TOPIC 4:

TOPIC 1: PIPE TOPIC 2: PIPE TOPIC 3: OPEN

HYDRAULIC
FLOW FLOW ANALYSIS CHANNEL FLOW
MACHINERY

WEEK 4:
LAMINAR FLOW FLOW IN UNIFORM FLOW PUMP
PIPELINES

NON-UNIFORM
TURBULENT FLOW IN PIPE
FLOW (RAPIDLY TURBINES
FLOW NETWORKS VARIED FLOW)

WATER NON-UNIFORM
POINT LOSSES RETICULATION FLOW (GRADUALLY
DESIGN VARIED FLOW)
 To apply energy equation on pipe flow problems.
 To solve pipe flow problems in series and in
parallel.
 ➢ Incompressible flow
➢ Steady flow
➢ Density constant
along streamline

 From Bernoulli Equation: E1 = E2

• Pressure head
• Velocity head
• Potential/Elevation head
 For flow in pipes: • Head Loss (Friction and
Point Losses)

z1 = z2 + H

z2

z1
Datum
Q1 = Q2
 ➢ Incompressible flow
➢ Steady flow
➢ Density constant
along streamline

 From Bernoulli equation:

p A v A2 pB vB2 • Pressure head
+ + zA = + + z B + h f + hs • Velocity head
g 2 g g 2 g • Potential/Elevation head
• Head Loss (Friction and
Point Losses)

 For flow between reservoirs:

◦ PA = PB = atmospheric pressure
◦ vA = vB = 0 m/s (velocity can be negligible)
 Hence: Res. A

*Diff. of elevation = Total head loss Res. B

➢ Pipes of different lengths and different diameters
connected end to end.
➢ Head difference = Sum of losses;
i.e. Dz =  [hf + hs] ; Dz =  [vi2/2g(4f Li/di + Ki)]
➢ Flow rate is constant;
i.e Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = …= Qn
Res.

Res.

Dz =  [(hf1 + hs1)+(hf2 + hs2)+(hf3 + hs3)]

 Qin = Qout
QB = Q C + QD = QE
QA = QB = QC + QD = QE =QF

 If a main pipe divides into two or more branches

and again join together at downstream.
 Head difference Dz is the same.
 Each pipe solve separately.
 Total Q =  Qi = Q1 + Q2
Reservoir

Reservoir

D z pipe1 = D z pipe 2
(hf +hs)pipe
1 =(hf +hs)pipe
2
Reservoir

Reservoir

v1, l1, d1

v2, l2, d2

*EGL consists of Pressure head, Velocity head AND Potential/Elevation head

*HGL consists of Pressure head AND Potential/Elevation head
 BERNOULLI WITH FRICTION / HEAD LOSS

*Where h1 and h2 in this example represent Potential/Elevation Head

http://www.learneasy.info/MDME/MEMmods/MEM23006A/fluid_mech/fluid_flow.html
Example 1 (Pipes in Series)
Two reservoirs A and C as shown in the figure below are connected by a pipeline
150 mm diameter over the first part AB which is 15 m long, and a 200 mm diameter
pipe for BC, the remaining 30 m length. The entrance and exit are sharp-edged and
the change in cross section at B is sudden. The friction factor for both pipes is
0.015. The difference in level between point A and C is 15 m. Compute:
(a) all the head losses that occur, giving an expression for each; and
(b) total discharge in m3/s.

A
L1 = 15 m
d1 = 150 mm
f1 = 0.015
L2 = 30 m
v1 d2 = 200 mm
f2 = 0.015
B C
v2
Example 1 (Pipes in Series)

(a) all the head losses that occur, giving an expression for each

Sudden Enlargement

Entry loss
Friction loss

Friction loss

Exit loss
Example 1 (Pipes in Series)

(b) total discharge in m3/s.

(ll)

Q = A2v2 = 0.0965 m3 /s
V1? and Q1?
Example 1 (Pipes in Series)

From (a):

Dz = Total head loss, Proved!

Example 2 (Parallel pipes)
Two sharp-ended pipes of length 150 m are connected in parallel between
two reservoirs that have a difference in head of 12 m as shown in the figure
below. The diameters of pipe 1 and pipe 2 are 50 mm and 75 mm
respectively. The friction factor for both pipes is 0.0075. Calculate:
(a) the flow rate in each pipe; and
(b) the diameter d of a single pipe 150 m long which will give the same flow if
it is to replace the original two pipes.

L1 = 150 m
v1 d1 = 50 mm Δz = 12 m
f1 = 0.0075

L2 = 150 m B
d2 = 75 mm v2
f2 = 0.0075
 Example 2 (Pipes in Parallel)

(a) the flow rate in each pipe

Consider Pipe 1
Energy Equation between Reservoir A & Reservoir B:

Atm pres 0
Atm pres
0 2 0 0 2 2 2 2
pA v A p v v 4fLv 1 v
+ + zA = B + B + zB + 0.5 1 + + 1
g 2g g 2g 2g 2gd1 2g
negligible negligible
Entry loss Friction loss Exit loss

2 2 2
v 4fLv 1 v1
zA − zB = 0.5 1 + +
2g 2gd1 2g
4  0.0075  150 
2
v 
12 = 1  0.5 + + 1
2g  0.05 
d12   0.05 2
v1 = 1.604 m/s Q1 = v1 =  1.604 = 0.00315 m3 /s
4 4

Q1 = 0.00315 m3 /s @ 3.15 L/s

Example 2 (Pipes in Parallel)

(a) the flow rate in each pipe

Consider Pipe 2
Energy Equation between Reservoir A & Reservoir B:
Atm pres Atm pres
0 2 0 0 20 2 2 2
pA v A p v v 4fLv 2 v 2
+ + zA = B + B + zB + 0.5 2 + +
g 2g g 2g 2g 2gd 2 2g
negligible negligible Entry loss Friction loss Exit loss

2 2 2
v 4fLv 2 v 2
zA − zB = 0.5 2 + +
2g 2gd 2 2g
4  0.0075  150 
2
v 
12 = 2  0 . 5 + + 1
2g  0.075 
2
v 2 = 1.957 m/s d 2   0.075 2
Q2 = v2 =  1.957
4 4
Q2 = 0.00865 m3 /s @ 8.65 L/s
Total Flow Rate,
Q = Q1 + Q2 = 0.00315 + 0.00865 = 0.0118 m3 /s
 Example 2 (Pipes in Parallel)

(b) the diameter d of a single pipe 150 m long

which will give the same flow if it is to replace the
original two pipes.

Total Flow Rate for parallel pipes,

Q = Q1 + Q2 = 0.00315 + 0.00865 = 0.0118 m3 /s
From two parallel pipes to single d? pipe having same total flow rate;

Energy Equation between Reservoir A & Reservoir B:

Atm pres 0 2 0 Atm pres 0 20 2 2
pA v A pB v B v 4fLv v2
+ + zA = + + zB + 0.5 + +
g 2g g 2g 2g 2gd 2g
negligible negligible Entry loss Friction loss Exit loss
2 2
v 4fLv v2
zA − zB = 0.5 + +
2g 2gd 2g
v2  4  0.0075  150 
12 =  0 .5 + + 1
2g  d  From v = Q/A, 4Q/Πd2

16Q 2  4  0.0075  150  Then, replace Q = 0.0118 m3/s

12 =  0 . 5 + + 1
2g 2d 4  d 
16  0.0118 2  4 .5 
12 =  1 . 5 + 
2  9.81  2d 4  d 
4 .5
1.043  10 6 d 4 = 1.5 + 1.043  10 6 d 5 − 1.5d − 4.5 = 0
d
Solving by trial and error, d = 85 mm
(Pipes in Series)
(Pipes in Parallel)