Hurricane Lane

(2018)

Hurricane Lane was a powerful tropical

cyclone that brought torrential rainfall
and strong winds to Hawaii during late
August 2018. The storm was the
wettest on record in Hawaii, with peak
rainfall accumulations of 58 in
(1,473 mm) along the eastern slopes of
Mauna Loa. Lane was the twelfth
named storm, sixth hurricane, fourth
major hurricane, and the first of three
Category 5 hurricanes of the record-
breaking 2018 Pacific hurricane
season. The cyclone originated from an
area of low pressure that formed well
southwest of Mexico on August 13.
Tracking west through a region of
favorable atmospheric and oceanic
conditions, the system steadily
intensified over the following days. It
reached an initial peak as a Category 4
hurricane on August 18. Temporarily
inhibited by more hostile conditions,
the hurricane weakened slightly before
regaining strength and reaching
Category 5 status on August 22 to the
south of Hawaii. Lane peaked with
winds of 160 mph (260 km/h)[nb 1] and
a barometric pressure of 926 mbar
(hPa; 27.34 inHg). Thereafter, the
hurricane turned north and slowed.
During this period, torrential rains
battered much of the Hawaiian Islands.
Unfavorable conditions again affected
the hurricane, and it degraded to a
tropical depression by August 28
before dissipating the following day.

Hurricane Lane
Category 5 major hurricane
 Category 5 major hurricane
(SSHWS/NWS)

Hurricane Lane at peak intensity southeast

of Hawaii on August 22
Formed August 15, 2018
Dissipated August 29, 2018
(Remnant low after August 28)

Highest winds 1-minute sustained:

160 mph (260 km/h)
Lowest pressure 926 mbar (hPa);
 27.34 inHg

Fatalities 1 total
Damage ≥ $250 million (2018
USD)
(Total economic
losses)
Areas affected Hawaii
Part of the 2018 Pacific hurricane season

Lane prompted the issuance of

hurricane watches and warnings for
every island in Hawaii. From August 22
to 26, Lane brought heavy rain to much
of the Hawaiian Windward Islands,
which caused flash flooding and
mudslides. Effects were most
significant in and around Hilo where
multiple neighborhoods were flooded.
Across the Big Island, 159 structures
were damaged or destroyed. Strong
winds downed trees and power lines on
Maui, and brush fires ignited on both
Maui and Oahu. One fatality occurred
on Kauai. Landslides and flooding
damaged roads statewide; repairs
concluded in April 2019. Total
economic losses from the hurricane
exceeded $250 million.[nb 2] In
September, President Donald Trump
declared much of Hawaii a disaster
area; the Federal Emergency
Management Agency ultimately
provided about $10 million in aid.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the track and the intensity of the

storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

On July 31, 2018, a tropical wave

emerged off the west coast of Africa. It
moved west across the Atlantic with
little to no convection (shower and
thunderstorm activity) before crossing
Central America and entering the
Eastern Pacific basin on August 8.
Intermittent convective activity ignited
on August 11, and an area of low
pressure consolidated on August 13
about 880 mi (1,415 km) southwest of
Baja California Sur.[1] Increased
organization of the system marked its
development into a tropical depression,
the fourteenth of the season, by
00:00 UTC on August 15.[1][2] A large
subtropical ridge to the north steered
the nascent system on a general west
to west-northwest course, a direction it
would maintain for about a week.
Based on Dvorak satellite intensity
estimates, the system is estimated to
have become a tropical storm later that
day. At that time, the National
Hurricane Center (NHC)[nb 3] assigned it
the name Lane.[1][4]

Favorable environmental conditions,

including warm sea surface
temperatures averaging 81.5–82.4 °F
(27.5–28 °C) and low wind shear,
fostered intensification.[1][5][6] From
August 16 to 18, Lane underwent rapid
intensification.[1] A defined inner-core
with symmetrical outflow aloft
organized by August 17, and
microwave satellite imagery showed an
eye at the lower levels of the cyclone.
This marked its intensification to a
hurricane, with winds exceeding
74 mph (119 km/h).[6] By the morning
of August 18, the storm displayed a
well-defined 17 mi (27 km) wide eye
surrounded by very deep
convection.[7][8] Around 12:00 UTC that
day, Lane reached its initial peak
intensity with winds of 140 mph
(220 km/h), approximately 1,810 mi
(2,915 km) southwest of Baja California
Sur. This ranked it as a Category 4 on
the Saffir–Simpson scale.[1]

Play media
NOAA Hurricane Hunters flying through the eye of
Lane early on August 22. Their measurements
prompted the upgrade of Lane to a Category 5
hurricane

Early on August 19, the Central Pacific

Hurricane Center (CPHC)[nb 4] assumed
responsibility of the storm after it
crossed 140°W.[1] Increasing wind
shear disrupted the storm's
organization, elongating convection
east-to-west and opening the eyewall to
the southwest.[9][10] Despite repeated
forecasts calling for the storm to
continue weakening,[10] Lane
maintained its intensity throughout the
day.[1] Hurricane Hunters began aerial
reconnaissance on August 20, and
found the system to be stronger than
indicated by satellite estimates.[11]
Approaching the western edge of the
subtropical ridge, Lane's forward
motion slowed and gradually shifted
northwest.[12] The hurricane's eye
became distinct again on August 21
and accompanying convection became
more intense. Reconnaissance data
around 09:00 UTC showed continued
strengthening, with a blend of observed
data yielding an estimated intensity of
150 mph (240 km/h).[13] Continued
observations by Hurricane Hunters
indicated Lane achieved Category 5
strength around 00:00 UTC on
August 22.[1] They observed winds of
168 mph (270 km/h) at this time;
however, the CPHC assessed its
intensity at 160 mph (260 km/h) based
on a blend of observations and satellite
estimates.[1][14] Stepped frequency
microwave radiometer (SFMR) data
from hurricane hunters indicated peak
surface winds of 177 mph (285 km/h)
at around 06:00 UTC, and a dropsonde
observed the central pressure fell to a
minimum of 926 mbar (hPa;
27.34 inHg).[1]

At its peak on August 22, Hurricane

Lane was roughly 320 mi (515 km)
southeast of South Point, Hawaii.[1]
Increased wind shear from an
approaching upper-level trough induced
weakening once more by
August 23.[1][15][16] Continued
weakening the following day included
degradation of Lane's eye and its
convective structure became
increasingly elliptical.[17] During this
time, the hurricane turned almost due
north.[1] Increasingly intense wind
shear caused the cyclone's inner core
to collapse.[1][18] The circulation center
became exposed with meager
convection restricted to the northeast
early on August 25, marking Lane's
degradation to a tropical storm. The
abrupt weakening coincided with the
storm turning back west within the
easterlies, away from the Hawaiian
Islands. At its closest approach, Lane
was located approximately 150 mi
(240 km) south and west of the main
islands.[1][19] Although the storm itself
continued to weaken, shower and
thunderstorms to the east of its center
resulted in torrential rain across
Hawaii.[20] From August 26 to 27, Lane
fluctuated in strength between tropical
storm and tropical depression status.[1]
Sporadic convection, sometimes
intense, occurred during this
period.[21][22] On August 27, Lane briefly
reorganized with a burst of convection
over its center and banding features
developing to the east.[23] The next day,
the convection became far removed
from the center and with no further
development, the system degenerated
into a remnant low.[1] The circulation
became increasingly distorted and the
cyclone dissipated later on August 29
as it was absorbed into an upper-level
low.[1][24][25] This upper-level low would
eventually develop into a subtropical
storm along the International Dateline
on September 1.[24]

Preparations

Morale, Welfare and Recreation employees going

over the emergency preparation kits at the Joint
Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam in advance of
Hurricane Lane

Hurricane Lane was the most powerful

storm to threaten Hawaii since
Hurricane Iniki in 1992.[26] On August
21–22, as Lane approached the
Hawaiian Islands, hurricane watches
and warnings were issued for Maui
County, Hawaii County, Oahu, and
Kauai County. Uncertainty in how close
the hurricane would approach led to
watches and warnings covering a
broad area. Increased forecaster
confidence on August 24 led to a
reduction in the extent of warnings.
Degradation of the cyclone and its
concurrent turn away from Hawaii on
August 25–26 prompted the cessation
of watches and warnings.[1]
All school districts statewide closed
between August 22 and 24, and all non-
essential state employees on the Big
Island and Maui were told to stay home
on those days. Hawaiian Airlines
waived change fees for all tickets
involving Hawaii from August 21–
26.[27] American Airlines, Hawaiian
Airlines, and United Airlines cancelled
more than two dozen domestic and
international flights at Honolulu
International Airport, Hilo International
Airport, Kahului Airport, and Lihue
Airport.[28] All commercial harbors in
Hilo and Kawaihae suspended
operations on August 23.[29] Numerous
state parks and hiking trails closed
under the threat of flooding and
landslides.[30]

On August 22, the United States Navy

and Air Force repositioned assets
statewide, primarily at the Joint Base
Pearl Harbor–Hickam, to protect them
from the hurricane. Navy vessels not
undergoing maintenance were ordered
to sortie, though remain in close
enough proximity for quick relief efforts
if needed. Aircraft were stored in
hangers or flown to airfields outside
the hurricane's projected path.[31] The
National Memorial Cemetery of the
Pacific closed on August 24 and 25 and
tours at the USS Arizona Memorial
were suspended.[32][33] President
Donald Trump issued an emergency
declaration for Hawaii. The Department
of Homeland Security's Federal
Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) was authorized to coordinate
disaster relief beginning on August 22
and continuing indefinitely.[34] More
than 3,900 FEMA personnel were
deployed or already in the state to
assist with recovery efforts.[35] The
Hawaii National Guard placed
280 active duty members—including
120 already responding to the Kīlauea
volcano—on alert for relief efforts. A
further 3,000 personnel from the state's
Army National Guard and Air National
Guard were available if requested.[36]
The Red Cross opened 36 shelters
statewide, with 825 people using them
by the time the hurricane arrived.[37]

Impact
Hurricane Lane produced record-
breaking rain across the Hawaiian
Islands. The resulting floods and
landslides caused extensive damage
and one fatality.[1][38] More than
3,000 insurance claims for damage
were made statewide and total
economic losses exceeded
$250 million.[39]

The Big Island

Play media
Widespread flooding occurred throughout the Big
Island, with many rivers becoming torrents

Although Hurricane Lane remained

west of the Big Island, tremendous
amounts of rain battered eastern areas
of the island from August 22 to 26.[1]
Accumulations were greatest along the
eastern slopes of Mauna Loa with a
maximum of 58 in (1,473 mm) at
Kahūnā Falls in Akaka Falls State Park,
as measured by a private weather
station.[40][41] This made Lane the
wettest tropical cyclone on record in
the state of Hawaii, surpassing the
previous peak of 52 in (1,300 mm)
during Hurricane Hiki in 1950.[41] Lane's
peak rainfall total was also the second-
highest recorded from a tropical
cyclone within the United States,
surpassed only by Hurricane Harvey in
the preceding year.[42] Hilo saw its
wettest three-day period on record with
31.85 in (809 mm) of precipitation
observed; 15 in (380 mm) fell on
August 24 alone, marking the fifth-
wettest day in the city's recorded
history.[43] Additional storm-total
accumulations include 49.48 in
(1,257 mm) at Waiākea-Uka, 48.52 in
(1,232 mm) at the USGS Saddle Quarry
station, and 48.13 in (1,223 mm) at the
Waiakea Experiment Station in Hilo.[41]
Along the erupting Kīlauea volcano, the
rain led to minor rockfalls. The porous
nature of volcanic rock and land in the
Puna District served to mitigate the
amount of runoff.[44]

Flooding closed numerous roads

island-wide, including portions of
Route 11 and 19 along the Belt
Road.[45] Multiple landslides covered
portions of the Akoni Pule Highway. In
and around Hilo, swollen rivers
inundated homes and 100 people
required rescue in the Reeds Island
subdivision.[43] Water reached a depth
of 5 ft (1.5 m) along Kaiulani Street.[46]
Six classrooms at Waiakea Elementary
School also flooded,[47] as was much of
the Hilo Bayfront. Residents in
Hawaiian Acres were forced to
abandon their cars on flooded roads
and landslides destroyed two
homes.[43][48] Overflowing sewage
pumps spilled 9,000,000 US gallons
(34,000,000 L) of wastewater into Hilo
Bay.[48] A small waterspout occurred
off the coast of Paukaa on
August 23.[49] Across the Big Island,
3 homes were destroyed, 23 homes
and 3 businesses suffered major flood
damage, while another 113 homes and
17 businesses experienced minor
damage.[50] In Kurtistown, a bonsai
nursery suffered $3–5 million in lost
inventory, including 100 trees described
as "world-class".[51] Power outages
affected 4,500 customers
islandwide.[52] Damage to public
infrastructure exceeded $20 million.[46]

Maui and Molokaʻi

Torrential rains fell across the Hawaiian Islands,
with accumulations in excess of 50 in (1,300 mm)
occurring across the eastern slopes of the Big
Island.

Prior to Lane's arrival in Maui, western

areas of the island were suffering from
a drought. The island's mountainous
terrain results in sharp rainfall
gradients during summer months,
limiting rainfall along western slopes
and enhancing it on eastern slopes. As
Lane approached on August 23,
enhanced flow associated with it and a
ridge to the north produced strong, dry
winds in western Maui.[1] Sustained
winds reached 44 mph (71 km/h) in
Makawao on this day.[53] The strong
winds downed trees and power lines,
cutting power to 11,450 customers
across Maui and Molokai.[54] Downed
power lines prevented evacuated
residents from returning home in the
wake of the storm.[55] Fires sparked in
areas with dry brush and grew rapidly,
fanned by wind gusts estimated at 60–
80 mph (97–129 km/h).[56] The largest
of the fires occurred in Kauaula Valley,
burning 2,800 acres (11 km2) and
injuring two people, one due to burns
and another due to smoke
inhalation.[57][58][59] Firefighters
observed fire whirls as tall as 30 ft
(9.1 m).[60] Six hundred people were
evacuated due to wildfires overall,
including some from a hurricane
shelter.[44][61] The fire destroyed
22 homes, leaving 60 people homeless;
it also burned 30 vehicles.[59] Flames
reached the field track at Lahainaluna
High School.[58] Damage from the
Kauaula Valley fire alone amounted to
$4.3 million.[56] A second fire ignited
near the Lahaina Civic Center,[57]
burning 800 acres (3.2 km2) and one
home in Kaanapali.[57][58] Twenty-six
evacuees staying at Lahaina
Intermediate School were forced to
relocate due to the fire.[58] Around a
dozen agricultural businesses and
farmers suffered hundreds of
thousands of dollars in losses from the
fires, with some losing large portions of
their crop and equipment. One cacao
farm saw total defoliation of its trees
from strong winds. The Ku’ia
Agricultural Education Center lost
60 percent of its crop and 40 percent of
its infrastructure.[62] A third fire
occurred near Maalaea, though it
burned without incident.[60] Adverse
conditions prevented firefighters from
utilizing helicopters and difficult roads
slowed response time.[60] Once winds
from Lane subsided on August 26,
firefighters were able to contain the
blazes.[58] The cause of the fires was
never ascertained;[60] however, the
Maui County Police Department
determined arson was not involved.[57]
Precipitation across Maui
predominantly fell on August 25,[44]
with a peak accumulation of 25.58 in
(650 mm) in West Wailuaiki. Hana
Airport and Haiku both observed
approximately 10.5 in (270 mm) of
rain.[41] The rainfall aided firefighters in
containing the brushfires.[44] Multiple
landslides occurred along the Hana and
Kahekili highways. A bridge along the
former near Keʻanae was overtopped
by 3 ft (0.91 m) of water, damaging a
parapet and part of the foundation.
Around 25 signs along the Lahaina
bypass were blown away or burned. In
Lahaina, the local aquatics center
suffered minor damage.[54] A culvert
failure near Haiku caused the formation
of a sinkhole about 20 ft (6.1 m)
deep.[54][63] Three residences, each with
families home, were left isolated.[63]
Repair costs associated with the
sinkhole reached an estimated $2–
2.5 million.[57]

Kauaʻi and Oʻahu

Torrential precipitation fell across

Kauaʻi between August 27 and 28 with
a peak accumulation of 34.78 in
(883 mm) on Mount Waialeale.[64]
Rivers and streams swelled due to
heavy rains, especially in the Wainiha
and Hanalei Valleys;[64] waters
submerged roads and taro patches. In
Koloa, a man drowned after jumping
into a river to save a dog.[38] Water and
debris forced road closures along
Kūhiō Highway. Flooding also affected
Hanalei Elementary School, prompting
early dismissal of students. Gusty
winds, reaching 55 mph (89 km/h) in
Wainiha, caused power outages.[65][66]
Some of the hardest-hit areas were
previously affected by record-breaking
flooding in April.[65]

The same rainbands that affected

Kauaʻi reached Oʻahu during the
morning hours of August 28; rainfall
reached 9.81 in (249 mm) in Moanalua.
The Kalihi Stream overflowed along the
Kamehameha Highway,[64] and the Ala
Wai Canal flooded streets in Waikiki.[67]
Floodwaters blocked portions of
Likelike Highway in Kalihi and
Kanehoe.[68] Gusty winds caused minor
damage, primarily limited to fallen trees
and fences.[69] One home suffered roof
damage in Makiki and power outages
occurred in Kaimuki.[70][71] Brush fires
ignited on parts of Oʻahu but were not
destructive.[44] Prolonged damaging
swells from Hurricanes Lane, Olivia,
and Norman caused extensive erosion
along the north shore of Oʻahu.[72]

Aftermath

Numerous landslides across the state blocked

roads and disrupted travel.
Volunteers from All Hands and Hearts,
Team Rubicon, and Southern Baptist
Disaster Relief helped residents clean
flood damage and remove mold.[73] On
August 29, the Central Pacific Bank
announced a new disaster loan
program that would provide $1,000–
10,000 to eligible applicants.[57]
Officials advised residents to stay out
of coastal waters between Hāmākua
Coast and Laupāhoehoe along the Big
Island on September 4 due to runoff
and sewage spills in Hilo Bay.[74][75]
President Trump signed a disaster
declaration on September 27 for all
counties except Honolulu, enabling the
distribution of federal funding. FEMA
ultimately provided roughly $10 million
in public assistance.[76] Foodland
Hawaii and Western Union provided up
to $40,000 to the American Red Cross
of Hawaii.[77]

Power restoration was initially

complicated by debris-covered roads
and burned areas made off-limits. The
Maui Electric Company contracted
workers from the Hawaiian Electric
Company to expedite repairs. Six poles
providing electricity to Lahaina needed
to be replaced.[54] The Hawaii County
Council reallocated $10 million from its
budget toward repairing county
facilities. Repair costs for damaged
roads and bridges across eastern areas
of the island reached an estimated
$35 million.[78] Five sections of
embankments along the Belt Road
needed to be reinforced with masonry.
One landslide near Papaikou prompted
the creation of a mechanically
stabilized wall. Crews also stabilized
the foundation of the Kapue Bridge.
Excessive rainfall runoff damaged
drainage systems along Route 200.
Rehabilitation of damaged roads was
completed in April 2019.[79]

In Maui, the fires proved to be the most

damaging consequence of the
hurricane. On August 30 the Maui
County Federal Credit Union opened
disaster relief programs to fire victims
in Lahaina.[80] The Maui division of
Habitat for Humanity assisted
residents with rebuilding homes by
purchasing appliances and providing
vendor discounts, namely with
lumber.[60] Several local businesses
donated to the agency.[81] Two
restaurant groups, Na Hoaloha ‘Ekolu
and Old Lahaina Lu’au, donated
$50,0000 and $10,000, respectively; the
former group also held a fundraiser on
October 13 during which 20 percent of
sales from four restaurants would be
donated to Habitat for Humanity.[82] A
resident of Honokowai organized a
Facebook fundraiser that received
more than $150,000 in donations. The
Office of Hawaiian Affairs approved
$35,000 in funds for 20 families—
$2,000 each to 11 families and $1,000
each for 9 others. However, none of the
aid had been distributed one year after
the fires.[60] A benefit concert on
October 21 raised $50,000, distributed
evenly to ten families who did not have
insurance or other means of financial
assistance.[56] Of the eleven homes
destroyed in Kauaula Valley, only one
was rebuilt by August 2019. Other
residents remained in the care of
relatives or at the Ka Hale A Ke Ola
homeless shelter.[60]

The combination of Kīlauea's eruption

and Hurricane Lane negatively
impacted tourism. Although visitor
numbers were up from 2017,
continuing a long-term trend, the
1.4 percent increase was the lowest
since May 2016.[83] In Maui, hotel
occupancy fell 4.1 percent and overall
visitor spending fell 2.6 percent during
August 2018 compared to
August 2017.[83][84] The island's
tourism returned to normal levels by
the start of September.[85]

See also
Other tropical cyclones with the
same name
List of Hawaii hurricanes
Hurricane Nina (1957) – a hurricane
that threatened to make landfall in
Kauai, causing significant damage
and four deaths, before turning
westward out to sea
Hurricane Dot (1959) – a hurricane
that passed south of the Big Island,
before curving to the northwest and
making landfall in Kauai
Hurricane Walaka (2018)
Subtropical Storm 96C – A system
that formed from the remnants of
Hurricane Lane[24]
Notes
1. All winds are one-minute sustained
unless otherwise noted.
2. All monetary values are in
2018 United States dollars unless
otherwise noted.
3. The National Hurricane Center is
the Regional Specialized
Meteorological Center for the
northeast Pacific Ocean from the
coast of Central America west until
140°W.[3]
4. The Central Pacific Hurricane
Center is the Regional Specialized
 Meteorological Center for the
central Pacific Ocean between
140°W and 180°.[3]

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media

related to Hurricane Lane (2018).

The National Hurricane Center's

advisory archive on Hurricane Lane
The Central Pacific Hurricane