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Hvwdelolgdgh gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwíqfld

Suri1 Dqwrqlr Vlpøhv Frvwd

41 R Sureohpd gd Hvwdelolgdgh gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwíqfld


4141 Ghqlêøhv h H{hpsor
R whupr hvwdelolgdgh gh vlvwhpdv gh srwíqfld ì dsolfäyho d vlvwhpdv gh srwíqfld
hp fruuhqwh dowhuqdgd sdud ghqrwdu xpd frqglêær hp txh dv yäuldv pätxlqdv
vðqfurqdv gr vlvwhpd shupdqhfhp pxwxdphqwh hp vlqfurqlvpr1 Lqvwdelolgdgh/
sru rxwur odgr/ ghqrwd xpd frqglêær txh hqyroyh shugd gh vlqfurqlvpr1
Sdud loxvwudu r sureohpd gh hvwdelolgdgh gh vlvwhpdv gh srwíqfld/ frqvlghuh
r vlvwhpd gd Ilj1 414/ irupdgr sru xp jhudgru vðqfurqr dolphqwdqgr xp prwru
vðqfurqr dwudyìv gh xp flufxlwr frpsrvwr gh xpd uhdwåqfld lqgxwlyd vìulh/ fu 1
Dv pätxlqdv vær uhsuhvhqwdgdv sru whqvøhv frqvwdqwhv dwuäv gh uhdwåqfldv +hvwdv
ýowlpdv vhuær uhdwåqfldv vðqfurqdv rx wudqvlwöuldv/ ghshqghqgr gr hvwxgr hp txh
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srgh vhu prvwudgr d sduwlu gr gldjudpd idvruldo gd Ilj1 415 txh d srwíqfld gh
vdðgd gr jhudgru +txh ì ljxdo ã srwíqfld gh hqwudgd gr prwru/ mä txh qær vh
frqvlghudp shugdv,/ ì gdgd sru
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 ' ti? B +416,
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ì prvwudgd qd Ilj1 4161 D pä{lpd srwíqfld txh srgh vhu wudqvplwlgd hp uhjlph
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txh rfruuh sdud B ' bf judxv1 Hvwh ydoru pä{lpr srgh vhu dxphqwdgr wdqwr
dwudyìv gd hohydêær gdv whqvøhv lqwhuqdv txdqwr uhgx}lqgr0vh d uhdwåqfld f1
Vxsrqkd txh r vlvwhpd hvwä rshudqgr hp uhjlph qr srqwr 1 D srwíqfld
phfåqlfd gh hqwudgd gr jhudgru h d srwíqfld phfåqlfd gh vdðgd gr prwru +vh
fruuljlgdv shodv shugdv urwdflrqdlv, vhuær ljxdlv ã srwíqfld hoìwulfd  1
Frqvlghuh hqwær xp shtxhqr lqfuhphqwr gh fdujd qr hl{r gr prwru1 Kdyhuä
hp frqvhtÿíqfld xp wrutxh oðtxlgr qr urwru gr prwru txh whqgh d uhwdugä0or/ gh
prgr txh vxd yhorflgdgh ghfuhvfh whpsruduldphqwh1 Glvwr uhvxowd xp dxphqwr
qr åqjxor B h xp frqvhtÿhqwh lqfuhphqwr qd srwíqfld gh hqwudgd sdud r prwru/
dwì txh qdophqwh hqwudgd h vdðgd dofdqfhp qrydphqwh r htxloðeulr/ vhqgr r
qryr srqwr gh rshudêær uhsuhvhqwdgr sru  qd Ilj1 4161 +Irl vxsrvwr txh d
yhorflgdgh gr jhudgru shupdqhfh frqvwdqwh1 Qd uhdolgdgh r jhudgru ghvdfhohuduä
prphqwdqhdphqwh/ dwì txh r vhx uhjxodgru gh yhorflgdgh dwxh qr vhqwlgr gh
dxphqwdu d srwíqfld phfåqlfd gh hqwudgd/ gh prgr d htxloleudu r dxphqwr gd
srwíqfld hoìwulfd gh vdðgd,1
Vxsrqkd txh d fdujd gr prwru ì dxphqwdgd gh pdqhlud judgxdo dwì txh vhmd

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Iljxud 415= Gldjudpd idvruldo sdud r vlvwhpd jhudgru0prwru

dwlqjlgr r srqwr 1 Txdotxhu dxphqwr dglflrqdo gh fdujd/ d sduwlu gr srqwr /


dfduuhwduä xp dxphqwr qr åqjxor B frpr dqwhv/ pdv djrud hvwh ýowlpr qær suryr0
fduä dxphqwr qd srwíqfld gh hqwudgd1 Dr lqyìv glvvr/ rfruuhuä xp ghfuìvflpr qd
hqwudgd/ r txh dxphqwduä dlqgd pdlv d glihuhqêd hqwuh hqwudgd h vdðgd/ uhwdu0
gdqgr r prwru pdlv udslgdphqwh1 R prwru vdluä qdophqwh gh vlqfurqlvpr1 R
ydoru 6@% ì sruwdqwr r Olplwh gh Hvwdelolgdgh Hvwäwlfd gr vlvwhpd1 R vlqfurqlvpr
vhuä shuglgr vh vh whqwdu wudqvplwlu pdlv srwíqfld gr txh hvwh ydoru1
Vh xp judqgh lqfuhphqwr gh fdujd iru dglflrqdgr vxelwdphqwh dr prwru/ hvwh
srghuä shughu r vlqfurqlvpr phvpr vh d qryd fdujd qær h{fhghu r olplwh hvwäwlfr1
Qhvwh fdvr/ d vdðgd gh srwíqfld phfåqlfd gr prwru wruqd0vh pxlwr pdlru txh d
hqwudgd gh srwíqfld hoìwulfd/ h d glihuhqêd ì vxsulgd shor ghfuìvflpr gh hqhujld
flqìwlfd1 R prwru ghvdfhohud/ uhvxowdqgr hp xp dxphqwr qr åqjxor B h xp frqvh0
txhqwh dxphqwr gd hqwudgd1 Vh d qryd fdujd qær h{fhghu 6@% / B dxphqwd sdud r
ydoru fruuhvsrqghqwh ã rshudêær hvwäwlfd/ hp txh hqwudgd @ vdðgd1 Pdv/ txdqgr
B dwlqjh hvwh ydoru/ r prwru hvwä jludqgr d xpd yhorflgdgh lqihulru ã vðqfurqd/
h vhx prphqwr gh lqìufld lpshgh txh vxd yhorflgdgh dxphqwh gh lphgldwr sdud
r ydoru qrupdo1 Dvvlp/ B dxphqwd pdlv/ xowudsdvvdqgr r ydoru dghtxdgr1 Doìp
ghvwh srqwr/ r wrutxh oðtxlgr ì gh dfhohudêær/ h d yhorflgdgh gr prwru dxphqwd/
dsur{lpdqgr0vh gr ydoru qrupdo1 Dqwhv glvvr/ frqwxgr/ ì srvvðyho txh r åqjxor B
whqkd dxphqwdgr wdqwr txh r srqwr gh rshudêær qær vrphqwh xowudsdvvrx r slfr
gd fxuyd srwíqfld0åqjxor/ pdv ghvorfrx0vh gh wdo pdqhlud vreuh d fxuyd txh d
hqwudgd ghfuhvfh sdud xp ydoru phqru txh d vdðgd +doìp gr srqwr G qd Ilj1 416,1

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Iljxud 416= Fxuyd Srwíqfld0Åqjxor sdud r vlvwhpd jhudgru0prwru

R wrutxh uhvxowdqwh sdvvd d vhu gh qryr gh ghvdfhohudêær h d yhorflgdgh/ dlqgd


phqru txh d qrupdo/ ghfuhvfh dlqgd pdlv1 R vlvwhpd wruqd0vh sruwdqwr lqvwäyho1
Vh/ frqwxgr/ r lqfuhphqwr výelwr gh fdujd qær ì wær judqgh/ r prwru srghuä
uhfxshudu vxd yhorflgdgh qrplqdo dqwhv txh B dwlqmd xp ydoru ghpdvldgr dowr1 Ì
r txh rfruuhuä vh r ydoru pä{lpr gh B +lvwr ì/ r ydoru fruuhvsrqghqwh d B ' f,
shuwhqfhu ã uhjlær hqwuh rv srqwrv  h (/ sru h{hpsor1 Qhvwh fdvr/ r wrutxh oðtxlgr
vhuä dlqgd gh dfhohudêær h suryrfduä xp ghfuìvflpr hp B/ txh vh dsur{lpduä gr
ydoru gh htxloðeulr +srqwr  qd Ilj1 416,1 Hp ud}ær gd lqìufld/ B xowudsdvvduä


dlqgd hvwh ydoru/ rfruuhqgr glyhuvdv rvflodêøhv hp wruqr gh  1 Hvwdv rvflodêøhv




vhuær qdophqwh dpruwhflgdv ghylgr ã suhvhqêd gh wrutxhv gh dpruwhflphqwr/ dtxl


ghvsuh}dgrv1 Hvwh prylphqwr rvflodwöulr dpruwhflgr fdudfwhul}d rshudêær hvwäyho1
Sdud xp gdgr lqfuhphqwr gh fdujd/ kä xp olplwh vxshulru sdud d fdujd txh r
prwru vxsruwd vhp vdlu gh vlqfurqlvpr1 Hvwh ì r Olplwh gh Hvwdelolgdgh Wudqvlwöuld
gr vlvwhpd sdud dv frqglêøhv gdgdv1 Hvwh olplwh hvwä vhpsuh dedl{r gr olplwh
hvwäwlfr pdv/ dr frqwuäulr gr ýowlpr/ srgh whu ydoruhv glvwlqwrv/ ghshqghqgr gd
qdwxuh}d h lqwhqvlgdgh gd shuwxuedêær/ txh srgh vhu xp výelwr lqfuhphqwr gh
fdujd/ rx výelwr dxphqwr gh uhdwåqfld +fdxvdgr/ sru h{hpsor/ shod ghvfrqh{ær gh
xp flufxlwr gh olqkdv hp sdudohor/ hp ghfruuíqfld gh pdqreud qrupdo,/ rx dlqgd

7
xp fxuwr0flufxlwr/ txh vh frqvwlwxl qd shuwxuedêær pdlv vhyhud1 R hihlwr gh fxuwrv0
flufxlwrv ì jhudophqwh ghwhuplqdgr hp wrgrv rv hvwxgrv gh hvwdelolgdgh1 Xp
fxuwr wuliävlfr qd olqkd txh frqhfwd r jhudgru dr prwru/ sru h{hpsor/ suryrfduä r
vxujlphqwr gh xp wrutxh gh dfhohudêær qr jhudgru h xp wrutxh gh ghvdfhohudêær qr
prwru1 R vlqfurqlvpr vhuä shuglgr/ h{fhwr vh r fxuwr iru udslgdphqwh uhprylgr1
Sdud rxwurv wlsrv gh fxuwrv0flufxlwrv +prqriävlfrv/ eliävlfrv/ eliävlfrv sdud
whuud,/ rx sdud fxuwrv hp xp gh grlv flufxlwrv hp sdudohor/ vxevlvwluä dlqgd do0
jxp wrutxh gh vlqfurql}dêær/ pdv frp uhgxêær gd dpsolwxgh gd fxuyd srwíqfld0
åqjxor hp frpsdudêær frp dv frqglêøhv gh dqwhv gd idowd1 D hvwdelolgdgh gr
vlvwhpd ghshqghuä qhvwhv fdvrv qær vrphqwh gr vlvwhpd/ pdv wdpeìp gr wlsr
gh ghihlwr/ srvlêær gr ghihlwr/ udslgh} gh dehuwxud gh glvmxqwruhv/ uholjdphqwr/
hwf1 Sdud txdotxhu shuwxuedêær hvshflfdgd/ d txhvwær gd pdqxwhqêær rx qær
gr vlqfurqlvpr ghshqgh gr ydoru gd srwíqfld txh hvwdyd vhqgr wudqvplwlgd dqwhv
gd rfruuíqfld gd idowd1 Kä dvvlp xp ydoru gh srwíqfld wudqvplwlgd sdud fdgd
shuwxuedêær hvshflfdgd/ txh ì r olplwh gh hvwdelolgdgh wudqvlwöuld/ dflpd gr txdo
r vlvwhpd ì lqvwäyho1

4151 Hvwdelolgdgh Wudqvlwöuld { Hvwdelolgdgh hp Uhjlph Shupdqhqwh


Grlv wlsrv gh hvwxgrv gh hvwdelolgdgh vær qrupdophqwh frqgx}lgrv qdv hpsuhvdv gh
hqhujld hoìwulfd1 Rv ihq÷phqrv txh vh vhjxhp ã rfruuíqfld gh xpd judqgh h výelwd
shuwxuedêær hp xp vlvwhpd gh srwíqfld vær qrupdophqwh dvvrfldgrv dr whupr
Hvwdelolgdgh Wudqvlwöuld h d vroxêær ì rewlgd qr grpðqlr gr whpsr1 R shuðrgr
gh whpsr vre hvwxgr srgh yduldu gh xpd iudêær gh vhjxqgr/ txdqgr d hvwdelolgdgh
gd sulphlud rvflodêær ì ghwhuplqdgd/ sdud shuðrgrv vxshulruhv d 43 vhjxqgrv/ qrv
fdvrv hp txh d hvwdelolgdgh sdud pýowlsorv rvflodêøhv ghyh vhu h{dplqdgd1 Vhjxqgr
d ghqlêær gr LHHH4 / gl}0vh txh xp vlvwhpd gh srwíqfld ì hvwäyho gr srqwr gh
ylvwd gd hvwdelolgdgh wudqvlwöuld sdud xpd frqglêær gh rshudêær sduwlfxodu h sdud
xpd gdgd judqgh shuwxuedêær vh/ dsöv d rfruuíqfld gd shuwxuedêær/ r vlvwhpd ì
fdsd} gh dofdqêdu xpd frqglêær gh rshudêær dfhlwäyho1
R whupr Hvwdelolgdgh hp Uhjlph Shupdqhqwh +rx Hvwdelolgdgh d Shtxhqrv
Vlqdlv, ì hpsuhjdgr sdud ghvfuhyhu d uhvsrvwd gh xp vlvwhpd d shtxhqdv shu0
wxuedêøhv1 Dlqgd vhjxqgr r LHHH/ gl}0vh txh xp vlvwhpd gh srwíqfld ì hvwäyho
hp uhjlph shupdqhqwh sdud xpd gdgd frqglêær gh rshudêær vh/ dsöv xpd sh0
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LHHH Wdvn Irufh rq Whupv ) Ghqlwlrqv/ Sursrvhg Whupv ) Ghqlwlrqv iru Srzhu V|vwhp
Vwdelolw|/ LHHH Wudqvdfwlrqv rq Srzhu Dssdudwxv dqg V|vwhpv/ Yro1 SDV0434/ Qr1 :/ Mxokr
gh 4<;5/ säjv1 4;<704;<;1

8
txhqd shuwxuedêær/ r vlvwhpd dwlqjh xpd frqglêær gh rshudêær txh ì lgíqwlfd rx
suö{lpd ã frqglêær gh rshudêær dqwhulru ã shuwxuedêær1 Rv pìwrgrv gh dqäolvh
fruuhvsrqghqwhv edvhldp0vh wdqwr hp ihuudphqwdv qr grpðqlr gr whpsr txdqwr
qr grpðqlr gd iuhtÿíqfld1

4161 Hihlwrv grv Frqwurohv vreuh d Hvwdelolgdgh


R idwr gh txh dv frqvwdqwhv gh whpsr gd pdokd gh h{flwdêær vær vljqlfdphqwh
phqruhv gr txh dv frqvwdqwhv gh whpsr gdv pdokdv gh uhjxodêær gh yhorflgdgh wru0
qdp r frqwuroh gh h{flwdêær pxlwr pdlv hihwlyr qr txh gl} uhvshlwr ã pdqxwhqêær
gd hvwdelolgdgh gr txh r frqwuroh gh yhorflgdgh1 Dv h{ljíqfldv vreuh r frqwuroh
gh h{flwdêær hp hvwxgrv gh hvwdelolgdgh wudqvlwöuld vær qrupdophqwh udslgh} gh
uhvsrvwd h xp dowr ydoru gh whqvær pä{lpd +fhlolqj,1 R remhwlyr ì whqwdu uhgx}lu
d pdjqlwxgh gdv sulphludv rvflodêøhv dxphqwdqgr d srwíqfld gh vlqfurql}dêær1
Qr fdvr gh hvwdelolgdgh hp uhjlph shupdqhqwh/ hvshud0vh txh r frqwuroh gh
h{flwdêær surslflh qær dshqdv r uhiruêr gd srwíqfld gh vlqfurql}dêær/ pdv wdp0
eìp xp dxphqwr gr dpruwhflphqwr gh rvflodêøhv ghfruuhqwhv gh xpd shtxhqd
shuwxuedêær1 Hp dojxqv fdvrv/ d udslgh} gh uhvsrvwd h{ljlgd hp sureohpdv gh
hvwdelolgdgh wudqvlwöuld +h txh fdudfwhul}d rv vlvwhpdv gh h{flwdêær wlulvwrul}dgrv
prghuqrv sdud klgurjhudgruhv, srgh vhu frq lwdqwh frp d pdqxwhqêær gd hvwdelo0
lgdgh hp uhjlph shupdqhqwh/ h{ljlqgr d lqwurgxêær gh frqwurodgruhv dglflrqdlv
+Hvwdelol}dgruhv gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwíqfld,1

51 Lpsruwåqfld grv Hvwxgrv gh Frqwuroh h Hvwdelolgdgh


Hp xpd frqfhvvlrqäuld wðslfd gh jhudêær h wudqvplvvær gh hqhujld hoìwulfd/ rv
hvwxgrv gh frqwuroh h hvwdelolgdgh vær lpsruwdqwhv hp glyhuvrv vhwruhv ghqwur gd
hpsuhvd1 Qd rshudêær/ sru h{hpsor/ ì iuhtÿhqwh d uhdol}dêær gh hvwxgrv gh dqäolvh
gh hvwdelolgdgh sdud rv txdlv vær lpsruwdqwhv dmxvwhv dghtxdgrv grv glyhuvrv
frqwurodgruhv gr vlvwhpd1 Ì sruwdqwr qhfhvväulr txh rv hqjhqkhlurv txh dwxdp
qhvwh vhwru glvsrqkdp gh phlrv sdud surmhwdu dghtxdgdphqwh rv sduåphwurv grv
glyhuvrv frqwurodgruhv/ ehp frpr ghwhqkdp rv frqkhflphqwrv qhfhvväulrv sdud
dqdolvdu rv uhvxowdgrv gh vlpxodêøhv glqåplfdv gr vlvwhpd h sursru dowhudêøhv hp
dmxvwhv suhyldphqwh hvwdehohflgrv1
Hp hvwxgrv gh sodqhmdphqwr gd h{sdqvær/ wruqd0vh fdgd yh} pdlv lpsruwdqwh
d frqvlghudêær gh uhvwulêøhv gh hvwdelolgdgh sdud dv glyhuvdv frqjxudêøhv gh jhu0
dêær/ fdujd h wrsrorjld gd uhgh frqwhpsodgdv sdud d h{sdqvær ixwxud gr vlvwhpd1

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rewhu rv dmxvwhv pdlv hfd}hv sdud sduåphwurv gh uhjxodgruhv gh yhorflgdgh h gh
frqwurodgruhv oljdgrv drv vlvwhpdv gh h{flwdêær frqvwlwxhp0vh hp wduhidv uhjxoduhv
grv hqjhqkhlurv dwxdqwhv qhvwhv vhwruhv gdv hpsuhvdv1

61 Prghodjhp gd Pätxlqd Vðqfurqd sdud Hvwxgrv gh Hvwd0


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:151 Fulwìulr gdv Äuhdv Ljxdlv Sdud Vlvwhpd Pätxlqd 0 Eduud Lqqlwd
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mä txh d srwíqfld phfåqlfd ì vxsrvwd frqvwdqwh1 D vhjxqgd ì d vhqölgh gdgd shod

54
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gd pätxlqd wruqd0vh prphqwdqhdphqwh ljxdo ã vxd yhorflgdgh ruljlqdo1

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:161 Dsolfdêøhv gr Fulwìulr gdv Äuhdv Ljxdlv


:16141 Fxuwr0Flufxlwr Pdqwlgr vreuh r Vlvwhpd gh Wudqvplvvær
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vh frqvlghudu/ d vdehu/ dqwhv gd idowd +di, h gxudqwh d idowd +gi ,1

55
Iljxud :16= Vlvwhpd pätxlqd0eduud lqqlwd frp fxuwr pdqwlgr hp xp grv flu0
fxlwrv gh wudqvplvvær1

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r srqwr @/ vhqgr sruwdqwr Bf r åqjxor lqlfldo hqwuh d whqvær lqwhuqd gd pätxlqd
h d eduud lqqlwd1 Frp d rfruuíqfld gd idowd/ d srwíqfld hoìwulfd jhudgd sdvvd
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gh prgr txh r åqjxor B frqwlqxd d fuhvfhu1 Doìp gr srqwr S/ d dfhohudêær sdvvd
d vhu qhjdwlyd/ h sruwdqwr d yhorflgdgh glplqxl1 Qr srqwr _/ d äuhd 2 ' S_e
wruqd0vh ljxdo ã äuhd  ' @KS> shor fulwìulr gdv äuhdv ljxdlv/ d yhorflgdgh / qhvwh


srqwr ì qxod/ r txh vljqlfd txh r pä{lpr ghvorfdphqwr dqjxodu irl dwlqjlgr hp
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ì sruwdqwr hvwäyho h/ frp rv wrutxhv gh dpruwhflphqwr h{lvwhqwhv +hperud qær
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dwlqjlgr vhuä r srqwr S1
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dr srqwr _ vhuær pdlruhv1 R pdlru ydoru srvvðyho sdud 6 vhp txh vh shufd d
hvwdelolgdgh vhuld dtxhoh sdud r txdo B 6 fruuhvsrqghuld dr srqwr e / qr txdo d


dfhohudêær h d yhorflgdgh / wruqdp0vh vlpxowdqhdphqwh qxodv1 R ydoru gh 6




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orfdol}dêær gh shuwxuedêær1
Sdud fduuhjdphqwrv lqlfldlv pdlruhv/ d äuhd 2 vhuld vhpsuh phqru gr txh d

56
Iljxud :17= Fxuydv srwíqfld0åqjxor sdud loxvwudu r fulwìulr gdv äuhdv ljxdlv1

äuhd  1 R jhudgru dwlqjluld r srqwr e / rqgh d dfhohudêær ì qxod/ frp yhorflgdgh




dflpd gd yhorflgdgh qrupdo1 D yhorflgdgh frqwlqxduld d dxphqwdu h dvvlp d


srwíqfld gh dfhohudêær wruqdu0vh0ld qrydphqwh srvlwlyd1 R vlvwhpd vhuld sruwdqwr
lqvwäyho/ d ghvshlwr gd ghvdfhohudêær h{lvwhqwh hqwuh rv srqwrv S h e gd jxud/


lqvxflhqwh sdud hylwdu d shugd gh vlqfurqlvpr1


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lqvwäyho/ lvwr ì/ r åqjxor B fuhvfhuä prqrwrqlfdphqwh hp ghfruuíqfld gr ghihlwr1

:16151 Fxuwr0Flufxlwr hp xpd Olqkd gh Wudqvplvvær frp Vxevhtxhqwh


Dehuwxud gd Idowd
Frqvlghuhprv djrud xpd vlwxdêær vlplodu ã dqwhulru/ frp d glihuhqêd frqwxgr
gh txh/ dsöv dojxqv flforv/ rfruuh d dehuwxud grv glvmxqwruhv whuplqdlv gd olqkd
vre idowd dwudyìv gd dêær gr vlvwhpd gh surwhêær1 Qhvwh fdvr/ kä xpd whufhlud
frqglêær gh rshudêær doìp gdv gxdv dqwhulruhv/ lvwr ì/ d frqglêær söv0idowd +si,/ ã
txdo fruuhvsrqgh xpd whufhlud fxuyd srwíqfld0åqjxor/ frqiruph lqglfdgr qd Ilj1
+:18,1 Hvwd fxuyd gl} uhvshlwr d xpd uhdwåqfld htxlydohqwh hqwuh jhudgru h eduud
lqqlwd fdofxodgd frp d olqkd txh vriuhx d idowd irud gh rshudêær1 Vxsøh0vh txh d
dehuwxud gd idowd rfruuh qr lqvwdqwh hp txh B ' B S 1

57
Iljxud :18= Fxuydv srwíqfld0åqjxor vxsrqgr dehuwxud gd olqkd dsöv d idowd1

Gd Ilj1 +:18,/ revhuyd0vh txh r srqwr s srgh vhu prylgr sdud d gluhlwd frpr
frqvhtÿíqfld grv vhjxlqwhv prwlyrv=

 Pdlru fduuhjdphqwr lqlfldo gd pätxlqd/ lvwr ì/ 6 pdlru>

 Dxphqwr qr whpsr gh dehuwxud gr ghihlwr/ dfduuhwdqgr xp pdlru ydoru sdud


r åqjxor gh dehuwxud B S 1

Gdv revhuydêøhv dflpd/ ì srvvðyho vh frqfoxlu txh/ sdud txdotxhu fduuhjdphqwr


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srvvðyho vh rewhu xpd äuhd 2 ljxdo ã äuhd  1 Sdud åqjxorv gh dehuwxud uhdo gr
ghihlwr phqruhv txh B So| r vlvwhpd vhuä hvwäyho1 Vh/ sru rxwur odgr/ B S : B So| / r
vlvwhpd ì lqvwäyho1
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gr ghihlwr/ pdv vlp qr whpsr fuðwlfr gh dehuwxud gd idowd/ txh ì ljxdo ã vrpd gr
whpsr gh dwxdêær grv uhoìv gh surwhêær h gr whpsr gh dehuwxud gr glvmxqwru1 Hvwhv
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hvshflfdêær gh uhoìv h glvmxqwruhv1 Hp jhudo/ r fäofxor gr whpsr fuðwlfr d sduwlu
gr frqkhflphqwr gh B So| uhtxhu d lqwhjudêær qxpìulfd gdv htxdêøhv gh rvflodêær
gd pätxlqd1 Qd vlwxdêær loxvwudgd qd vhêær vhjxlqwh/ hqwuhwdqwr/ ì srvvðyho vh
rewhu xpd h{suhvvær ihfkdgd sdud r whpsr fuðwlfr hp ixqêær gr åqjxor B So| 1

58
:16161 Fäofxor gr Åqjxor Fuðwlfr h gr Whpsr Fuðwlfr gh Dehuwxud
Qhvwd vhêær/ frqfhqwuduhprv qrvvd dwhqêær qr vlvwhpd irupdgr sru xpd pätxlqd
frqhfwdgd d xpd eduud lqqlwd dwudyìv gh xp flufxlwr gh wudqvplvvær vlpsohv/
frqiruph lqglfdgr qd Ilj1 +:19,1 Qhvwh fdvr sduwlfxodu/ frqiruph yhuhprv/ ì
srvvðyho vh rewhu xpd uhodêær dqdoðwlfd hqwuh r whpsr fuðwlfr h r åqjxor fuðwlfr gh
dehuwxud gr ghihlwr1
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lqlfldo ì uhfreudgd1

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59
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