Civil Engineering Paper II PDF

Mains Exam Solution
CIVIL ENGINEERING - Paper II

Section A
Q-1(a)(i): Find out the pH of a mixture formed by mixing the following two water solutions :
Solution A : Volume 450 mL, pH = 7.5
Solution B : Volume 500 mL; pH = 6.5
ER
[8 Marks]
Sol:
VA = 450mL,  pH A  7.5
VS = 550 mL,  pHB  6.5
ST  
Hmix  =
pH = –log[H+]

VA  VB

VA HA   VB HB 
[H+] = 10 pH
MA
HA  = 10 7.5 , HB   10 6.5
 
Hmix
450  10 7.5  550  10 6.5
 =
450  550
= 1.88  10 7
 
[pH]mix =  log Hmix 
S
=  log 1.88  10 7 
= 6.72
IE
Q-1(a)(ii): Compute the theoretical oxygen demand of 108.75 mg/l of glucose.

[4 Marks]
Sol: Glucose C 6H12O 6
C6H12O6  6O2  6CO2  6H2O

180 gm 192 gm
1 gm 192 gm
180
For 108.75 mg/l of glucose
192
ThOD =  108.75mg L
180
= 116 mg/L
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Mains Exam Solution
Q-1(b)(i): A rectangular plate of 0.5 m × 0.5 m dimensions, weighing 500 N slides down an inclined
plane making 30° angle with the horizontal at a velocity of 1.75 m/s. If the 2 mm gap
between the plate and inclined surface is filled with a lubricating oil, find its viscosity in
poise.
[6 Marks]
Sol:
ER
Plate (0.5m × 0.5m)
s
5 m/ oil
1 .7
V=
m
2m
t=
30°
ST
Weight of plate, W = 500 N
Velocity of plate, V = 1.75 m/s
Thickness of plate, t = 2 mm
Area of plate, A = 0.25 m2
dv
Shear stress,  = 
MA
dy
 1.75  0 
 =  3 
 2  10 
Force, F = .A
 1.75 
F =  3 
 0.5  0.5
 2  10 
F = W sin 
1.75
  0.25 = 500  sin30
S
2  10 3
Ns
 = 1.143
m2
IE
Q-1(b)(ii): A channel has two sides vertical and semi-circular bottom of 2 m diameter. Calculate the
discharge of water through the channel, when depth of flow is 2m. Take C = 70 and slope
of bed as 1 in 1000.
[6 Marks]
Sol:
1m
2m
1m
Mains Exam Solution
Chezy’s constant, C = 70
1
Slope of bed, S =
1000
Using Chezy’s Formula
Q = CA RS
1  2
ER
Area of flow, A =    2   1 2
2 4 
= 3.570 m2
A
Hydraulic radius, R =
P
1
Wetted Perimeter, P =    2   1 2
ST R =
2
= 5.1416 m
3.570
5.1416
 0.694m
1
Q = 70  3.570  0.694 
1000
MA
= 6.583m3 s
Q-1(c): A rectangular sewer with width twice its depth is hydraulically equivalent to a circular
sewer. Find the relation between the width of the rectangular swear and the diameter of the
circular sewer assuming that sewer is running completely full.
[12 Marks]
Sol:
Rectangular Circular
S
H D/4
B
IE
B = 2H
B2 A B2 / 2 B D2 A D
A  BH  ,R    A ,R  
2 P 2B  B 6 4 P 4
For hydraulically equivaelnt section, discharge will be same for rectangular and circular section
while flowing full at same gradient.
As both the sections are flowing full hence there will be pressure flow in both the cases. To
calculate the discharge we will use hazen william’s formula. As it gives less error in discharge as
compared to Manning’s although we can use Manning’s formula or Chezy’s formula also.
Q = 0.85CHAR0.63S0.54
Q1 = Q2
0.63 0.63
B   2 D 

0.85CH 0.5B2    S0.54 = 0.85CH D   S0.54
6 4 4
Mains Exam Solution
0.1617B2.63 = 0.3279D2.63
B  1.3084D
Q-1(d): After how many days will you supply water to soil (clay loam) in order to ensure efficient
irrigation of the given crop, if :
Field capacity of soil = 27%
ER
Permanent wilting point = 14%
Density of soil = 1.5 g/cm3
Effective depth of root zone = 75 cm
Daily consumptive use of water for the given crop = 11 mm
[12 Marks]
Sol: Given,
ST
Field capacity (FC) = 27%
Permanent Wilting point (pwp) = 14%
Density of soil ( s ) = 1.5 gm/cm3

MA
Effective depth of root zone (d) = 75 cm
Daily consumptive use (Cu) = 11 mm/day
= 1.1 cm/day
d  d
Moisture holding capacity = FC  PWP 
w
1.5  75
=   0.27  0.14 
1
= 1.5  75  0.13  cm
S
= 14.625 cm
Or, Total maximum available moisture = 14.625 cm
To ensure efficient irrigation, let us assume readily available moisture content
IE
= 0.7 × (Total maximum available moisture)

= 0.7 × 14.625
 14.625  0.7   14.625  0.7 

Watering interval =      days
 Cu  1.1 
= 9.31 days  9 days
Q-1(e)(i): A town with a population of 3 lakh produces solid waste at a rate of 2.5 kg/capita/day. If
the waste is compacted to a density of 1500 kg/m3, how much volume of landfill site is
needed in a year ? Assuming that the ratio of solid waste to cover is 4:1, what volume of
cover soil is needed in a year? What type of soil would you recommended as a cover ?
[4 Marks]
Mains Exam Solution
Sol: P = 3 lakh  3  105
Solid waste rate = 2.5 kg capital d
Total solid waste rate = 2.5  3  105 Kg d
= 7.5  105 Kg d
ER
 compacted = 1500 Kg/m3
Vsolid waste 4
Vcov er
=
1
Wsolid waste 5
7.5  10 Kg d
Vsolid waste =  3
 compacted 1500 Kg m
= 500 m3/d
ST Vcover =
500
4
2
 125m d
Volume of land fill required = Vsolid waste  Vcov er
= 500  125
= 625 m3/d
MA
Total volume of landfill require in a year
= 625  365 m3
= 228125 m3
Volume of cover require in a year
= 125×365 m3
= 45625 m3
Compacted clay can be used as a soil cover.
S
Q-1(e)(ii): The sound power from a voice shouting is 0.002 W. What is the Sound Power Level ? What
are the Sound Intensity. Sound Intensity Level., the Sound Pressure and the Sound Pressure
Level at a distance of 10 meters from the source? Assume that sound radiates from the
source in all directions.
IE
[8 Marks]
Sol:
W = 0.002 Watt
 W 
Sound power level LW = 10log  W 
 0
W 0 = Reference power level = 10–12 watt
 2  10 3 
LW = 10log  12 
 10 
= 93 dB 10 m
Power of sound wave

Sound Intensity =
Area
Mains Exam Solution
0.002
I =  1.591 10 6 watt m2
4  102
 I
Sound intensity level LI = 10log  
 I0 
I0 = Reference intensity level = 10 12 watt m2
 1.591 10 6 
ER
LI = 10log  12
  62.0167 dB
 10 
I   1.591 10 6 
Sound pressure level Lp = 10log    10log  12
  62.0167 dB
 I0   10 
 p 2 
10log  rms 
=   prms  2 
ST 
 p
= 20log  rms 
 p 

 rms 0 
0 
(prms) = reference rms sound pressure

= 20 Pa
p 
62.0167 = 20log  rms 
MA
 20 
62.0167
prms = 20  10 20
= 25226.9645 Pa
(sound measuring instrument generally measures root mean square pressure)
Q-2(a)(i): What is  index ? How is it estimated? What are the factors that affect  index ?
[8 Marks]
S
Sol:  -index
 The  -index is the average rainfall above which the rainfall volume is equal to the runofff
volume.
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  -index is average infiltration rate during the period of rainfall excess. Rainfall excess is the
rainfall contributing to runoff and the period during which such a rainfall takes place is called
period of rainfall excess.
 The  -index is derived from the rainfall hyetograph with the knowledge of the resulting runofff
volume. The initial loss is also considered as a part of infiltration.
Procedure to calculate  -index :
 The method to determine  -index would involve some trial.

 Consider a rainfall hyetograph of event duration D hours and having N pulses of time interval
t such that
N.t = D
Mains Exam Solution
Rainfall intensity
ER
t t t t t Time
 Let Ii be the intensity of rainfall in the ith pulse and Rd = total direct runoff
N
Total rainfall (P) =  Iit

ST 1
If  is the value of  -index then P  t e  Rd when te = duration of rainfall excess
If the rainfall hyetograph and total runoff depth Rd are given the -index of the storm can
be determined by trial and error procedure as given below:
1. Assuming that out of given N pulses, M number of pulses have rainfall excess selecting N
number of pulses in decreasing order of rainfall intensity Ii.
MA
2. We would calculate the value of  that satisfies the relation
N
Rd =  (Fi  )t
1
3. Using the value of  obtained in step 2, we would find out the number of pulses which will
give rainfall excess.
4. Let Mc = number of pulses with Ii > 
5. If MC = M then  obtained in step 2 is correct if not, the steps done from 1 are repeated with
S
new value of M.
The  index for a given catchment depends on following factors.

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(i) Storm intensity

(ii) Type of vegetal cover
(iii) Initial moisture condition
(iv) Storm duration
• In the estimation of  index for maximum flood producing storm, only soil type and rainfall
are found critical.
Q-2(a)(ii): A storm with 10 cm precipitation produced a direct runoff of 5.8 cm. The tie distribution
of the storm is given below. Estimate the  index of the storm.
Mains Exam Solution
Time from start  h  Incremental rainfall in each hour  cm 
1 0.4
2 0.9
3 1.5
4 2.3
ER
5 1.8
6 1.6
7 1.0
8 0.5
[12 Marks]
Sol: We have,
STTotal rainfall = 10 cm
Runoff = 5.8 cm
Time from start  h  Incremental rainfall in each hour  cm  Rainfall intensity  cm hr 

1 0.4 0.4
MA
2 0.9 0.9
3 1.5 1.5
4 2.3 2.3
5 1.8 1.8
6 1.6 1.6
7 1.0 1.0
8 0.5 0.5
Rainfall intensity
(cm/hr)
S
2.3
1.8
IE
1.6
1.5
1.0
0.9
0.5
0.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time (hr)
Infiltration = 10  5.8  4.2cm
Considering the whole period of rainfall to be period of rainfall excess.

10  5.8
  index =  0.525cm hr.
8
Mains Exam Solution
Since time period (0 to 1 hour) and (7 to 8 hours) are not the period of rainfall excess.
So, these periods are not considered in calculation of  index.
10  0.4  1  0.5  1  5.8

  index =
82
= 0.55 cm/hr.
ER
Now, for the period rainfall excess considered in the calculation of  index.
i (rainfall intensity) >  index
So,   index = 0.55 cm/hr.
Q-2(b)(i): A bed uniform sand, having particle size 0.65 mm diameter and specific gravity 2.66,
porosity 0.48 and depth 75 cm is to be washed hydraulically. Compute
(a)
(b) ST
Backwash rate so that expansion will be 50 percent.
Head loss at this rate.
Take kinematic viscosity of water as 1.3 × 10–2 cm2/sec and assume CD  24 R .
[10 Marks]
MA
Sol: (a) Given :
d = 0.65 mm = 0.65 × 10–3 m
Gs = 2.66
L = 75 cm = 0.75 m
Lexp = 1.5 L = 1.5 × 0.75 = 1.125 m
 = 1.3  10 2 cm 2 s  1.3  10 6 m2 s
For expanded length of bed head loss will be same because wt of sand grains will not change.
S
hL =  Gs  1 1  n  L   Gs  1 1  nexp  L exp
1  n  L = 1  nexp  L exp
IE
1  0.48  L = 1  nexp 1.5L

nexp = 0.653
We know that porosity in expanded condition is a function of back wash velocity (VB) and terminal
settling velocity (Vt) of particles.
0.22
 VB 
nex =  V  ....(1)
 t 
4   s   w  gd 24
2 CD 
Vt = 3CD w
,
R
Vt =
Gs  1 gd2
18
Mains Exam Solution
2
 2.66  1  9.81  0.65  10 3 
Vt =
18  1.3  10 6
= 0.294 m/s
From eqn. (i), we get
0.22
 V 
0.653 =  B 
ER
 0.294 
VB = 0.0424 m/s
(b) Head loss = hL   GS  1 1  n  L
=  2.66  11  0.48  0.75
= 0.647 m
process. ST
Q-2(b)(ii): Briefly explain various factors affecting bacterial efficiency of chlorine in water treatment
[10 Marks]
Sol: Factors Affecting Bactericidal Efficiency of Chlorine
MA
• Turbidity    bactericidal efficiency  .
• Metallic compound (Iron, manganese): Chlorine is utilized in oxidizing these metallic
compounds, hence bactericidal efficiency decreases.
• Ammonia compounds forms chloramines which reduces efficiency.
• pH of water: pH range 5 – 7 is most effective. Beyond this range bactericidal efficiency
decreases.
• Temperature: Requirement of chlorine increases with decrease in temperature and increase
in pH beyond 7.
• Time of contact  efficiency 

S
Q-2(c)(i): A flat plate of 2 m width and 4 m length is kept parallel to air flowing at 5 m/s velocity at
15°C. Determine the length of the plate over which boundary layer is laminar, shear at the
IE
location where boundary layer ceases to be laminar and total force on both sides on that
portion of plate the boundary layer is laminar.
Take  =1.208 kg/m3 and  = 1.47 × 10–5 m2/s.
[15 Marks]
Sol:
V0 = 5 m/s
x
4m
air = 1.208Kg m3
Mains Exam Solution
air = 1.47  10 5 m 2 s
V0 = 5 m/s
Recr = 5  105 [For laminar boundary layer]
V0 x 5  105  1.47  10 5
Recr =  x
 5
Length of plate over which boundary layer is laminar x = 1.47 m
ER
Shear stress at that location
ox 0.664
=
V02 R ex
2
ox 0.664
V0
2 = 5
5  10
ST 2
ox =
0.664
5  10
ox = 0.01417N m2
1
  1.208  5 2
25
Calculation of total force on both sides on that Portion of plate the boundary layer is laminar.
MA
o 1.328
C favg = 2

V0 R eL
2
1.328 3
Cfavg =  1.878  10
5
5  10
1 2 3
o =  1.208  5  1.878  10
2
o = 0.02835 N/m
Total force on both sides of plate F = 2  o  A = 2  0.02835  2  1.471
S
= 0.1668 N
Q-2(c)(ii): What are the functions of a surge tank ?
[5 Marks]
IE
Sol:
hL
Reservoir Surge tank
H Turbine
This length of pen stoke is

relieved of the water
hammer effect This length of pen stoke should
be made of thicker steel plates
to withstand the water hammer effect
Mains Exam Solution
 It is small reservoir fitted at some opening in a long penstoke. It absorbs the sudden pressure
rise due to closing of valve when load on turbine is reduced thus eliminating water hammer
effect.
 It reduces the length of penstoke affected by water hammer effect.
 Stores water rejected by turbine due to closure of valve
Provides source of water to meet sudden demand created by turbine
ER
 Surge tank should be provided as close to the control valve as possible so that max length
of penstoke is safeguard against water hammer.
Q-3(a)(i): In a factory, coal is burnt at a rage of 1 kg/second. Analysis of the coal reveals a sulphur
content of 3 percent. The sulphur in the ash is 5 percent of the input sulphur. What is the
annual rate of emission of sulphur dioxide ?
[10 Marks]
Sol:
ST sulfur dioxide S SO 2
Coal
MA
(Scoal)
Ash (Sash )
Coal burned = 1 Kg/sec.
= 1 60  60  24  365Kg year
= 31.536  10 6 Kg year
3 6
Sulfur present in coal Scoal =  31.536  10 Kg year
100
S
= 0.946  10 6 Kg year
Sulfur in ash Sash = 5% of input sulfur
IE
5 6
=  0.946  10 Kg year
100
= 0.0473  10 6 Kg year
6 6
Remaining sulfur in SO2 = SSO2  0.946  10  0.0473  10
= 0.8987×106 Kg/year
S  O 2  SO 2
32gm 32 gm 64 gm
32 gm sulfur produced 64 gm SO2.
64
SO2 emission =  0.8987  106 Kg year
32
= 1.7974  10 6 Kg year
Mains Exam Solution
Q-3(a)(ii): Describe various functional elements of a solid waste management system.
[10 Marks]
Sol:
Functional elements of a solid waste management system
Functional element Description
ER
Waste generation Those activities in which materials are identified as no longer being
of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposal.
On-site handling, Those activities associated with the handling, storage, and processing
storage, and processing of solid wastes at or near the point of generation
Collection Those activities associated with the gathering of solid wastes and
the hauling of wastes after collection to the location where the
collection vehicle is emptied
Transfer and transport
Processing and recovery

ST
Those activities associated with (1) the transfer of wastes from the
smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and
(2) the subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long
distance, to the disposal site
Those techniques, equipment, and facilities used both to improve the
efficiency of the other functional elements and to recover usable
materials, conversion products, or energy from solid wastes.
MA
Disposal Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid wastes,
including those wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill
site, semisolid wastes (sludge) from wastewater treatment plants,
incinerator residue, compost, or other substances from the various
solid-waste processing plants that are of no further use
Q-3(b)(i): What are the effects of water logging ?

[5 Marks]
S
Sol: The infertility of the soil an area becomes waterlogged is usually due to the following reasons :
1. Inhibiting activity of soil bacteria :
The liberation of plant food is dependent upon the activity of soil bacteria, which requires
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adequate amount of oxygen in the air for proper functioning. When the soil pores within the
root zones of the crops normally grown are so saturated as to effectively cut off the normal
circulation of air, the land is said to be waterlogged.
2. Decrease in available capillary water
Plant life draws its substance from the soil-solution round the soil particles which is drawn into
the plants by capillary action and osmosis. If the water-table is high, the roots of the plants
are confined to the top layers of the soil above the water table while if the water table is lower,
the roots of plants have more room for growth.
3. Fall in soil temperature
A waterlogged soil warms up slowly and due to lower temperature, action of soil bacteria is
sluggish and plant food available is less.
Mains Exam Solution
4. Defective air circulation
When the water-table is high, the drainage becomes impossible and the carbon dioxide
liberated by the plant roots cannot be dissolved and taken away. Consequently fresh air
containing oxygen is not drawn and activity of soil bacteria and plant growth suffers.
5. Rise of salt
the rise of water-table also causes accumulation of alkali salts in the surface soil by the
upward flow of water which is established in waterlogged lands.
ER
The alkaline deposit changes the pH value of soil. Soils with pH value 7.0 to 8.5 gives normal
yields, with pH value 8.0 to 9.0 the yield decrease; when pH value rises to 11.0, the soil
becomes infertile.
6. Delay in cultivation operations
In waterlogged areas, cultivation operations such as ploughing and mulching are either
impossible or difficult and in any case they are delayed. Sowing of crops and their growth are
also delayed. Crop yield is poor and it arrives late in market causing loss to cultivators.
7.
8.
Growth of wild flora
ST
In waterlogged soils, natural flora such as water hyacinth grows profusely. This reduces the
crop yield. A cultivator has to waste money and time both for clearing it out.
Adverse effect on community health
The climate of a waterlogged area becomes damp. Formation of stagnant pools may become
breeding places for misquotoes. The climate thus becomes extremely detrimental to the
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health of community.
Q-3(b)(ii): A centrifugal pump runs at 1000 rpm against a head of 16 m and carries 145 liter/s of water
discharge. The impeller diameter at the outlet is 300 mm and the width there is 60 mm. If
the vane angle  at the outlet is 40°, determine the manometric efficiency..
[15 Marks]
Sol: Centrifugal pump, N = 1000 rpm
Hm = 16 m
145
Q = = 0.145 m3/s
S
s
Doutlet = 300 mm
Width, B2 = 60 mm
IE
Vane angle  = 40°

gHm
Manometric efficiency, m = u V
2 u2
D2N   0.3  1000
u2 = 
60 60
= 15.707 m/s
u2
(u 2 – Vu ) Vu
2 2
2 2
Vf2
Vr
2 V2
Outlet
Mains Exam Solution
Vf2 
Q 145  103
D2B2 =
  0.3  0.06
= 2.564 m/s
Vane angle, 2 =  = 40°
Vf2
tan  =
ER
u2  Vu2
Vf2
u2  = Vu2
tan 
2.564
Vu2 = 15.707 
tan 40
= 12.651 m/s
Q-3(c):
ST m =
9.81 16
15.707  12.651
manometric  0.7898
A municipality has directed to upgrade its primary wastewater treatment unit to a secondary
unit that can need an effluent standard of 10 mg/l BOD5 and 20 mg/l total suspended solids.
They have selected a completely mixed activated sludge system. BOD5 of total suspended
MA
solids is 63% of T88 concentration. Estimate the required volume of aeration tank. The
following data is available from existing primary plant :
Flow : 0.150 m3/s, BOD5 = 80 mg/l
Assume the following values for half velocity constant = 95 mg/l of BOD5. maximum growth
rate constant = 2.5/day; Decay rate of microorganism = 0.050/day; Yield coefficient = 0.50
mg VSS per mg BOD5 removed; MLVSS 2000 mg/l.
[20 Marks]
Sol:
3
S
Q 0 = 0.15 m /s S.S = 20 mg/L

PST ASP SST
BOD5 = S0 BOD5 = 20 mg/L
= 80 mg/L
IE
KS = 95 mg/L
K0 = 2.5/d
Kd = 0.05/d
0.5 mg VSS
Y = mg BOD removed
5
MLVSS = 2000 mg/L

S = Total BOD5 allowed – BOD5 in suspended solids
= 20 – 0.63 × 20 = 7.4 mg/L
From mass balance equation and Monod expression
K 0S 1
=  Kd
KS  S C
2.5  7.4 1
=   0.05
95  7.4 C
Mains Exam Solution
C = 7.65d
For completely mixed process,
Q 0 y  S 0  S  C
VXv = 1  K d C
0.15  0.5  80  7.4   7.65  86400
V×2000 =
1  0.05  7.65
ER
V = 1301.6 m3
Q-4(a): An outward flow turbine running at 200 rpm, works on a discharge of 5 m3/s under a head
of 40 m. Internal and external diameters of the wheel are 2 m and 2.5 m respectively while
the width at the inlet and outlet is 200 mm. Assuming the discharge to be radial at the
outlet, determine angles of the turbine at the inlet and outlet. Also draw the velocity triangles
for outward flow turbine.
Sol: Given data :

ST N = 200 rpm
Q = 5 m3/sec
H = 40m
[20 Marks]
D1 = 2 m
MA
D2 = 2.5 m
B1 = B2 = 0.2 m
Discharge to be radial at oulet,
We know, Q = D1B1Vf1  D2B2 Vf2
5 =   2  0.2Vf1    2.5  0.2Vf2
Vf1  3.98 m / sec
and Vf 2  3.183 m / sec

S
D1N   2  200
u1 =   20.94 m/sec
60 60
D2N   2.5  200
IE
u2 =   26.18 m/sec
60 60
u2=26.18 m/sec

Vf2 =V2=3.183 m/sec
Outlet velocity triangle
V1 Vf1
Vr1
  Intlet velocity triangle
u1
Vw1
Mains Exam Solution
For radial outlet, Vw2 = 0 and Vf2 = V2
2 Vw1u1
V2
Using equation, H =
2g g
3.1832 Vw1  20.94
40  =
2  9.81 9.81
Vw1 = 18.497 m/sec
ER
Vane angle at inlet and outlet:
Vf1 3.98
From inlet velocity triangle, tan  = V  u = 18.497  20.94
w1 1
  121.54
From outlet velocity triangle,
ST tan =
Inlet and outlet velocity triangle diagram shown as below

Vf2
u2
  6.93

3.183
26.18
u2
6.93°
MA
V2  Vf2
Vr2 Outlet velocity triangle
V1 Vr1
Vf1
 121.54°
Vw1 Intlet velocity triangle
S
u1
Q-4(b)(i): Explain the factors that cause sludge bulking in activated sludge process for wastewater
treatment.
IE
[10 Marks]
Sol: Sludge Bulking
• Sludge with poor settling characteristics is termed as bulking sludge.
• Sludge bulking results in poor effluent due to presence of excessive suspended solids and
also in rapid loss of MLSS from the aeration tank.
• Sludge bulking is due to inadequate air supply resulting in lower pH and septicity. This
facilitates the growth of filamentuous organism.
• Filamentous bacteria also form due to low nutrient concentration and its growth is supported
by high sludge age, low F/M ratio and higher waste temperature.
• This can be reduced by :
(a) reducing the sludge age.
(b) chlorination of returned activated sludge.
(c) addition of nutrient if it is less (BOD5 : N2 : P ratio recommended = 100 : 5 : 1).
Mains Exam Solution
Q-4(b)(ii): Differentiate and compare anaerobic digestion process and composting process used for
solid waste treatment.
[10 Marks]
Sol: Comparision between anaerobic digestion process and composition process are:
Parameter Composting Anaerobic Digestion (Bio methanation)

Decomposition of organic matter occurs in Decomposition of organic matter occurs in
ER
Process  
the presence of oxygen an enclosed structure without oxygen
Output  High quality compost/manure  Gas plus nutrient rich liquid manure
GHG emissions  Carbon dioxide and nitric oxide released  Biogas is collected and purified for use as
into the atmosphere fuel. Methane converted to carbon dioxide
is released into atmosphere.
Particle size  Feed with optimum size of 25-75 mm  Feed in the form of slurry or with an
optimum size between 25-75 mm
Temperature
pH


ST
Should be between 50-55°C for first few
days and between 55-60°C for the rest of
the days
Above 8.5


Should be between 55-60°C.
Needs to be adjusted to about 6.7

Moisture content  Should be between 50-60%. Optimum  Optimum moisture content to be 70%
value is about 55%.
MA
C/N Ratio  Between 30/1-50/1 for efficient composting  Optimum ratio should be 20/1-30/2
Advantages  Lower initial capital investment  Shorter period for ROI (return on
 Requires semi-skilled manpower investment.) with technologies yielding
liquid fertilizer and biogas
 It produces a solid output only called
manure which is rich in phosphorous and  Biogas produced can be used for cooking
nitrogen or production of electricity
 It also produces nutrient dense liquid
manure.
 Provides good odour control
Disadvantages  Requires more landspace  High initial investment cost
 It is necessary to pasteurize the composted  Semiskilled/skilled manpower is required for
S
material to ensure that all infectious agents operations

have been effectively removed
 It is not suitable for treating mixed municipal
 Composting requires quite large energy solid waste
inputs to fuel and operation of the
IE
equipment needed to aerate and turn the  If run inefficiently, anaerobic digestion can
compost piles cause an odour nuisance
 If run inefficiently composting can cause an  Requires less land space compared to
odour nuisance large scale composting units
Q-4(c)(i): What do you understand by galleries and shafts and why are they provided in gravity
dams?
[12 Marks]
Sol: A gallery is a formed opening left in a dam. This may run in transverse or longitudinal direction
and may run horizontally or on a slope. The shape and size varies from dam to dam and is
generally governed by the functions it has to perform. Following are the purposes for which a
gallery is formed in the dams.
1. To provide drainages of the dam section. Some amount of water constantly seeps through the
upstream face of the dam which is drained off through galleries.
Mains Exam Solution
2. To provide facilities for drilling and grouting operations for foundations etc. Drillings for drain
is generally resorted to clean them if they are clogged. High pressure grouting and required
drilling for it is generally carried out after the completion of dam. This can be best done
through galleries.
3. To provide space for header and return pipes for post cooling of concrete and grouting the
longitudinal joints after completion of dam.
4. To provide space to observe and measure the behavior of the structure after its completion
ER
by fixing thermocouples and examining development of cracks etc.
5. To provide an access of mechanical contrivances needed for the operation of outlet gates and
spillway gates.
ST Walk way
c d Concreted
MA
later
(a) Rectangular
(b) Oval shaped
Shapes of drainage holes
Shafts, Vertical openings in the dam are called shafts. Shafts are provided to connect galleries at
various levels. Plumber shaft is provided to measure the delectations of dam by suspending a
plumb bob in it.
Q-4(c)(ii): During a recuperation test, the water in an open well was depressed by 2.5 m by pumping
and it recuperated 1.8 m in 80 minutes. Find yield from a well of 4 m diameter under a
depression head of 3 m.
S
[8 Marks]
Sol: We have,
IE
Initial water table before pumping

initial drawdown (s1) = 2.5 m
s2 After the well recuperated,
s1 final drawdown (s2) = 2.5 – 1.8 = 0.7 m
1.8m
Open well
80
Time (T) = 80 minute = hr.
60
= 1.33 hr.
Let C' is the specific capacity of open well and A is the cross sectional area of well.
Mains Exam Solution
C 2.3 s1
= T log10 s
A 2
Here,
s1 = Initial drawdown
s2 = final drawdown
ER
T = Time in hr,
C 2.3  2.5  2 2
 = log    0.956 m hr m of depression
A 1.33  0.7 
head
Calculation of yield from a well of diameter 4 m.
Depression head (s) = 3 n
Here,
ST  C 
Q =   A.s
A
A = Area of well
s = Depression head
 2
MA
 Q = 0.956    4   3
4 
= 36.04 m3/hr.
= 10.01 litters/sec.
Section B
Q-5(a) The soil profile in a particular site consists of 7 m thick sandy layer overlain by a layer of
clay. The water table is at 1 m below the ground surface. Above the water table, the sand
is saturated with capillary moisture. The dry unit weight of sand is 17 kN/m3 and its saturated
S
unit weight is 20 kN/m3. Plot the total stress, neutral stress and effective stress with depth
up to a depth of 7 m.
[12 Marks]
IE
Sol: Given data,

A
1m
B Sand
7m
C
clay
 sat = 20 KN/m3
 d = 17 KN/m3
Mains Exam Solution
Stress at A,
 A =  sat  Z  0
and, u A = 1 9.81  9.81KN m2
and,  A =  A  u A  0   9.81
ER
= 9.81 KN/m2
Stress at B, B =  sat  Z
 B = 1 20  20 KN m 2
and uB = 0
and,
Stress at C
ST B = B  uB  20  0  20 KN m 2
C =  sat  Z
 C = 7  20  140 KN m2
MA
and uC = 6  9.81  58.86 KN m2
and C =  C  uc
= 140  58.86  81.14 KN m2

2 2
O 9.81 kN/m 9.81 kN/m
(–)
1m 2
20 kN/m
20
7m 2
kN/m
S
Sand (+) (+) (+)
2 2 2
140 kN/m 58.86 kN/m 81.14 kN/m
IE
clay
Q-5(b) What is meant by N value? Why should we apply corrections for the N value obtained from
the field? Briefly explain the corrections.
[12 Marks]
Sol: The split-spoon sampler is driven into the soil for a distance of 450 mm by blows of a drop hammer
monkey) of 65 kg falling vertically and freely from a height of 750 mm. The number of blows
required for the last 300 mm of penetration is added together and recorded as the N value at that
particular depth of the borehole. The number of blows required to effect the first 150 mm of
penetration, called the seating drive, is disregarded.
1. Over burden correction
• It is necessary because the N-value will have effect on it due to confinement of soil at various
depth.
Mains Exam Solution
• Two granular soils possessing the same relative density but having different confining pressures
are tested, the one with a higher confining pressure will give higher N value.
• Since the confining pressure increases with depth, the N values at shallow depths are
underestimated and the N values at larger depths are overestimated.
• Therefore, if no correction is applied to recorded N values, the relative densities at shallow
depths will be under estimated and at higher depths, they will be overestimated.
ER
• If N0 = observed S.P.T. value Then,
350
N1  N0 
(  70)
Where,  = Effective stress at level of test (KN/m2)
N1 = Corrected N-value of overburden.
•
2.
•
Dilatancy Correction ST
Overburden correction will not be applied if   280 KN/m 2
It is applied to the already corrected N-values for overburden pressure. Dilatancy correction
is required only if [N1 > 15] in saturated fine sand and silt (i.e., when water table is above
test level).
• (N1 > 15) basically represents the Dense sand which will have the tendency to dilate under
MA
rapid loading (untrained condition) and (–ve) pore water pressure will develope. Hence, observed
(N) value will be more because shear resistance will increase.
1
Corrected N value after Dilatancy Correction = N 2  15  ( N1 –15)
2
• This correction becomes more significant for fine dense sand.
Q-5(c) Define optimum signal cycle time. Design two phase traffic signal with pedestrian crossing
by Webster’s method for an average normal flow of traffic on cross roads A and B during
design hour as 480 PCU and 250 PCU per hour, the saturation flows on roads A and B are
S
given as 1200 PCU and 1000 PCU per hour respectively. All red time required for pedestrian
crossing is 12 seconds and amber times of 2 seconds for clearance in each phase is to be
provided.
IE
[12 Marks]
Sol: Optimum cycle is just long enough to allow all the traffic which arrives in one cycle to pass through
the intersection in the same cycle.
Given that
Average normal flow of traffic on
Cross road A (qA) = 480 PCU per design hour
Cross road B (qB) = 250 PCU per design hour.
Saturation flow of traffic on
Cross road A (SA ) = 1200 PCU per hour
Cross road B (SB ) = 1000 PCU per hour
Red time = 12 seconds
Mains Exam Solution
Clearance = 2 seconds
qA 480
ya = S  1200  0.4
A
qB 250
yb = S  1000  0.25
B
Y = ya + yb = 0.4 + 0.25 = 0.65
ER
L = 2n + R = 2 × 2 + 12 = 16 secs.
1.5L  5 1.5  16  5
Optimum cycle time: (co) = 
1 Y 1  0.65
= 82.86 sec s  83 sec s
y0
Effective green time for phase A(gA) =  C0  L 
y
ST
Effective green time for phase B (gB) =
=
0.4
0.65
yb
y
 83  16  = 41.23 sec.
 C0  L 
0.25
 83  16  = 25.77 sec.
=
0.65
MA
Green time for phase A(GA) = [Effective green of A – Amber of A
+ (Loss during startup and Amber)]
= gA – 2 + 2
= 41.23 – 2 + 2 = 41.23 sec.
Green time for phase B(GB) = [Effective green of B – Amber of B
+ (Loss during startup and Amber)]
= gB – 2 + 2
= 25.77 – 2 + 2 = 25.77 sec.
Cycle time (83 sec.)
S
41.23 sec
2 sec.
Phase A GA RA
AA
IE
25.77 sec 2 sec.

Phase B RB GB AB
Fig. : Signal phase diagram
Q-5(d) Calculate lead and radius of a turnout on a Broad Gauge railway track with the following
data:
Heel divergence = 130 m
Straight length between theoretical nose of crossing and tangent point of crossing = 1.3 m
Angle of crossing = 4° 45’ 49”
Angle of switch = 1° 08’ 00”
Broad Gauge Width = 1.676 m
Show the values on a net sketch of turnout.
[12 Marks]
Mains Exam Solution
Sol: Given:
 Heel divergence (d) = 130 mm
 Straight length between theoretical nose of crossing and tangent point of crossing = 1.3 m.
 Angle of crossing ( ) = 4°45'49''
 Angle of switch () = 1°08'00''
ER
 Broad gauge width (G) = 1.676 m.
To calculate lead and radius of turnout :
Crossing Number (N) = cot  (by right angle method)
= cot 4°45'49'' = 12
ST
Curve lead (CL) = 2 GN = 2 × 1.676 × 12 = 40.224 m
Outer radius (Ro) = 1.5 G + 2 GN2
= 1.5 × 1.676 + 2 × 1.676 × (12)2
= 485.2 m
Switch load (SL) = 2 Ro d  2  485.2  0.13

MA
= 11.23 m
Lead (L) = CL – SL = 40.22 – 11.23 = 28.99 m
L  28.99 m
G 1.676
Central radius (R) = R o   485.2 
2 2
R  484.4 m
CL = 40.224m
S
L = 28.99m
A C
 d
/2 /2
G
IE
B  /2 90°
 E
R=484.4m
R0=485.2m
Q-5(e) In a running fly level from a benchmark of RL 187.215, the following readings were obtained.
BS 1.115 2.135 1.880 2.725
FS 0.865 3.930 0.880 
From the last position of the instrument, five pegs at 20 m intervals are to be set out on
a uniformly falling gradient of 1 in 40. The first peg is to have an RL of 185.670. Work out
the staff readings required for setting the tops of the pegs on the given gradient.
[12 Marks]
Mains Exam Solution
Sol:
Station B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L. Remarks
1 1.115 188.330 187.215 BM
2 2.135 0.865 189.600 187.465 CP
3 1.880 3.930 187.550 185.670 CP
4 2.725 0.880 189.395 186.670 CP
ER
5 3.725 185.670 Peg1
6 4.225 185.170 Peg2
7 4.725 184.670 Pge3
8 5.225 184.170 Peg4
9 5.725 183.670 Peg5
Check BS – FS Last RL – First RL
= (7.855 – 11.4) = (183.670 – 187.215)
ST
= –3.545 = –3.545
The first peg is fixed with RL of its top at 185.670 m and the height of instrument is 189.395 m.
The RL of the subsequent pegs at 20 m interval will depend upon the falling gradient of 1 in 40.
 distance   20 
Difference in level, between two consecutive readings =     0.5 m. The ground
 gradient   40 
is falling by 0.5 m between the consecutive pegs.
MA
Reduced levels of pegs:
Peg1 = 185.670 m
Peg2 = (185.670 – 0.5) = 185.170 m
Peg3 = (185.170 – 0.5) = 184.670 m
Peg4 = (184.670 – 0.5) = 184.170 m
Peg5 = (184.170 – 0.5) = 183.670 m
Subsequent staff readings at pegs will be
Peg1 = (189.395 – 185.670) = 3.725 m
S
Peg2 = (189.395 – 185.170) = 4.225 m

Peg3 = (189.395 – 184.670) = 4.725 m
Peg4 = (189.395 – 184.170) = 5.225 m
IE
Peg5 = (189.395 – 183.670) = 5.725 m
Q-6(a) Consolidated undrained type Triaxial tests were carried out to failures two identical specimens
of silty clay with pore water pressure measurements, as given below:
Confining Deviator stress Pore pressure

SI. No.
Pressure  kPa   kPa   kPa 
1 100 150 40
2 200 220 75
Determine the shear strength parameters, if

(i) construction is done at a faster rate
(ii) construction is done slowly
[20 Marks]
Mains Exam Solution
Sol:
Confining Deviator stress Pore pressure

SI. No.
Pressure  kPa  kPa  kPa 
1 100 150 40
2 200 220 75
(a) When construction is done at a faster rate, total stress parameter will use
ER
Sample 1.
 3 = 100 KPa
 d = 150 KPa
1 = 3  d  100  150  250 KPa

We know,
Put value,
Sample 2
ST 1 = 3 tan2   2C tan 
250 = 100 tan 2   2C tan 

....(A)
...(i)
 3 = 200 KPa
MA
 d = 220 KPa
1 = 3   d  200  220  420 KPa

Again from Eqn. (A)
420 = 200 tan2   2C tan  ...(ii)
From eqn. (ii) - (i)
170 = 100 tan2 
tan  = 1.304
S

 = 45   52.51
2
  15.03
IE
From eqn. (ii)

420 = 200 tan 2 52.51  2C tan52.51
C = 30.68 KPa
(b) When construction is done slowly. effective stress parameter will use.
Sample 1 :
 3 = 100 – 40 = 60 KPa
1 = 250 – 40 = 210 KPa

From eqn. (A)
210 = 60 tan2   1C tan  ....(iii)
Mains Exam Solution
Sample 2 :
 3 = 200  75  125KPa
1 = 420 – 75 = 345 KPa
From eqn. (A)
345 = 125 tan 2   2C tan  ...(iv)
From eqn. (iv) -(iii)
ER
135 = 65 tan2 
2
tan  = 2.077

 = 45   55.24
2
  20.49
From eqn. (iv)
ST 345 = 125 tan2 55.24  2C tan55.24
C  29.63kPa
Q-6(b) The soil profile in a particular site consists of a 1.5 m thick filled up soil (N = 3,  = 17 kN/
m3) followed by 2 m thick very soft clay layer (N = 0, Cu = 5 kN/m2,  = 15 kN/m3). This is
MA
followed by 6 m thick sandy layer (av. N value = 8 and  = 17 kN/m3), which is followed
by 11 m thick stiff clay layer (av. cohesion = 25 kN/m2,  = 15 kN/m3). This is followed by
dense sand upto 30 m (av. N value = 50,  = 19 kN/m3). The water table is at 1.5 m below
GL. Calculate the safe load that a 25 m long 600 mm dia bored cast in situ pile can carry.
Take for N = 3,  = 24°; N = 8,  = 28°
for N = 50,  = 41°; Nq = 140 and N = 152

[20 Marks]
S
Sol:
d = 600 mm = 0.6 m
Filled up soil
IE
1.5 m 3
N = 3,  = 17 kN/m
N=0
2
2 m Very soft clay Cu = 5 kN/m
3
 = 15 kN/m
Navg = 8
6m Sand  = 28°
3
 = 17 kN/m
Cu = 25 kN/m2
11 m Stiff clay
 = 15 kN/m3
4.5 m Navg = 50
Dense
 = 41°
sand
 = 19 kN/m3
Mains Exam Solution
Negative skin friction will develop in filled up soil. Weight of fill will cause settlement of very soft
clay also. Hence negative skin friction will be taken for both soil.
As pile is cast insitu i.e., it will be concrete
k

loose dense
3
Concrete pile
 1 2
4
ER
Negative skin friction due to filled up soil.
For filled up soil N = 3,   24
Qng = k  avg tan   A s
1
= 1 (0  1.5  17) tan(0.75  24)    0.6  1.5
2
For very soft clay

ST = 11.71 kN
Negative skin friction due to very soft clay
Qng =  Cu A s (  0.7 for very soft clay bored pile)

= 0.7  5    0.6  2 = 13.19 kN
MA
Skin friction in sand layer
For sand layer 6 m length
 = 28°
Qu = kavg tan   A s
As   28 it will be loose or medium sand
1 = 1.5 × 17 + 2 × 15 – 2 × 9.81 = 35.88 kN/m2

S
6m
IE
2 =35.88 + 6 × (17  9.81) = 79.02 kN/m2
1  2 35.88  79.02
avg =   57.45 kN / m2
2 2
Qu = kavg tan   A S
= 1 57.45  tan  0.75  28     0.6  6
= 249.41 kN
Skin friction in stiff clay
For stiff clay    0.4 
Qu = Qf
Mains Exam Solution
= Cu A s
= 0.4  25    0.6  11
= 207.37 kN
Skin friction and point bearing in dense sand
For dense sand
1  79.02  1115  9.81  136.11kN / m2
ER
136.11  177.465
Nq  140, avg 
4m 2
 156.78 kN / m2
Qb(driven) =
ST
2  136.11  4.5 19  9.81  177.465 kN / m2
 2Nq  0.3DN   Ab

= (177.465 × 140 + 0.3 × 0.6 × (19 – 9.81) × 152) × 0.62
MA
4
= 7095.88 kN
1
For bored pile, Qb =  Qb driven
3
Qb
Qu =  Qf
3
7095.88
=  156.78  2  tan  0.75  41    0.6  4.5
3
= 2365.29 + 1582.36 = 3947.65 kN
S
Ultimate capacity of bored cast insitu pile

Qu = –11.71 – 13.19 + 249.41 + 207.37 + 3947.65
= 4379.53 kN
Qu
IE
4379.53
Safe load, Qs =   1751.81kN
FOS 2.5
Q-6(c) Mention standard conditions assumed for basic runway length. Design the runway length
for a proposed airport site at an altitude of 420 m above mean sea level. Use the following
data:
Basic runway lengths for takeoff and landing are 2000 m and 2400 m respectively.
Airport reference temperature is 23°C.
Effective gradient along the proposed runway is 0.4%.
[20 Marks]
Sol: Basic runway take off length (Lt) = 2000 m
Basic runway landing length (LL) = 2400 m.
Airport reference temperature (TR) = 23°C
Effective gradient = 0.4%
Mains Exam Solution
Altitude = 420 m
Standard atmospheric temperature at given elevation
TS = 15 – 0.0065 × 420 = 12.27°C
(a) Correction to runway take off length:
(i) Correction for elevation as recommended by ICAO, is 7% per 300 m elevation
7 420
therefore correction =   2000 = 196 m
ER
100 300
Corrected length (L') = 2000 + 196 = 2196 m
(ii) Correction for temperature:
Rise in temperature = TR – TS = 23 – 12.27 = 10.73°C
As per ICAO, correction for temperature is 1% for every 1°C rise in temperature
ST Correction =
=
1 rise in temperature
100

1 10.73
100

1
1C
 L
 2196 = 235.63 m
Corrected length (L'') = 2196 + 235.63 = 2431.63 m

Check
MA
As per ICAO,
(Elevation correction + temperature correction)  35% of basic runway length
 (196 + 235.63 = 431.63 m)  (0.35 × 2000 = 700 m)
Hence,
(iii) Correction for gradient:
FAA recommends that runway length after having been corrected for elevation and temperature
should be further increased at the rate of 20% for ever 1% of effective gradient
20
Correction for gradient =  0.4  2431.63 = 194.53 m
100
S
Final runway takeoff length = L'' + 194.43 = 2431.63 + 194.53

= 2626.16 m
(b) Correction to runway landing length:
IE
(i) Correction for elevation:

7 420
=   2400  235.2 m
100 300
Corrected runway landing length = 2400 + 235.2 = 2635.2 m.
No corrections are needed to landing runway length for temperature and gradient.
Actual runway length to be provided would be greater of (a) and (b)
Therefore runway length = Maximum [2626.16, 2635.2] m = 2635.2 m
Q-7(a)(i) What is the basis for classifying foundations into shallow and deep? Briefly explain the
situations in which different types of shallow foundations are adopted.
[8 Marks]
Mains Exam Solution
Sol: Classification of foundation
(a) As per Terzaghi basis
D 
If  f   1  The foundation is called shallow foundation.
B
D 
If 1   f   15  The foundation is moderate deep foundation
B 
ER
D 
If  f   15  The foundation is deep foundation
B 
(b) As per skempton’s basis
 Df 
If    2.5  The foundation is shallow foundation
B 
If
Df
B ST
 2.5  The foundation is deep foundation
The situation in which different types of shallow foundation are adopted

1. Strip footing
These are also known as wall footing to support wall. If L >> B then Strip footing adopted.
MA
L
B
2. Isolated footing
These are also known as spread footing. Isolated footing is used below the column.
S
L
B
Isolated footing
IE
3. Raft/Mat foundation
These type of foundations are large continues footing which support all columns and walls of a structure
and are constructed when soil is weak and load from the structure is heavey
Raft foundation
4. Combined Footings
These footings are usually constructed due to space limitations and support
two or more columns. They may be either rectangular or trapezoidal in
shape.
Combined footing
Mains Exam Solution
Q-7(a)(ii) A square footing (2 m × 2 m) founded at a depth 1 m below GL has to support a column

load of 400 kN. The soil profile consists of fine sand (  = 17 kN/m3) up to a depth of 3 m,
followed by a 4 m thick layer of silty clay (  = 15 kN/m3, NMC = 92%, Cc = 1.05). This is
followed by dense sandy layer up to 12 m. The WT is at 2m below the GL compute the
ER
possible consolidation settlement and state whether it is within permissible limits.
[12 Marks]
Sol: Given data:
1m
1m
ST 2 × 2m
 = 17 kN/m
3
1m 4m 2
1
MA
3
Clay  = 15 kN/m
NMC = 92%
4m
2m
Ge G 1  w 
 =   w   w
 1  e  1  Gw
G 1  0.92 
 15 =  9.81
1  G  0.92
15 + 13.8G = 18.835G
S
 G  2.979
Void ratio = Gw = 2.979 × 0.92
IE
 e = 2.74
Initial effective stress at middle of clay layer
 = 2 × 17 + 1 × (17 – 9.81) + 2 × (15 – 9.81)
 = 51.57 kN/m2
Stress increase at middle of clay layer
400 400
 =   11.11kN / m2
Area 6  6
 Cc  1.05
H = 400 cm
Consolidation given as
Mains Exam Solution
HCc     
log10 
H = 1  e   

0
400  1.05  51.57  11.11 

Put value H = log10  
1  2.74  51.57 
 H  9.515 cm = 95.15 mm
ER
Permissible settlements in shallow foundation for isolated footing on sand = 40 mm < H
So, settlement is not within permissible limits.
Q-7(b) Determine the correct magnetic bearings of the lines of closed traverse having the following
bearings as observed:
Line AB BC CD DE EA
FB 8105' 10020' 17135' 21050' 300 50'
Sol:
BB 26020'
ST 28235' 35145' 30 05' 12110'
[20 Marks]
Line FB BC
AB 81 05 260 20
MA
BC 100 20 282 35
CD 171 35 351 45
DE 210 50 30 05
EA 300 50 121 10
We find that there is no line whose F.B and B.B differ exactly by180°.
100°20
B C 171°35
S
81°05
A
IE
210°50
D
E 300°50
Calculation of interior angle

A = BB of EA – FB of AB
= 12110  8105  405
B = BB of BA – FB of BC
= 26020  10020  160
C = BB of BC – FB of CD
= 28235  17135  111
Mains Exam Solution
D = BB of CD – FB of DE
= 35145  21050  14055
E = BB of DE – FB of EA
= 30 5  30050  27045  360
= 8915
ER
Sum of interior angle = 54115
Theoretical sum = (2N – 4)90° = 540°
Error = 541 15  540  1 15
115
Correction per angle =  015
5
ST
Hence, corrected interior angle
A = 3950
B = 159 45
C = 11045
D = 140 40
MA
E = 89°
The F.B and B.B of line CD differ by 18010, the difference being only 10 . Hence FB of CD is
obtained by adding half the difference.
Hence corrected FB of CD = 17135  5
= 171 40
and corrected BB of CD = 17140  180

= 35140
S
So, corrected back bearing of BC

CB = C  FB of CD  11045  17140
IE
= 282 25
FB of BC = 28225  180  10225

Again BA = B  BC  15945  10225
= 262 10
FB of AB = 26210  180   8210

Again BB of EA = A  FB of AB
= 3950  8210
= 122
So, FB of EA = 122° + 180° = 302°
Mains Exam Solution
Again BB of DE = E  FB of EA
= 89° + 302°
= 31°
So, FB of DE = 180° + 31° = 211°
Again BB of CD = D  FB of DE
ER
= 14040  211  35140
So, corrected FB and BB are
Line FB BC
AB 82 10 262 10
BC 102 25 282 25
CD 171 40 351 40
Q-7(c)
ST DE
EA
Describe tunnel lining and various materials used for it.

211
302
31
122
[10 Marks]
Sol: The objective of tunnel lining

MA
(i) It gives correct section to the tunnel
(ii) It withstands soil pressure when driven in soft soil.
(iii) It reduces losses in friction and erosive action and ensure stream line motion
(iv) It forms a good protective covering to certain types of rock prone to air slaking.
(v) It keeps the inside of the tunnel free from water percolation
(vi) It supports large slabs of rock which might have become loosened during blasting.
Materials for lining:
S
(i) Brick Masonry: Brick masonry was the standard material for tunnel lining, but is now rapidly
going out of use, except in the case of underground sources.
(ii) Stone Masonry: It has more or less the same disadvantage as brick lining and addition is
IE
very heavy necessitating very strong centres. But it is still use for lining the sides.
(iii) Cement concrete: Cement concrete has become the standard material for tunnel lining in
both rock and soft soil. The water proof qualities of cement concrete, makes form a first class
water tight lining
(iv) Timber: It is one of the oldest lining materials, it is used both as a temporary support during
construction and as a permanent support later.
Q-7(d) Classify wet docks and write advantages and disadvantages of each of them.
[10 Marks]
Sol: Classification of Wet Docks :

1. Wet docks in tidal basin :
 In ports on the open sea coast protected by an outlying breakwater, basins are formed within
its shelter.
Mains Exam Solution
Advantage of Tidal Basin :
 Vessel can come in and berth or leave at all times.
 Costly arrangement, like lock gate for closing of entrances are not required.
Disadvantage :
 If range of tide is more, then operations of loading and unloading are serious effected.
ER
 The fluctuations of water level will cause the rubbing of sides of ships against the berths.
2. Enclosed wet dock :
 In enclosed wet dock, water level maintain uniform by providing locks and lock gates so that
cargo handling become convenient and increase the commercial activities of port.
 Disadvantage of enclosed wet dock is costly due to provide locks and lock gates and ships
will take time for entry and exit.
Advantages :
(i)
(ii)
ST
They maintain uniform level of water which helps in handling cargo.
The prevent the rubbing of the ship sides against the quay walls.
(iii) They are very useful when the increase in draft of the vessel is greater than normal navigable
depth of river.
(iv) They are very useful in harbour or rivers where considerable silting takes place.
MA
Q-8(a)(i) Comment on the statement. “The net bearing capacity of a shallow foundation in clayey soil
is unaffected by the position of water table, whereas in sandy soil, it is very much affected”.
[5 Marks]
Sol: In clay soil:
Net bearing capacity of a shallow foundation in clayey soil is given below:

qnu  CNC ...(1)
S
It can be seen from equation (1) that the effect of a rise of water table is unaffected in net ultimate
being capacity.
In sandy soil:
IE
Net ultimate bearing capacity of a shallow foundation in sandy soil is given below:
 
qnu = Df Nq  1  0.5BN ...(2)
From equation (2), the effect of a rise of water table from below the failure zone upto the ground
surface in a free-draining soil (sandy soil) is to reduce the bearing capacity of a footing by nearly
50 percent, because if we increase water table we use effective overburden pressure (  sub in place
of  sat ). Since  sub is roughly one-half of  sat , the being capacity contribution from the surcharge,
that is, qNq and from the soil beneath the footing 0.5 BN will each be reduced by 50 percent.
Mains Exam Solution
Q-8(a)(ii) With respect to a compaction curve, explain how one can plot the zero air voids line, 90%
saturation line and 10% air voids line.
[10 Marks]
Sol: Zero Air Void line

 The maximum dry unit weight that can be achieved for a given water content by applying
compaction.
ER
 But zero air void density is very tough to achieve in reality because no matter how much
the compaction effort is, some air voids will remain with in the soil.
 This density is different from the case when water content is increased to saturate the soil.
 Zero air void line and 100% saturation line at various moisture content are same.
1  na  G w
d can also be calculated as:d =
1  wG
G w

ST
for na = 0% equation becomes identical to equation =  d 
1
wG
S
It should be noted that 90% saturation line and 10% air void line are different
90% Saturation line  d 

G w
G
1
0.9
1  0.1 Gs  w
MA
 10% air void line  d 
1  wG
 Using above equation, calculate value for different water content, and plote in the graph.
100% saturation line

or
2 zero air void line
d
1
10% saturation line 90% saturation line
OMC2 OMC1 w (water content)
S
Q-8(b) Discuss the geological characteristics necessary for the design and construction of reservoirs.
[10 Marks]
IE
Sol: Geological consideration for the design and construction of reservoirs
1. Type of rock and soil besides climate suitable to ensure minimum erosion of the soil
2. Rock formation having dip in the upstream direction is preferable storage water is ledout of
the basin if the rock is dipping downstream.
3. Narrow gorge with sound foundations to locate dam and rapid widening of the valley above
dam site to afford greater average volume perimeter of height and length of dam.
4. Reservoir basin barren, so that cost of land acquisition and jungle clearance is the minimum.
5. Remote from seismic zone as far as possible.
6. Nearest to the commanded area to ensure minimum length of canal system and hence
minimum water conveyance losses.
Mains Exam Solution
7. Exclusion of tributaries bringing heavy silt laden water.
8. Availability of construction materials for the reservoir within minimum load.
9. Minimum disruption to rail road communication in the region.
10. Water tight reservoir perimeter there should be no serious leakage from the reservoir basin.
ER
Q-8(c) Discuss how the sensors are classified in Remote Sensing and briefly explain their salient
features.
[10 Marks]
Sol: Remote sensing sensors are designed to record radiations in one or more parts of the EM spectrum.
Sensors are electronic instruments that receive EM radiation and generate an electric signal that
correspond to the energy variation of different earth surface features. The signal can be recorded
ST
and displayed as numerical data or an image. The strength of the signal depends upon (i) Energy
flux, (ii) Altitude, (iii) Spectral band width, (iv) Instantaneous field of view (IFOV), and (v) Dwell
time.
An scanning system employs detectors with a narrow field or view which sweeps across the terrain
to produce an image. When photons of EM energy radiated or reflected from earth surface feature
encounter the detector, an electrical signal is produced that varies in proportion to the number of
MA
photons.
Sensors on Board of Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS)

1. Linear Imagining and Self Scanning Sensor (LISS I): This playload was on board IRS 1A
and 1B satellites. It had four bands operating in visible and near IR region.
2. Linear Imaging and Self Scanning Sensor (LISS II): This playload was on board IRS 1A
and 1B satellites. It has four bands operating in visible and near IR region.
3. Linear Imaging and Self Scanning Sensor (LISS III): This playload is on board IRS 1C
and 1D satellites. It has three bands operating in visible and near IR region and one band
in short wave infra region.
S
4. Panchromatic Sensor (PAN): This playload is on boards IRS 1C and 1D satellites. It has
one band.
5. Wide Field Sensor (WiFS): This playload is on boards IRS 1C and 1D satellites. It has two
IE
bands operating in visible and near IR region.

6. Modular Opto-Electronic Scanner (MOS): This playload is on board IRS P3 satellite.
7. Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM): This playload is on board IRS P4 satellite. It has eight
spectral bands operating in visible and near IR region.
8. Multi Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR): This playload is on board IRS 1D satellite.
This is a passive microwave sensor.
Q-8(d) Design the length of transition curve to be provided on a horizontal curve of radius 484 m
on a National Highway with double lane passing through heavy rainfall area. Following
design data is given:
Ruling design speed = 80 kmph
Type of terrain = Rolling terrain
Mains Exam Solution
Rate of introduction of superelevation = 1 in 150
Wheel base of design vehicle = 6 m
[25 Marks]
Sol:
Given that: Radius of curve = 484 m
Ruling design speed = 80 kmph
ER
Type of terrain = Rolling terrain
Rate of introduction of superlevation = 1 in 150
Wheel base of design vehicle = 6 m
Length of transition curve:
(1) On the basis of rate of change of centrifugal acceleration:
ST
Hence C lies in the range
LS1 =
C =
V
CR
3
80

80
75  V 75  80
 0.52  0.5  C  0.8
3
(80  0.278)
MA
LS1 = = 43.71 meter
0.52  484
2. As per IRC
2 2
2.7V 2.7  80 
Minimum length of curve LS2 =   35.7m
R 484
3. Length as per allowable rate of introduction of super elevation.
Assuming rotation about inner edge as the pavement lies in heavy rainfall area, we have
LS3 = e(W + W e) N
2
nl V 2 6 80
S
Extra widening (We) =   

2R 9.5 R 2  484 9.5 484
= 0.46 m
IE
V2 80 2
Super elevation (e) =   0.06
225R 225  484
(Since, e  0.07, hence acceptable)
Width of road = 2  3.5  7m
Hence, LS3 = 0.06  7  0.46   150
= 67.14 m
length of transition curve = max L S1, L S2 , L S3 
= 67.14 m
Adopt 68 m as length of transition curve.

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Mains Exam Solution

CIVIL ENGINEERING - Paper II

VA = 450mL,  pH A  7.5

VS = 550 mL,  pHB  6.5

Q-1(a)(ii): Compute the theoretical oxygen demand of 108.75 mg/l of glucose.

Sol: Glucose C 6H12O 6

C6H12O6  6O2  6CO2  6H2O

For 108.75 mg/l of glucose

Density of soil ( s ) = 1.5 gm/cm3

= 0.7 × (Total maximum available moisture)

 14.625  0.7   14.625  0.7 

= 9.31 days  9 days

Solid waste rate = 2.5 kg capital d

Total solid waste rate = 2.5  3  105 Kg d

Volume of land fill required = Vsolid waste  Vcov er

Power of sound wave

(prms) = reference rms sound pressure

 The method to determine  -index would involve some trial.

If  is the value of  -index then P  t e  Rd when te = duration of rainfall excess

4. Let Mc = number of pulses with Ii > 

The  index for a given catchment depends on following factors.

(i) Storm intensity

Time from start  h  Incremental rainfall in each hour  cm  Rainfall intensity  cm hr 

Infiltration = 10  5.8  4.2cm

Considering the whole period of rainfall to be period of rainfall excess.

So, these periods are not considered in calculation of  index.

10  0.4  1  0.5  1  5.8

i (rainfall intensity) >  index

So,   index = 0.55 cm/hr.

Take kinematic viscosity of water as 1.3 × 10–2 cm2/sec and assume CD  24 R .

1  0.48  L = 1  nexp 1.5L

(b) Head loss = hL   GS  1 1  n  L

=  2.66  11  0.48  0.75

• Time of contact  efficiency 

This length of pen stoke is

Functional element Description

Processing and recovery

Q-3(b)(i): What are the effects of water logging ?

Vane angle  = 40°

Q 0 = 0.15 m /s S.S = 20 mg/L

MLVSS = 2000 mg/L

Sol: Given data :

We know, Q = D1B1Vf1  D2B2 Vf2

5 =   2  0.2Vf1    2.5  0.2Vf2

Vf1  3.98 m / sec

and Vf 2  3.183 m / sec

Inlet and outlet velocity triangle diagram shown as below

Parameter Composting Anaerobic Digestion (Bio methanation)

Needs to be adjusted to about 6.7

material to ensure that all infectious agents operations

Initial water table before pumping

Sol: Given data,

and, u A = 1 9.81  9.81KN m2

= 140  58.86  81.14 KN m2

Sand (+) (+) (+)

• This correction becomes more significant for fine dense sand.

Y = ya + yb = 0.4 + 0.25 = 0.65

25.77 sec 2 sec.