CHEMISTRY REVISION 3 FOR TEST 2

COLLISION THEORY AND RATE OF REACTION

When substances are mixed together a chemical reaction sometimes occurs. Chemical
reactions always involve the collision of particles. For any particles to react they must (a)
collide with sufficient energy to break old bonds and form new ones and (b) collide with
correct orientation to allow particles to rearrange and make new compounds.

Reaction rates can be increased by increasing the concentration of solutions (more

solution particles, leads to higher rates of collision), breaking up solid substances into
smaller pieces to increase surface area, and heating up the substances to provide more
energy when they collide. A catalyst can also be added. A catalyst speeds up the rate of
reaction by lowering the amount of energy needed to form new products. Some catalysts
provide a surface on which the two reactants can meet in the correct orientation, allowing
products to be formed.

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

The way in which particles collide to produce a reaction and then new substances is
summarised in a chemical equation. To write a correct chemical equation you must:

1. Write correct formula for each substance involved. Once the correct formula is
written it must not be changed.

2. Balance the equation to make sure it obeys the Law of Conservation of Mass. To
balance an equation a COEFFICIENT (number) is written in front of each formula to
make the number of atoms of each atom on the reactants side the same as the
number of atoms of that element on the product side. REMEMBER: DO NOT
CHANGE THE FORMULA, ONLY CHANGE THE COEFFICIENT. If the coefficient
is 1, no number is written.

Methane (CH4) reacts with oxygen (O 2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO 2) and water (H2O).
Write a balanced equation.

CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2 O

All the formulae are written correctly, so balance numbers by adding coefficients.

CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O

 CHEMISTRY REVISION 3 FOR TEST 2

CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS

The mass of individual atoms is very small and hence it is more convenient to use relative
masses. This means that the mass of each atom is compared to a standard which is an
isotope of carbon, carbon-12. The relative atomic mass (A r) of an element is the average
mass of one atom of it compared to the mass of an atom of carbon-12. The relative
formula or molecular mass (Mr) an element or compound is the mass of one of its
molecules or formula compared to the mass of an atom of carbon-12. The relative
molecular mass or formula mass can be calculated by simply adding the relative masses
of all the atoms shown in the formula.

Mr (H2O) = 2 x Ar(H) + 1 x Ar(O) = 2 x 1 + 1 x 16 = 18

The mole (n) is a number that chemists use to count large numbers of particles. 1 mole of
a substance = 6.02 x 1023 particles of that substance.

N
23
n = 6 . 02×10 where n = number of moles, N = number of particles.

23
EXAMPLE ONE: How many moles of carbon dioxide molecules are there in 3.60 x 10
molecules of this substance?

N 3 . 60×10 23
23 23
n = 6 . 02×10 = 6 . 02×10 = 5.98 mol of CO2 molecules

EXAMPLE TWO: How many atoms of sodium are there in 4.0 moles of this substance?

N = n x 6.02 x 1023 = 4 x 6.02 x 1023 = 2.41 x 1024 atoms of sodium

In 3 moles of NH3 there are 3 moles of Nitrogen atoms and 9 moles of Hydrogen atoms.

The mass of one mole of a substance is called its molar mass (M). This mass is simply the
relative atomic mass (Ar) or relative molecular or formula mass (Mr) expressed in grams.

The molar mass of water is: M = 18 grams

The number of moles of a substance in a given mass of that substance can be calculated
using the following relationship.

m
n= M where n = number of moles, m = mass of substance in grams, M = molar mass
of substance in grams
 CHEMISTRY REVISION 3 FOR TEST 2

EXAMPLE THREE: Calculate the number of moles of sulfuric acid in 240 g of this
substance.

M (H2SO4) = 98.1 g
m 240
n= M = 98.1 = 2.45 mol

EXAMPLE FOUR: Calculate the mass of 5.0 moles of glucose (C 6H12O6)

m = n x M = 5 x 180 = 900 g

Chemical reactions can be represented by chemical equations if all the substances

involved are known. The equation will tell us in what proportion (mole ratio) the reactants
and products are involved.

Hydrogen gas + oxygen gas  water

2H2 + O2  2H2O
2 mole of hydrogen gas reacts with 1 mole of oxygen gas to produce 2 mole of oxygen gas

In calculations involving chemical equations a set formula is followed.

Step 1: Write a balanced equation.

Step 2: Identify the known and unknown quantities.

Step 3: Convert the known quantity to number of moles.

Step 4: Find the number of moles of the unknown quantity using the mole ratios of
the unknown over the known.
Step 5: Convert the number of moles of the unknown to the value required.

EXAMPLE FIVE: 16 g of oxygen gas reacts with excess hydrogen gas to produce water.
What mass of water is produced?

2H2 + O2  2H2O
known unknown

m 16
n (O2) = M = 32 = 0.5 mol

unknown mole ratio 2

n (H2O) = known mole ratio x number of moles of known = 1 x 0.5 = 1 mol
 CHEMISTRY REVISION 3 FOR TEST 2

m (H2O) = n x M = 1 x 18 = 18 g

QUESTIONS

1. Write either names or formulae for the following non-metal compounds:

SF6: Sulfur hexafluoride

Silicon dioxide: SiO2

HBr: Hydrogen bromide

2. Write formulae for the following ionic compounds:

Ammonium sulfite: (NH4)2SO3

Magnesium phosphate: Mg3(PO4)2

Iron III ethanoate: Fe(CH3COO)3

3. Balance the following equations:

Al + F2  AlF3
2 Al + 3 F2  2 AlF3

Al2(CO3)3 + HCl  AlCl3 + CO2 + H 2O

Al2(CO3)3 + 6 HCl  2 AlCl3 + 3 CO2 + 3 H2O

4. Write fully balanced equations for the following:

(a) Hydrogen gas + nitrogen gas  ammonia gas

3 H2 + N2  2 NH3

(b) Sodium metal + chlorine gas  sodium chloride

2 Na + Cl2  2 NaCl

5. Write the balanced equations for the reactions produced when the following substances
are mixed:

(a) Ethanoic acid solution + iron II oxide  iron II ethanoate + water

2 CH3COOH + FeO  Fe(CH3COO)2 + H2O

 CHEMISTRY REVISION 3 FOR TEST 2

(b) Nickel carbonate + sulfuric acid  nickel sulfate + carbon dioxide + water

NiCO3 + H2SO4  NiSO4 + CO2 + H2O

(c) Burning of magnesium ribbon in air  magnesium oxide

2 Mg + O2  2 MgO

(d) Aluminium is added to copper sulfate solution to produce aluminium sulfate and copper
metal.

2 Al + 3 CuSO4  Al2(SO4)3 + 3 Cu

(e) Sodium hydroxide solution is added to calcium chloride solution to produce calcium
hydroxide precipitate and sodium chloride solution.

2 NaOH + CaCl2  Ca(OH)2 + 2 NaCl

(f) Lead II nitrate solution is added to copper sulfate solution to produce a precipitate of
lead sulfate and copper nitrate solution.

Pb(NO3)2 + CuSO4  PbSO4 + Cu(NO3)2

6. What is the mass of 1 mole of barium hydrogencarbonate?

Ba(HCO3)2

259.3 g

7. Determine the number of chlorine atoms in 0.5 mole of Cl 2.

6.02 x 1023

8. Determine the mass of 2.5 moles of potassium sulfate (K 2SO4).

435.75 g
 CHEMISTRY REVISION 3 FOR TEST 2

9. A mass of 66 g of ammonium sulfate is produced when ammonia gas is bubbled

through a sulfuric acid solution. What mass of ammonia is required for this to occur?

2NH3 (g) + H2SO4 (aq)  (NH4)2SO4

66/132.1 = 0.49 mol of ammonium sulfate

x/0.49 = 2/1
x = 1 mol of ammonia
17 * 1 = 17 g of ammonia

10. Joshua buys a kilogram of table salt (NaCl). How many moles of salt does this
contain?

1000/58.5 = 17.1 mol of salt

11. A laboratory technician dissolves 5 g of sulfuric acid in 1 litre of water. How many
moles of acid have been dissolved?

H2SO4
5/98.1 = 0.05 mol of sulfuric acid dissolved

12. Balance the following incomplete equations. The formulas for the substances are
correct.

(a) H2 (g) + Cl2 (g)  HCl (g)

H2 + Cl2  2 HCl

(b) Cu (s) + HNO3 (aq)  Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + NO2 (g) + H2O (l)

Cu + 4 HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO2 + 2 H2O

(c) CH4 (g) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + H2O (g)

CH4 + 2 O2  CO2 + 2 H2O

13. What mass of water is produced when 4.9 g of sulfuric acid reacts with sodium
hydroxide?

2 NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2 H2O

4.9/98.1 = 0.05 mol of sulfuric acid

x/0.05 = 2/1
x = 0/1 mol of water
0.1 * 18 = 1.8 g of water
 CHEMISTRY REVISION 3 FOR TEST 2

14. (a) How many atoms of iron are there in a ‘mole of iron atoms’?

6.02 x 1023 atoms of iron

(b) Define what is meant by the ‘molar mass’ of a substance.

The molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance.

(c) Oxygen has a molar mass of 16 grams per mole. What does this mean?

For every mole of oxygen atoms, there is 16 grams.

15. In terms of particles, what is required for a chemical reaction to take place?

Sufficient amount of energy and correct orientation of particles is required for a chemical
reaction to take place

16. List four factors that will affect the rate of a chemical reaction.

Temperature, concentration of reactants, surface area of reactants, agitation, catalysts

17. Describe two ways that the rate of chemical reactions could be measured.

How long it takes for the products to be produced, how long it takes for the reactants to be
consumed

18. Describe one situation where it could be dangerous if a reaction occurs too quickly.

If a combustion reaction occurs too quickly it could result in an explosion which would be
considered dangerous.
CHEMISTRY REVISION 3 FOR TEST 2