
mance.
Fig. 10(a) shows the overall efficiency curves at different
load, different transmission direction, and different voltage
with the PSP control. In this figure, the power transmitted from
to is defined as positive, and the power transmitted from
to is negative. We can see that the efficiency is higher in
high battery voltage (such as V, the highest
in Boost mode). Unfortunately, the efficiency is lower in low
battery voltage (such as V, the highest in
Boost mode). This degradation is due to the increase of conduc-
tion loss with the battery voltage decreases. Fig. 10(b) shows
819
= 30V in Boost mode. (a) S . (b) S .
the efficiency curves of the converter under PSP control and PS
control in Boost mode. From Fig. 10(b), it can be easily found
that PSP control can achieve higher efficiency than PS control,
especially in low battery voltage. The experimental results are
in agreement with Fig. 4.
VI. CONCLUSION
A novel ZVS bidirectional dc–dc converter with PS plus
PWM control is proposed in this paper, which has the following
advantages.
1) All switches realize ZVS in a wide range of load variation
while input or output voltage varies.
2) The PS plus PWM control reduces the circulating current.
3) The converter avoids the voltage spike of and with
the use of an active clamping branch and .
4) The control strategy realizes energy conversion freely,
which has high steady and dynamic performance.
These merits are verified by a 22–32 V/270 V 1.5 kW pro-
totype. It can be concluded, this kind of converter is extremely
suitable for aircraft HVDC power supply system and UPS
system.
820 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO. 2, MARCH 2008

Fig. 8. Gate drive signal, the voltage across the drain and source, and the drain current of the switches at full load and V = 300 V in Buck mode. (a) S . (b)
S . (c) S .

The following equation is satisfied:

(A1)

The average voltage of in one switching period is zero

(A2)

Further

(A3)

Substituting (A2) and (A3) into (A1), the following is found:

Fig. 9. Waveform of energy bidirectional Transmitted.

(A4)

APPENDIX A APPENDIX B
This Appendix is provided to derive the relation of output
From Fig. 1(b), we can see that the controlling of and power versus phase-shift angle and duty cycle , the process
is to match the amplitude of and in the stage . can be divided into four intervals.
XIAO AND XIE: ZVS BDC WITH PHASE-SHIFT PLUS PWM CONTROL SCHEME 821

b)

(B4)

(B5)

Substituting (B4) into (B5), the following is found:

(B6)

c) , referring to Fig. 1(c)

(B7)

(B8)

Fig. 10. Conversion efficiency (The power transferred from V to V is defined

as positive, and the power transferred from V to V is defined as negative.) (a) Substituting (B7) into (B8), the following is found:
Efficiency with PSP control under different output power, V , and V voltage.
(b) Efficiency comparison in Boost mode under the PSP control and PS control.

a) , referring to Fig. 1(b) (B9)

d)

(B1)
(B10)

(B11)

Substituting (B10) into (B11), the following is found:

(B2)

Substituting (B1) into (B2), the following is found:

(B12)

Combining (B3), (B6), (B9), and (B12), the expression

(B3)
(3) can be obtained.
822 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO. 2, MARCH 2008

APPENDIX C ( V, ) can be yielded from (D1),

A Bidirectional dc–dc converter with Phase-shift control and (D2).
strategy was introduced in [10], the following is listed: a) When , referring
to Fig. 1(b))
For ,

(D3)
(C1)
For ,
a)

(C2)
(D4)
b)
For ,

(D5)
(C3)
Substituting (B1), (D3), (D4), and (D5) into (C4),
can be expressed as (D6), shown at the bottom of the page.
The RMS value of can be expressed as follows:
b) When
For ,
(C4)
(D7)
Substituting (C1), (C2), and (C3) into (C4), you can find
(C5), shown at the bottom of the page. For ,

(D8)
APPENDIX D
In order to derive the RMS value of in full load in For ,
Boost mode under PSP control, first, we should decide which
interval the phase-shift is in under different . Referring to (D9)
Appendix B, the following equations can be listed:
Substituting (B4), (D7), (D8), and (D9) into (C4),
(D1) can be expressed as

(D2) (D10)

In the proposed conditions ( V, : Combining (D6), and (D10), the expression (5) can be
kW, kHz, H), the results obtained.

(C5)

(D6)
XIAO AND XIE: ZVS BDC WITH PHASE-SHIFT PLUS PWM CONTROL SCHEME
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank M. Shi, NUAA, Y. Tang,
NUAA, L. Guo, NUAA, and F. Lin , MF, Inc., for their help
during the experiments and revisions.
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Huafeng Xiao was born in Hubei, China, in 1982. He
received the B.S. and M.S. degree in electrical engi-
neering from Nanjing University of Aeronautics and
Astronautics (NUAA), Nanjing, China, in 2004 and
2007, respectively, where he is currently pursuing the
Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering.
His main research interests include high frequency
soft-switching conversion, and photovoltaic applica-
tions.
Shaojun Xie (M’05) was born in Hubei, China, in
1968. He received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees
in electrical engineering from Nanjing University
of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA), Nanjing,
China, in 1989, 1992, and 1995, respectively.
In 1992, he joined the Faculty of Electrical Engi-
neering, Teaching and Research Division, and is cur-
rently a Professor at the College of Automation Engi-
neering, NUAA. He has authored more over 50 tech-
nical papers in Journals and Conference proceedings.
His main research interests include aviation electrical
power supply systems and power electronics conversion.