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Objectives

Chapter 2
1. define relations, functions and inverse
functions;

Relations and
2. state the domain, range, intercepts and
symmetry of the functions and relations;

Functions
3. differentiate relations from functions;
4. perform operations on functions; and
5. sketch the graphs of functions and their
inverses.
1 2

Recall: Cross Product

Chapter 2.0 Let A and B be nonempty sets.

Cartesian
The cross product of A and B is

Coordinate System AB   x , y  x  A and y  B

3 4

Cartesian Coordinate System Ordered Pairs

Consider an ordered pair  x , y  which is

Consider R  R   x , y  x  R and y  R associated with point P.

Each ordered pair of real numbers is - x gives the directed distance of P from
associated with a point in a plane. the y  axis.
- y gives the directed distance of P from
5
the x  axis. 6

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Cartesian Coordinate System Cartesian Coordinate System

If a point P   x , y  then x and y are

x
 x, y 
y the coordinates of P.
O x  axis
x : abscissa
y : ordinate
y  axis
7 8

Example 2.0.1 Quadrants

Plot the following points.
1. P  2,7 
P  2,7  2nd Quadrant 1st quadrant
2. Q  0, 1 S  3,5

Q  0, 1
3. R  4, 6 
3rd Quadrant
R  4, 6 
4th Quadrant

4. S : with abscissa  3
and ordinate 5 9 10

Distance Formula Midpoint

The midpoint of a line segment
The distance between two points
between two points P  x1 , y1  and
P  x1 , y1  and Q  x2 , y2  is given by
Q  x2 , y2  is

PQ   x2  x1    y2  y1   x1  x2 y1  y2 
2 2

 , 
 2 2 
11 12

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Slope Example 2.0.2

Given P  2,7  and Q  2, 3  ,
The slope of the line containing 1. find the distance between P and Q.
P  x1 , y1  and Q  x2 , y2  is PQ  2   2   7   3 
2 2

 16  100
y2  y1  116
m
x2  x1   4 29 
13  2 29 14

Given P  2,7  and Q  2, 3  , Given P  2,7  and Q  2, 3  ,

2. find the midpoint of the segment 3. determine the slope of the lines
joining P and Q. joining P and Q.

 2   2  7   3  
   0,2 
, 3  7 10 5
 m  
 2 2  2  2 4 2

15 16

Relation

Let A and B be nonempty sets.

Chapter 2.1 A relation S from A to B is any

Relations
nonempty subset of A  B.

S  AB

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Relation in  Example 2.1.1

S  1,1  ,  2,4  ,  3,9  ,  4,16  ,  5,25

is a relation from  to  .
A relation in  is any non-empty
1 1
subset of    . 4
2
3 9
4 16
5 25
19 20

Example 2.1.1
Then

Consider the set containing male characters of

C V
Harry Potter.
C   Harry, Ron, Neville (Harry, Hermione),(Harry, Ginny),(Harry, Bellatrix), 
 
 (Ron, Hermione),(Ron, Ginny),(Ron, Bellatrix), 
and the set containing female characters of (Neville, Hermione),(Neville,Ginny),(Neville, Bellatrix)
 
Harry Potter.

V   Hermione, Ginny, Bellatrix

(Harry, Hermione),(Harry, Ginny),(Ron, Hermione), (Harry, Hermione),(Ron, Ginny),

n  n 
(Ron, Bellatrix),(Neville, Ginny)  (Neville, Ginny) 

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Relation Example 2.1.2

A relation can also be described by
equations and inequalities.
 
T   r , A  A   r 2 is a relation from the set
of nonegative real numbers to  .
T can also be described by A   r 2

r is the independent variable

A is the dependent variable
25 26

Example 2.1.3 Graph of a Relation

Following are relations from  to  .

The graph (locus) of a relation r is the set
1. r1   x , y  y  2 x  5 of all points  x , y  in a coordinate plane
2. r   x , y  y  x 
2
such that x is related to y through the
r   x , y  y  x  3
2

3. relation r .

r   x , y  x  4 y  1
3

4. 1
2

27 28

Intercepts Example 2.1.6

Find the x  and y  intercepts of
x2  y2  1
x  intercept is a point where the graph
of a relation crosses the x  axis.
x  intercept: 1,0  ,  1,0 
if y  0, x 2  1
y  intercept is a point where the graph x  1
of a relation crosses the y  axis. y  intercept:  0,1  ,  0, 1 
if x  0, y 2  1
29
y  1 30

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Lines Example 2.1.7

Sketch the graph of
1. y  3

x  a: vertical line passing through  a,0  .

y 3

y a: horizontal line passing through  0, a  .

31 32

2. x  2 Lines

If the defining equation of a relation

is both linear in x and y , the relation
is called a linear relation and its graph
x  2 is a straight line.

33 34

Example 2.1.8 Symmetries

Identify the x  and y  intercepts and
sketch the graph of y  2 x  5.
5 
x  intercept:  ,0  The graph of an equation is symmetric
with respect to the y  axis  SWRTY  if an
2 
if y  0 : 0  2x  5

x
5 equivalent equation is obtained when  x , y 
is replaced by   x , y  .
2
y  intercept:  0,5 
if x  0 : y  2  0   5 y  2 x  5
y 5 35 36

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Example 2.1.9 y
4

Show that the graph of x 2  y 2  4 3

is SWRTY. 2

x2  y2  4  x, y   x,y 
replacing  x , y  by   x , y  we get
1

x 
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
x

y 4
2 2 -1

x2  y2  4
-2

Therefore, the graph of x 2  y 2  4

-3

is SWRTY.
-4
37 38

Symmetries Example 2.1.10

Show that the graph of x  y 2  4
is SWRTX.
The graph of an equation is symmetric x  y2  4
with respect to the x  axis  SWRTX  if an replacing  x , y  by  x ,  y  we get
equivalent equation is obtained when  x , y  x   y   4
2

is replaced by  x , y  . x  y2  4
Therefore, the graph of x  y 2  4
39
is SWRTX. 40

y
5
Symmetries
 x,y 
4

The graph of an equation is symmetric

with respect to the origin  SWRTO  if an
1

equivalent equation is obtained when  x , y 

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
x
-1

is replaced by   x ,  y  .
-2

 x , y 
-3

-4

-5
41 42

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Example 2.1.11
 x,y 
5
y
Show that the graph of x  y  4 2 2 4

is SWRTO.
3

x2  y2  4
2

replacing  x , y  by   x , y  we get
1

  x    y 
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
x
4
-1
2 2
-2

x y 4
2 2

 x , y 
-3

Therefore, the graph of x 2  y 2  4

-4

is SWRTO.
-5
43 44

Example 2.1.11 Given r   x , y  y  2x 2

1 , 
1. Find the intercepts.
 2   2 
x  intercept:  ,0  ,  ,0 
 2   2 

 x , y  y  2x 
if y  0, 0  2 x  1
2

Given r  2
1 2x 2  1
1
x2 
2
1 2
x 
2 2 46


 x , y  y  2x  1 ,   x , y  y  2x 
Given r  1 ,
Given r 
2
2
2. Identify the symmetries.
y  intercept:  0, 1 SWRTY
y  2x2  1
if x  0 : y  1
replacing  x , y  by   x , y 
y  2 x   1
2

y  2x2  1
47
The graph is SWRTY. 48

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Given r   x , y  y  2x 2
1 , 
Given r   x , y  y  2x 2
1 , 
SWRTO
SWRTX
y  2x2  1
y  2x  1
replacing  x , y  by   x ,  y 
2

replacing  x , y  by  x ,  y 
y  2   x   1
2

y  2 x 2  1
y  2x 2  1

The graph is not SWRTX. 49

The graph is not SWRTO. 50

Given r   x , y  y  2x 2
1 ,  Special Graphs
Dom  r    Parabola
Rng  r    1,   y
5

y  ax 2  k : parabola opening
4

Symmetry: SWRTY 3
upward if a  0
Intercepts:
−4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 x

2
y

downward if a  0
4 −1

 2   2  vertex: (0, k)
3 −2

−3

x :  ,0  ,  ,0 
2

symmetries:
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
x
1 −4

 2  2 
-1 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 x

x  ay 2  k : parabola opening to the

y :  0, 1 
-2

-3
left if a  0
3

right if a  0
2 2

x 1
-4 1 1

vertex: (k ,0)
-5
O 1 2 3 4 x −4 −3 −2 −1 O

y 1
−1 −1

symmetries:
−2 −2

51 52

Example 2.1.12 Example 2.1.13

Given x  y  1, characterize then sketch
2
Given y  x 2  2, characterize then sketch
the graph. y
the graph. y
5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1 x -1 x

x 2 1 2 X -1 0 1
-2 -2

y -1 0 1 y -1 -2 -1
-3 -3

-4 -4

-5 -5
53 54

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Special Graphs Example 2.1.14

Circles Given x 2  y 2  16, characterize then sketch
x 2  y 2  a2 , a  0 the graph.
Circle centered at  0,0  with radius a.
y
5

a
2

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
x

a a
-1

-2

a
-3

-4

-5
55 56

Special Graphs Example 2.1.15

Given 4x 2  9y 2  36, characterize then
Ellipse
sketch the graph.
b 4 x 2  9y 2  36
x2 y2
4

 1 x2 y2
a 2 b2  1
x  intercepts:  a,0  ,  a,0 
2

9 4
a a x  intercepts:  3,0  ,  3,0 
y  intercepts:  0, b  ,  0, b 
y  intercepts:  0,2  ,  0, 2 
-4 -2 2 4

b
-2

-4

57 58

Special Graphs Special Graphs

Hyperbola b Hyperbola a
y x y x
a b
x2 y2 y2 x2
 1  1
a2 b2
b a2 b2 a
b b
Orientation: Horizontal a a Orientation: Vertical
x  intercepts:  a,0  ,  a,0  y  intercepts:  0, a  ,  0, a  a
b
b
Asymptotes: y   x b a
Asymptotes: y   x a
a y x b y x
a59 b 60

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Example 2.1.16 x2 y2
 1
x2 y2 9 25
Given   1, characterize then sketch
9 25 x  intercept:  3,0  ,  3,0 
the graph. y  intercept: none
y2
if x  0, 1
x  intercept:  3,0  ,  3,0  25
x2 y 2  25
if y  0, 1
9 5
Asymptotes: y   x
x2  9 3
x  3 61 62

5
y x Example 2.1.17
3
y2 x2
4

Given   1, characterize then sketch

16 36
the graph.
2

-4 -2 2 4
y  intercept:  0,4  ,  0, 4 
y2
if x  0, 1
-2

16
-4
5 y 2  16
y x
3
63 y  4 64

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