CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

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1.1Photovoltaic (PV) systems.
A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to
supply usable solar power by means of photo voltaic. It consists of an arrangement of several
components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar
inverter to change the electric current from DC to AC, as well as mounting, cabling, and other
electrical accessories to set up a working system. It may also use a solar tracking system to
improve the system's overall performance and include an integrated battery solution, as prices
for storage devices are expected to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses
the ensemble of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all the
other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS). Moreover, PV systems convert
light directly into electricity and shouldn't be confused with other technologies, such as
concentrated solar power or solar thermal, used for heating and cooling

Figure(1.1) show photo voltaic system[1]

PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities
from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of
megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid or stand-alone
systems only account for a small portion of the market

1.2 Solar Inverter

A solar inverter or PV inverter, is a type of electrical converter which converts the variable

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direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating
current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid
electrical network. It is a critical balance of system (BOS)–component in a photovoltaic system,
allowing the use of ordinary AC-powered equipment. Solar power inverters have special
functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking
and anti-islanding protection

Objectives of the Project 1.3

1-To understand the working of photo voltaic systems

2- To understand the relationship between Inclination and orientation of the modules with
output voltage from the PV panel

3- Hardware design of photovoltaic system

4-To learn the work of inverter of the PV system

1.4 Scope of research

1- study the PV system and learn the work of it

2-To study Inverter of PV system

3-In chapter one is the introduction to the PV system

4-In chapter two is the theory of the work of the PV panel and the work of the Inverter

5-In chapter three is the methodology of the hardware design of photo voltaic panel tracking
and the hardware design of Inverter

6-In chapter four is the result

7-In chapter five is the conclusion

1.5 Problem Statement

1- The change in the solar angle is effect on the output voltage generated on PV system

2-the energy generated on the photo voltaic is DC but in some application we want an AC
voltage

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3-Hardware design of the Steering solar panels and Inverter to solar panel

Reference

1-https://www.google.com/search?
q=Photovoltaic+system&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifsfTwurLiAhVy1q
YKHViADoEQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=UvvXtIYJ4z_heM: