Fourth Edition

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF

2 MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf

Lecture Notes:
Stress and Strain
– Axial Loading
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

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Contents

Stress & Strain: Axial Loading Generalized Hooke’s Law

Normal Strain Dilatation: Bulk Modulus
Stress-Strain Test Shearing Strain
Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials Example 2.10
Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials Relation Among E, n, and G
Hooke’s Law: Modulus of Elasticity Sample Problem 2.5
Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior Composite Materials
Fatigue Saint-Venant’s Principle
Deformations Under Axial Loading Stress Concentration: Hole
Example 2.01 Stress Concentration: Fillet
Sample Problem 2.1 Example 2.12
Static Indeterminacy Elastoplastic Materials
Example 2.04 Plastic Deformations
Thermal Stresses Residual Stresses
Poisson’s Ratio Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16

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Stress & Strain: Axial Loading

• Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the deformations in

the structure as well as the stresses induced under loading. Statics
analyses alone are not sufficient.

• Considering structures as deformable allows determination of member

forces and reactions which are statically indeterminate.

• Determination of the stress distribution within a member also requires

consideration of deformations in the member.

• Chapter 2 is concerned with deformation of a structural member under

axial loading. Later chapters will deal with torsional and pure bending
loads.

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Normal Strain

P 2P P P
   stress   
A 2A A A
  2 
  normal strain   
L L 2L L
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Stress-Strain Test

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Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

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Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

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Hooke’s Law: Modulus of Elasticity

• Below the yield stress

  E
E  Youngs Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity

• Strength is affected by alloying,

heat treating, and manufacturing
process but stiffness (Modulus of
Elasticity) is not.

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Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior

• If the strain disappears when the

stress is removed, the material is
said to behave elastically.

• The largest stress for which this

occurs is called the elastic limit.

• When the strain does not return

to zero after the stress is
removed, the material is said to
behave plastically.

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Fatigue

• Fatigue properties are shown on

S-N diagrams.

• A member may fail due to fatigue

at stress levels significantly below
the ultimate strength if subjected
to many loading cycles.

• When the stress is reduced below

the endurance limit, fatigue
failures do not occur for any
number of cycles.

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Deformations Under Axial Loading

• From Hooke’s Law:

 P
  E  
E AE

• From the definition of strain:



L

• Equating and solving for the deformation,

PL
 
AE

• With variations in loading, cross-section or

material properties,
PL
  i i
i Ai Ei

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Example 2.01

SOLUTION:
• Divide the rod into components at
the load application points.

• Apply a free-body analysis on each

E  200 GPa component to determine the
D  27.64 mm. d  15.96 mm.
internal force

• Evaluate the total of the component

Determine the deformation of deflections.
the steel rod shown under the
given loads.

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SOLUTION: • Apply free-body analysis to each

component to determine internal forces,
• Divide the rod into three
components:
P1  260 103 N
P2  70 103 N
P3  130  103 N

• Evaluate total deflection,

Pi Li 1  P1 L1 P2 L2 P3 L3 
      
i Ai Ei E  A1 A2 A3 


    
1  260 103 300  70 103 300 130 103 400 
 

 
2 105  600 600 200 
 1.775 mm.

L1  L2  0.3m. L3  0.4 m.   1.775 mm.

A1  A2  600 mm 2
A3  200 mm 2

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Sample Problem 2.1

SOLUTION:
• Apply a free-body analysis to the bar
BDE to find the forces exerted by
links AB and DC.
• Evaluate the deformation of links AB
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two and DC or the displacements of B
links AB and CD. and D.

Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70 • Work out the geometry to find the

GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 500 deflection at E given the deflections
mm2. Link CD is made of steel (E = 200 at B and D.
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of (600
mm2).
For the 30-kN force shown, determine the
deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.

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Sample Problem 2.1

SOLUTION: Displacement of B:
PL
Free body: Bar BDE B 
AE
 60  103 N 0.3 m 

500 10-6 m2 70 109 Pa 
 514  10  6 m
 B  0.514 mm 
MB  0
Displacement of D:
0  30 kN  0.6 m   FCD  0.2 m
PL
D 
FCD  90 kN tension AE
 MD  0 90  103 N 0.4 m 
0  30 kN  0.4 m   FAB  0.2 m

600 10-6 m2 200 109 Pa 
FAB  60 kN compression  300  10  6 m

 D  0.300 mm 

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Sample Problem 2.1

Displacement of D:

BB BH

DD HD
0.514 mm 200 mm   x

0.300 mm x
x  73.7 mm

EE  HE

DD HD
E

400  73.7 mm
0.300 mm 73.7 mm
 E  1.928 mm

 E  1.928 mm 

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Static Indeterminacy
• Structures for which internal forces and reactions
cannot be determined from statics alone are said
to be statically indeterminate.

• A structure will be statically indeterminate

whenever it is held by more supports than are
required to maintain its equilibrium.

• Redundant reactions are replaced with

unknown loads which along with the other
loads must produce compatible deformations.

• Deformations due to actual loads and redundant

reactions are determined separately and then added
or superposed.
  L R  0

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Example 2.04
Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel
bar and loading shown, assuming a close fit at
both supports before the loads are applied.

SOLUTION:
• Consider the reaction at B as redundant, release
the bar from that support, and solve for the
displacement at B due to the applied loads.

• Solve for the displacement at B due to the

redundant reaction at B.

• Require that the displacements due to the loads

and due to the redundant reaction be
compatible, i.e., require that their sum be zero.

• Solve for the reaction at A due to applied loads

and the reaction found at B.
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Example 2.04
SOLUTION:
• Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied
loads with the redundant constraint released,
P1  0 P2  P3  600  10 3 N P4  900  103 N

A1  A2  400  10  6 m 2 A3  A4  250  10  6 m 2
L1  L2  L3  L4  0.150 m

Pi Li 1.125  109
L   
i Ai Ei E

• Solve for the displacement at B due to the redundant

constraint,
P1  P2   RB

A1  400  10  6 m 2 A2  250  10  6 m 2
L1  L2  0.300 m

δR  
Pi Li


1.95  103 RB 
i Ai Ei E
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Example 2.04
• Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to
the redundant reaction be compatible,
  L R  0

  
 
1.125  10 9 1.95  10 3 RB
0
E E
RB  577  10 3 N  577 kN

• Find the reaction at A due to the loads and the reaction at B

 Fy  0  R A  300 kN  600 kN  577 kN
R A  323 kN

R A  323 kN
RB  577 kN

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Thermal Stresses
• A temperature change results in a change in length or
thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by
the supports.
• Treat the additional support as redundant and apply
the principle of superposition.
PL
 T   T L P 
AE
  thermal expansion coef.
• The thermal deformation and the deformation from
the redundant support must be compatible.
  T   P  0  T L 
PL
0
AE
P   AE T 
P
   E T 
A
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