Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Civil Jurisdiction) : in The Supreme Court of Zambia APPEAL NO. 158/2009 Holden at Kabwe
(Civil Jurisdiction) : in The Supreme Court of Zambia APPEAL NO. 158/2009 Holden at Kabwe
158/2009
HOLDEN AT KABWE
(Civil Jurisdiction)
BETWEEN:
AND
For the Appellant: Mr. C. L. Mundia, S.C. of C.L Mundia and Company.
For the 1st and 2nd Respondent: Mr. N. Nchito, S.C. of Nchito and Nchito.
For the 3rd and 4th Respondent: Mrs. C. Mulenga, Assistant Senior State Advocate.
JUDGMENT
When we heard this Appeal, Hon. Mr. Justice Dr. Musonda sat with
Lusaka, in which the learned Judge held that the Appellant had not proved
that he was wrongfully detained on the two occasions when he was taken
unlawful detention.
The brief facts leading to this Appeal are that the Appellant was an
question, there were break-ins at the Buffer Store of the 2nd Respondent’s
Plant and bronze was stolen. The Appellant was taken to Chilanga Police
detained from 1st October, 2001 to 5thOctober, 2001 when he was released
without being charged. On 20th June, 2003, the Appellant was again taken
to the Police Station where he was detained by the 3rd Respondent for a
day and later released without being charged. The Appellant claims that he
reliefs:-
b) Any other relief the Court may deem fit and appropriate and
costs.”
The Appellant claimed that his detentions and/or arrests and unlawful
imprisonment by the 1st and 3rd Respondents and the late Nyimbiri were a
total violation of his rights and a negation of justice and violation of the rule
on Human and People’s Rights, as the allegation of breaking into the Buffer
-J4-
possession on all the two occasions inspite of the Respondents going to his
The learned Judge in the Court below heard evidence from the
conclusion that the Appellant had not established that he was unlawfully
detained.
“ 1. The trial Judge erred in law and in fact when he failed to evaluate the
evidence before him correctly and effectively and that there have been
serious contradictions to the extent that the evidence o f the A ppellant as
deposed was not correctly recorded.
2. That the trial Judge erred in law and in fact by his failure to address the
legal issues arising from the A ppellant’s unlawful detentions in both 2001
and 2003.”
-J5-
The learned Counsel for the Appellant, Mr. Mundia, S.C, relied on the
evidence given by the Appellant in the Court below. We shall refer to this
evidence later.
It was contended that the evidence on record shows that there was a
friends to work extra hours without approval, when in fact the approval
came from the shift manager. That the Court below considered at page 21
that it was Cheelo who saw the break-ins and later reported to his
supervisor and that this is what exonerated E.M. Phiri (1st Respondent)
from involvement in the 2001 incident, except for the 2003 break-in. It was
submitted that the evaluation of the evidence by the Court below was also
inconsistent with the evidence of DW1 (Carlos Cheelo) who told the Court
“ I was given a van, w ent away, but later returned to store room when I
found w indow broken. I reported to Security at main gate. Mr. Phiri
Security Guard follow ed me to the Storeroom. Later he called fo r Police. In
the presence o f Police we checked fo r goods in the storeroom . We found
bronze m issing.”
-J6-
“ Erick M. Phiri is also Security Guard. I do not know if Mr. Phiri interview ed
the Plaintiff. I heard that the Plaintiff was interviewed by S ecurity.”
evidence that in fact, the 1st Respondent is the one who took him to the
Police Station and that this evidence was at variance with the Judgment
which states that DW1 exonerated Erick Masauso Phiri. Therefore, the
failure by the Court below to evaluate the evidence before it was a serious
misdirection.
parties are bound by their pleadings. That at pages 26-28 of the Record of
“ The 1st defendant sent him a call out to proceed to his office and he did so
but only to be detained by the said 1st defendant w ith o u t charge and later
to o k him to Musamba Police Station after accusing him o f having stolen
tw o pieces o f Bronze from the buffer store at Chilanga.”
It was submitted that this pleading has not been denied by the 1st or
pleaded that the 1st Respondent is not the one who detained the Appellant.
Hence, the pleadings are at variance with the evidence of the witness.
-J7-
Nkhoma1 was cited in which we held and confirmed the principle o f law
that parties are bound by their own pleadings. It was submitted that had
the Court below addressed its mind to the issues before it, it would have
come to the conclusion that in both incidents, (in 2001 and 2003), the 1st
It was further submitted that the Court below trivialized the matter
before it. In this respect, State Counsel drew our attention to paragraph 2
evidence or allegation that Mr. Phiri should not have reported the matter to
the Police, as the Appellant’s evidence was that he was called from his
house, detained by the 1st Respondent at his office and later he was taken
3rd Respondent), without any charge being preferred against him. That
there was no evidence before the Court below that showed that the
investigations concluded that the Appellant was indeed, the one who broke
into the Buffer Store. Citing pages 225 to 229 where the Appellant stated
that: -
-J8-
“ On 30th September, 2001, I reported for w ork at 07.00 hours and I was
supposed to knock o ff at 21.30 hours. At 19.00 hours, I was inform ed by
the duty Manager, Mr. Mweenda that I was not going to knock o ff because
the person w ho was supposed to relieve me was sick. I requested the
Manager to allow me to go home and have meals as I was expected to
knock o ff at 07.00 hours the follow ing day. I was allowed but while at home
there was a breakdown in the Plant and the driver was sent to g o and
collect me from home, but did not find me as I had already left hom e on
foot fo r the Plant. I reached the Plant at 20:30 hours and attended to the
problem. A t 07:00 hours, I handed over the sh ift to the m orning crew on 1st
October, 2001.”
It was contended that the above evidence is clear and contrary to the
Judgment that the Appellant had swapped the shift with another officer
detained him in their office and indeed, to have handed him over to
Chilanga Police Station, when there was no evidence that he had stolen
occasions and that in 2003, he was detained for more than 48 hours
without charge and in 2001, he was also detained for 5 days without a
charge and he was not told of the offence. And that he was released on
It was pointed out that on page 23 of the Record, the Court below
stated that: -
It was submitted that the conclusion by the Court below was against
the weight of the evidence which was clear that the Appellant “was
It was pointed out that the conclusion by the Court below seemed to
suggest that the Police Officer can detain any one even where there are no
grounds or where the reason for the arrest or detention was not true. That
the cited evidence of DW2, at pages 236 to 239 of the Record of Appeal as
read with the evidence of DW3, at pages 241 to 244, clearly shows that the
Appellant was taken to Musamba Police Post by the 1st Respondent and
“ P laintiff jum ped into G3 vehicle w hich drove to Musamba Police station
where we alighted from the vehicle and entered CID room .”
It was submitted that the Appellant had proved that he was detained
on the allegations that were not true as he was not arrested or charged with
any offence. Therefore, that the Court below’s finding in justifying the arrest
-Jll-
and detention was not supported by the evidence as the evidence before
the Court was that the Appellant was released without being arrested.
2001 and 2003, the Appellant was unlawfully detained without charge by
the 1st and 3rd Respondents and the late Nyimbiri who was a Police Officer
at Chilanga Police Station. And that the question is not whether the
Appellant was detained or not but whether the detentions were lawful or
not. It was submitted that it was the duty of the Respondents to justify the
detention. And that the 4th Respondent does not deny that the Police
Officers were involved as only general denials were made and that those
denials did not change the Appellant’s case except that the Court below
failed to evaluate the evidence before it correctly. Citing page 226 of the
“ When I was to leave fo r home Mr. Erick Masauso Phiri, a Security O fficer
called me to his office w hich is at the gate. He asked me if I knew that the
locker in the buffer store was tampered with. I denied knowledge because
buffer store is fo r the store man. He said he detained me because when I
w ent fo r supper there was a breakdown in the plant hence S hift Manager
sent driver to pick me, but driver refused to be searched at the gate.”
And that: -
“ I was detained at 10.00 hours. I was released after I was kept there at
07.00 hours (presumably the following day). A t 14.00 hours same Security
Officer came from Chilanga Cement and told me I was wanted by Police
w ho he said instructed him to pick me up. I returned to his Office. Later,
-J 12-
Respondent from 10:00 hours on 30th September, 2001 to 07:00 hours the
following day was totally wrongful in law especially that he was not charged
with any offence and that likewise, the detention by the late Nyimbiri from
1st October to 5th October, 2001 was equally wrongful as he was detained
without a charge having been preferred against him. It was argued the
finding of fact by the trial Judge that the 1st Respondent was exonerated by
That, however, DW1 never said that in his evidence and that in cross-
“ Erick M. Phiri is also Security Guard. I do not know if Mr. Phiri interviewed
the Plaintiff. I heard that the P laintiff was interviewed by Security.”
*
-J 13-
It was pointed out that this evidence does not amount to exoneration
Further, that the 1st and 2nd Respondents did not deny the contents of
in paragraph 6 of their defence. That had the Court below addressed itself
seriously to the pleadings and the evidence before it, it could not have
dismissed the Appellant’s claim and conclude that “at no time did E. M.
Phiri arrest or detain the Plaintiff at Police Station in the cells either in 2001
or 2003 or at all as the Appellant never stated in his evidence that he was
detained by the 1st Respondent at the Police Station. That his evidence at
“ When I was to leave fo r home, Mr. Erick Masauso Phiri, Security Officer
called me into his office w hich is at the gate. He asked me if I knew that
locker in the buffer store was tampered with. I denied knowledge because
buffer store is fo r the foreman (meaning he did not w ork in the storeroom .
He said he detained me because when I w ent fo r supper there was a
breakdown in the plant, hence Shift Manager sent driver to pick me but
driver refused to be searched at the gate. In the m orning they discovered
that lo ck to buffer store was tampered w ith and tw o pieces o f bronze were
stolen. Since I worked near the buffer store they expected me to know
som ething about the stolen bronze. I was detained at 10.00 hours and I
was released after I was kept there at 07.00 hours (Meaning the following
day).”
-J 14-
arriving at the conclusion that the 1st Respondent did not detain the
Appellant in cells at the Police Station in 2001 or 2003. Hence, the learned
law that the appellate Court rarely interferes with the findings of fact unless
such findings are not supported by the evidence or if it shows that the
account matters which ought not to have been taken into account or failed
to take into account some matters which ought to have been taken into
That this is the position this Court took in the case of Nkonqolo Farms
Court below, therefore, erred by not only assessing the evidence before it
Record of Appeal where the learned Judge stated that “the said C. Cheelo
2003 break-in”, it was argued that DW1 never gave such evidence in the
Court below as DW1 stated at page 235 of the Record of Appeal that: -
“ I was given a van, w ent away, but later returned to storeroom when I fo u n d
a w indow broken. I reported to Security at main gate. Mr. Phiri, S e cu rity
Guard follow ed me to the Storeroom and he called fo r Police.”
“ Erick M. Phiri is also Security Guard, I do not know if Mr. Phiri interview ed
the Plaintiff. I heard that the Plaintiff was interviewed by Security.”
It was argued that this evidence did not amount to exoneration of the
1st Respondent. Further, that the Court below failed to show why it
Appellant when his evidence was extremely clear and that the Court below
should have explained how it had come to the findings of fact that it did,
called to show that it was the Appellant who broke into the Buffer Store and
that the 1st Respondent was never involved in the detention of the
was misdirection on the part of the Judge as the Appellant’s evidence was
And that:-
when in fact, the record shows that there was no exoneration of the 1st
On the other hand, in opposing this Appeal, the learned Counsel for
the 1st and the 2nd Respondents, Mr. Nchito, also relied on the Heads of
Argument filed on behalf of the 1st and the 2nd Respondents. In response
to Ground 1 of this Appeal, it was argued that the learned trial Judge was
before him and that there are no serious contradictions as the evidence of
fact, was introducing new evidence which was not before the Court and
Appellant’s case against the 1st and the 2nd Respondents is that: -
It was contended that the Court below made correct analysis of the
evidence when it held that DW1 exonerated the 1st Appellant from the 2001
incident as DW1 told the Court below in examination in chief and in cross-
examination that: -
“ 1. In 2001, he did not report the matter to the 1st A ppellant and the 1st
A ppellant was not involved in the investigations.
break in at the Store room and the Appellant was the o n ly one
w orking near the Store room on both nights. A report was m ade to
the Police and the Police instituted investigations.”
It was submitted that the 1st and the 2nd Respondents did not commit
any wrong against the Appellant and that the Court below was in order by
finding that the 1st Respondent was not involved in the 2001 case as the
evidence of both DW1 and DW2 also disclosed this. However, the Court
below was on firm ground when it found that the 1st Respondent was just
carrying out his duties when he reported the matter to the Police in 2003
after receiving a report of the break-in at the Buffer Store. However, that
the Appellant in fact concedes that the 1st Respondent handed him over to
Post and that the 1st Respondent took the Appellant to the Police Post.
case. Therefore, that the learned Judge was on firm ground when he found
that DW3 is the one who detained the Appellant and not the 1st Respondent
as the only role played by the 1st Respondent was to report to the Police in
As to when this Court can interfere with the findings of fact of the trial
“ The appellate C ourt w ill only reverse findings o f fact made by a trial C o u rt
if it is satisfied that the findings in question were either perverse or m ade in
the absence o f any relevant evidence or upon a m isapprehension of fa c ts .”
that:-
It was argued that this is not a proper case for this Court to interfere
with the lower Court’s findings of facts as the learned Judge properly
analyzed the evidence before him and the findings of fact that he made
Judge was on firm ground when he found that the Appellant was lawfully
detained and that as such, there were no issues for him to determine.
Citing the evidence of DW1 who told the Court below that the 1st
Respondent in this matter was not involved in the investigations of the first
■
-j 20-
incident and the Appellant’s allegation that the 1st Respondent detained him
from 07:00 hours to 10:00 hours (see page 249 of the Record of Appeal), it
was argued that no evidence was given by the Appellant that during the
alleged three hours detention, he was not free to leave the premises. And
that if at all the Appellant was kept for three hours after his shift ended,
there was nothing unlawful about that as the security personnel had a duty
was on duty.
detained from 10:00 hours on 30th September, 2001 to 07.00 hours the
following day is not supported by any evidence and that this in fact,
contradicts his own evidence at page 226 that there had been a breakdown
and that he handed over to the morning crew at 07:00 hours on 1st October,
hours and hand over to the morning crew at 07.00 hours if he had been
detained by the 1st Respondent from 10.00 hours on 30th September, 2001
Respondent from the 2001 incident as DW1 testified that the Security
Officer on duty in 2001 was Chama and not the 1st Respondent and that as
such, there was no way the 1st Respondent could have detained the
Appellant as he was not around at the time the theft was reported to the
Appellant’s evidence was that he knocked off at 07:00 hours and later that
same day, the 1st Respondent picked him up from home and informed him
that the Police were looking for him and that he followed the 1st
Respondent to the Police Station where he was handed over to DW3 who
explained to him that there had been a break-in at the Buffer Store is
Further, that it is very clear from the evidence of the Appellant and
that of DW2 and DW3 that in 2003, the 1st Respondent only reported the
matter to the Police and handed over the Appellant to the Police because
the Appellant was the one working near the Buffer Store where there had
been a break-in and that this fact is not in dispute and that the Appellant in
cross-examination at page 228 line 2-3, conceded that the 1st Respondent
never dealt with him after handing him over to the Police. That being the
-j 22-
case, the 1st Respondent cannot be made liable for the acts of the Police
Therefore, that the Court below was on firm ground when it found that
the 1st Respondent did not unlawfully detain the Appellant either in 2001 or
2003. It was further contended that the law is very clear that ordinary
citizens are not responsible for the acts of the Police once a report is made
to the Police and that the Police have a duty to make up their mind whether
or not there is any merit in the complaint. Hence, the 1st Respondent
It was submitted that the 1st and 2nd Respondents cannot be liable for
any wrong doing of the 3rd and 4th Respondents. Therefore, this Appeal
In opposing this Appeal, the learned Counsel for the 3rd and the 4th
the evaluation of the evidence. It was submitted that the Appellant has
argued that the trial Judge did not correctly and effectively evaluate the
evidence before him and that there are serious contradictions to the extent
that the evidence of the Appellant was not correctly recorded. It was
submitted that the 3rd and the 4th Respondent’s position is that the learned
trial Judge did properly evaluate the evidence before him. That the learned
trial Judge had the opportunity to hear the evidence, see and assess the
evidence before him. That as such, the trial Judge had ample opportunity
and take the same into consideration. That the trial Judge did not fail to
address the legal issues arising from the alleged unlawful detentions and
the learned Judge made findings of fact and found that the arrests and
detentions were justifiable and that this is clearly discernible from the
decision of the lower Court reversed. However, that the learned Judge
made factual findings in this matter upon which he rendered his Judgment
and that the case of Nkhata and 4 Others vs The Attorney General9
It was submitted that the above are the conditions for the reversal of
findings of fact made by the trial Judge. Hence, the Judge’s findings
the facts and rendered Judgment accordingly. The case of Robson Banda
“ The case was a proper one in w hich to interfere w ith the fin d in g s o f the
trial C ourt on the ground that in assessing and evaluating the evidence, the
trial Magistrate, and subsequently the appellate Judge, failed to take into
account the A ppellant’s evidence.”
It was submitted that in the current case, the trial Judge did consider
all the evidence before him and that this evidence clearly demonstrates that
the Court below took into account the pleadings of the parties and the
evidence of the Appellant and all the Respondents. The Judge then
analyzed the issues of whether the arrests were justifiable and found that
the arrests were in fact, justifiable. Therefore, that the findings of the trial
-j 25-
Judge should be upheld and this Appeal should be dismissed with costs to
the Respondents.
with the arguments advanced in the respective Heads of Argument, the oral
submissions by the learned Counsel for the Parties and the authorities
cited. We have also considered the Judgment by the Court below. This
As already stated, the learned trial Judge, in this case, found that the
Appellant had not established that he was unlawfully detained on the two
30th September, 2001, he reported for work at 12:00 hours and knocked-off
at 07:00 hours on 1st October, 2001. That as he was handing over to the
morning shift crew, the 1st Respondent called him to the Security Office
where he was detained from 07:00 hours to 10:00 hours. That after he was
released, he went home but that at 14:00 hours, the 1st Respondent came
with a police call-out and picked him and took him to Chilanga Police
Station where he was handed over to the late Nyimbiri, a Police Officer,
who detained him for 5 days from 1st October, 2001 to 5th October, 2001
supposed to knock off at 21:30 hours but that since no relief came, he
worked up to 07:00 hours the next day after handing over to the morning
shift crew. That however, whilst at home, the 1st Respondent picked him
up and took him to Musamba Police Post where he was handed over to the
3rd Respondent whom the 1st Respondent told about the break-in at the
-j 27-
Buffer Store and that he (the Appellant), worked near that Office and that
he kept tools near the Buffer Store. The 3rd Respondent then detained him
and only released him the following day at 14:30 hours, again without
charging him.
The sum total of the 1st and the 2nd Respondents’ evidence regarding
the first detention was that upon discovering the break in, Carlos Cheelo
(DW1), reported the matter to Security (Mr. Chana and two G3 Security
Guards). Later, the police came and when the store was opened, some
items including bronze were found stolen. DW1 stated that he did not know
Appellant over the first incident or handling it. He stated that Inspector
Station. He said he was not aware that the Appellant had been detained by
the Police for 5 days. He could also not recall if he was on duty on 1st
October, 2001.
-J28-
The 3rd and the 4th Respondents did not adduce any evidence on the
The sum total of the 1st and the 2nd Respondents’ evidence over the
second detention was that following the break-in at the 2nd Respondent’s
Buffer Store, the 1st Respondent took the Appellant to Musamba Police
Post as the police had asked to interview all the employees and the guards
The 3rd and the 4th Respondents’ evidence was an admission that the
Post from 09:30 hours on 20th June, 2003 to 14:30 hours on 21st June,
2003 and that he was detained as a suspect in the break-in and theft at the
“ ...it is C. CHEELO who saw the break-ins w hich he later reported to his
superior. The same C. CHEELO exonerated E. M. PHIRI from involvem ent
in the 2001 incident, except the 2003 break-in. In fact, E. M. PHIRI only
heard about the 2001 break-in which was handled by INSPECTOR
CHIHANA and G3 Security Guard, CHIKUYA. Furtherm ore, there is no
confirm ation from CHILANGA POLICE STATION indicating that the Plaintiff
was detained there from 01/10/2001 to 05/10/2001 after E. M. PHIRI reported
theft o f bronze. I thus decline this P la in tiffs assertion im plicating E. M.
PHIRI fo r the unverified 2001 incident.”
And that
On the basis of the above findings by the learned trial Judge, the
the Appellant’s evidence. The second issue is that “the evidence was not
correctly recorded” by the learned trial Judge. The third issue attacks the
effectively”.
trial Judge did not properly record the evidence adduced in Court. We
have considered this issue and the submissions in support. We find that
the Appellant has not illustrated how the learned Judge failed to properly
manner the learned trial Judge analyzed the evidence, we have carefully
conclusion that DW1 (Cheelo), exonerated the 1st Respondent on the first
detention. We have come to the conclusion that DW1’s evidence did not at
all exonerate the 1st Respondent from the first incident. DW1’s evidence
who advised him to report to Security which he did. And that he did not
know whether or not the 1st Respondent handled the matter. Nowhere did
-J31-
DW1 exonerate the 1st Respondent. Further, the 1st Respondent (DW2), in
his evidence, stated that Inspector Chama and G3 Security dealt with the
first report. This suggests that the 1st Respondent was on duty on that day
or that he was aware of what happened. In their Defence, the 1st and the
2nd Respondents did not also deny the Appellant’s allegation that the 1st
Respondent is the one who detained him over the first incident. They did
not also deny the Appellant’s claim that the 1st Respondent is the one who
that there were contradictions and inconsistencies in the manner the trial
Judge analyzed this part of the evidence. This entitles us to interfere with
facts before him as he did not properly address his mind to the pleadings
With regard to the contention by the Appellant that the learned trial
Judge did not properly and effectively evaluate the evidence, it was pointed
out that contrary to the finding by the learned Judge that the Appellant just
ln response, the 1st and the 2nd Respondents’ argument was that the
evaluated the evidence before him. And that DW1 and DW2’s evidence
incident.
The response by the 3rd and 4th Respondents was that the learned
Judge properly evaluated the evidence before him as he saw, heard and
Pleadings.
however, that whilst on duty on that night, at about 19:00 hours, his
21:30 hours as his relief would not come. It was then that the Appellant
return, he learnt that whilst he was away, there had been a break-in at the
Plant. And that he remained on duty until 07:00 hours when he handed
over to the morning shift crew. And that it was after this that the 1st
-J33-
In view of the above evidence, our firm view is that had the learned
Judge properly evaluated the evidence before him, he could have come to
the conclusion that the Appellant was requested to remain on duty by his
Supervisor, Mr. Mweenda, and that the Appellant did not arrange with his
the learned trial Judge trivialized the issues before him as he glossed over
E.M. Phiri, who is the 1st Respondent would surely not have detained
the Appellant at the Police Station in cells under both incidents as he was
firstly, not a police officer and secondly, the Appellant’s evidence was that
E.M. Phiri, is the one who took him to Chilanga Police Station and
can interfere with the findings of fact made by the trial court as the
Appellant has satisfied the principles for setting aside findings of fact made
by the trial Court as set out in a plethora of authorities including the ones
The question that follows is, on the evidence adduced in the Court
Court below. On this evidence and on the authorities cited above, we are
satisfied that the Appellant did establish on the balance of probabilities that
respect of the first detention, the Appellant’s evidence shows that he was
detained for 3 hours at the 2nd Respondent’s Offices and that after he was
or agent of the 4th Respondent, (the late Nyimbiri), detained him in cells for
5 days.
him to Musamba Police Post where again, an employee or agent of the 4th
Respondent (the 3rd Respondent), detained him in cells from 09:30 hours
on 20th June, 2003 to 14:30 hours on 21st June, 2003 when he was
We, are, therefore, satisfied that had the learned trial Judge properly
and effectively analyzed and/or evaluated the evidence before him and
detention, he could have come to the conclusion that the Appellant had
vs Zambia National Commercial Bank Limited, Kent Choice Lim ited (In
“(1) As a general rule an appellate court rarely interferes w ith the fin d in g
of facts by the lower court, unless such findings are not supported
by evidence on record or the lower court erred in assessing and
evaluating the evidence by taking into account matters w hich ought
not to have been taken into account or failed to take into account
some matters w hich ought to have been taken into a cco u n t or
mistakenly, the lower court failed to take advantage o f having seen
and heard the witnesses and this is obvious from the record or the
established evidence demonstrates that the lower court erred in
assessing the evidence.”
Having found that the Appellant did establish that he was unlawfully
detained on both occasions, the question that follows is: did the
legal requirement that a defendant may justify the detention. The cases of
illustrate this position as the Courts respectively, stated and held that:-
“(i) In order to ju s tify the arrest o f the p laintiff the defendant m u st show
that at the tim e of the arrest, the arresting officer had reasonable
suspicion that the plaintiff had com m itted the offence w ith w h ic h he
was charged.
(ii) The arrest o f the plaintiff was unlawful. The police can only arrest
persons fo r offences and have no power to arrest anyone in o rd e r to
make inquiries about him.
“ (ii) The Police can only arrest for offences under the law; Police have no
power to arrest people fo r the purposes o f making inquiries.”
The authorities cited above clearly show that mere “suspicion” without
that the Appellant was being targeted by the 2nd Respondent’s employees
for reasons best known only to themselves as mere working near a place
Further, the 2nd Respondent did not at all explain why its employees
or agents kept the Appellant in detention at the 2nd Respondent’s offices for
three hours without taking him to the Police Station and then release him
and only to pick him up a few hours later and take him to the Police Station.
Heads of Argument by the 1st and the 2nd Respondents and not in their
pleadings or during trial. So, this flies directly in the teeth of our decision in
We do not also accept the 1st and the 2nd Respondents’ assertion that
the Appellant was not in total confinement during the three hour period he
was under their custody as there is no evidence to show that he was free to
Further, the authorities cited above, show that detaining a person for
imprisonment.
-J40-
The 4th Respondent did not at all explain why its agent or employee,
the late Nyimbiri, detained the Appellant in cells for five (5) days only to
duty when the theft occurred is in fact, confirmation that DW3 detained the
suspicion that the Appellant could have been involved in the break-in and
inquiries.
We have already dealt with most of the issues raised in Ground two
suffice to say that we agree with the submission by the learned State
Counsel for the Appellant that the learned trial Judge exhibited a casual
Respondent to rebut the Appellant’s claim that he was detained for 5 days
by the late Nyimbiri. This piece of evidence could have been easily
rebutted by production of the Occurrence Book for that period, which the
police keep in their custody instead of erroneously holding that there was
-J41-
Further, once the learned Judge found that the 3rd and the 4th
Respondents admitted detaining the Appellant in June, 2003, what was left
for the learned trial Judge to do was to make a finding whether or not the
the onus of justifying the detention of the Appellant on the two occasions
complained of.
Appeal. We uphold them. We set aside the findings by the learned Judge
shows that on both occasions, the employees or agents of the 2 and the
Therefore, the 2nd and the 4th Respondents, as employers of the 1st, the 3rd
Respondents and the late Nyimbiri, are, respectively, vicariously liable for
-J42-
tackled in the Court below. We, therefore, refer the matter to the Deputy
Registrar for assessment. We, further, direct and order that the damages
taking into account the period(s) the Appellant was under the custody of
is upheld. Costs in this Court and in the Court below to be taxed in default
H. Chibomba
SUPREME COURT JUDGE