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Никола Тесла
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Mnoro BennoAyqeHil uuzo6perarefln nMarcBofl npnHoc3a pa3Brrrero
Ha
eneKTpol/ HxeHepHara HayKa n pe3 foAl4 H ilTe. I n q nocril
Karo wcaxH rcroH,
Senfixannrau Opan KuAH, Tonnac Egncrn N An6epr
Arzrnr4ar,rn ca yqeHmre,
KOT4TO B Hauero cb3HaHile ca Hepa3prBHo cBbp3aHr c Ta3tA
O6nacr e
LU' HayKara, fqoBena Ao peBontoqnoHHr4 npoMeHr
B xilBora nr. MHoro L{ecro
o6aqe rMero Ha eAilH rrrso6peraren orcbcrBa or ilcropr4qecK[Te
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paBHilqe Ha cBoero pa3Bnrme. Toea e cpu6crilflryqeH
Hurona Tecna.
Epnn or HatZ-gHaL{rMhre raro6pereHrn Ha HeroB nn renwit
ca acnH-
xpoHHnnr ABilFaren n 6esxilqHnfiT npeHoc Ha eHepFnfl.
Tara Hnrona
l" Tecna noBeqe or BceKn yqeH B qoBeuKara ncropnn
nMa 3acnyra 3a
npor3BoflcrBoro tA tBnon3BaHero Ha efleKTpilqecKara
500 r. np. Xp. I Tanec or Mnner il3BbpuBa ua6nogerrn, cBbp3aHu cbc craril'.{Horo eneKrpnqecrBo.
1600 $ Anrnr,rficwtat $uznxYunnn lr,u6tpr Bb3paxAa orHoBo r4Hrepeca KbM vl3cfleABaHilflra e o6nacrra Ha
1880 g B Hro lzlopr Tomac EguctH cb3.qaBa cBoflra KoMnaHilF 3a npoil3BoAcrBo Ha eneKrpulqecrBo
(Ed u ct n I4n p u une0 m un z Kt ra n a n u).
1909 $ fynraenmo Maprorr noflyqaBa Ho6enoea HarpaAa no $nrnra 3a nprHoc B pa3Bilrilero Ha 6egxvt,{Hara
1943 I H" 7 nnyapvTecna yuupa e Hro l,4opx. Brpxosnunr cbg Ha CAI! ro npn3HaBa ea rso6peraren Ha paAlloro.
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CneTerlbr rroKp oBureilr,
Ha cbBpeMeHHOTO ereKTprrqecTBo m
HefoBaTa o'nofiIgla" 3a cBeTJIvrHa B cBeTa
Hurona Tecna
-frzrKuJra e poAeH B erroxa,
rEUJla c elloxa, Kofaro eneKTpl4qecrBoro e AocrbnHo caMo 34 e LrH OrlpeAeneH eJII4T
vrBIdAtr]{o caMo 3a oHe3I'I, KokITo cavrvralrv Bb3MoxHocrra qasa6erexar upo6nxcr*a
MbJrHrrvre B
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rbMHoro 6ypenocno He6e. EnexrpuuecrBoro o6a.Ie crKaru [porr4qa npe3 reur4 arrHkrflMo3bK
ua Tecra,
Bce eAHo qe B Hero I4Ma Mpexa or MeAHLT)KrtrJrt.I4:o6perrsafiKn rrpoMeHnr{BoroKoBr.rr
eneKTpoABr4rareJr,
TOLI OTKpIIBaHAqLTH 3anpeHactHe Ha eneKTpl4qecrBoro Ao BC{KO Kbrqe Ha 3eM.rrra 14
Aopu3alIoqBa
"BoilHd'c Toltac E4ucrn, 3a AaocblrlecrBvrzrreflTacz. Tecra He ce orpaHuqaBa
caMo c rona. Tofi
nso6perrea paAl4oro I4 npaBrl otrIrr ra ce cBbpxe c u3BbH3enlrrra. 3aralbqHr4-f,T My
Haqr4H Ha x{r4BoT e
roqrl{ nereHAapeH Ir Ao ISBecrHa creleH nnarueq. I4crusara e, qe eAr4HcrBeHoro )KeJraHrre na Tecna
e
HeroBI{Te zso6perenkrfl Aa HalpaB.sr cBera no-xy6ae, urofi4eficrnlruenHo ycrrrBa
Aa rrocrrrrHe roBa.
npOCTO qeTe KHvltVt, a e B CbCTOHHile Aa 3anOMHfl Lleflil TOMOBe. xofiro noropRaa cruxvtAre, go nati-6tpsoro cbu{ecrBo e -
Srarogapeure Ha cBoffTa, xaxro 6uxme r Hapeou 4xec, Qoro- noABJracrHo Ha ABrxeHilero. Koraro gericrarero e po4eHo or
rpaQcra nauer, Tecna 6e: npo6nen qrrilpa npom3Be4eHunra cilra, He3aBhcLlMo xonxo 6e:rpataHo MarKa e rF, KocM14qecKrffT
sa nto6rranre cn aBTopr4 - lllexcnup, Bonrep, flexap1 [uore. 6ananc e xapyueH r'r roBa Ha ceorl peg nopax4a ABilxeHile BbB
'i'!a egrH no-KbceH eran B xhBora cil roneMilflT vtso6peraren Bcenesaral'Teru 4yrr,rn AoKa3Bal qe Eopu raKbB ronrM yqeH
HiyqaBa 6y4rcxa nilTeparypa il qecro vr3nor3Ba 6ypucxure raro Tecna He orpilqa AyxoBHara cuna, KoHTo flBr4xt4 cBera. ^ 6enexK!4 Ha HrKora Tecna.
[er-l wan*mnr Mnarq Mbx c rpyfiHa cbfida
B rpa4a Ha r.{HTe,TeKTyaJ,rIIr{Te
B xpnnnn CMETKA Hrrona Bce naK npeoAonnBa cBo-
eTo npilrecHeHile, qe e HanycHan Korexa, il ce cpeula
crc ceMeficreorc cv.Toit Aopil noceu.laBa qbpKoBHilTe
nponoBeAil Ha 6ar4a cil, MaKap qe roBa He npoAbnxaBa
puro, rur,r KaTo cKopo cJreA 3aBpbulaHero My Munyruu
Tecna uanycra ro3u cBflT. peueH ga yBaxil xenaHl4ero
Ha 6au1a crA Aa nonyqvr
Ao6po o6paroeaHrze, npe: 1 gg0 r.
Huxona lanrnaea aa llpara, KbAero nocrbnaa aue
$unra_
ana "Kapr Oep4raHang" na flpaxrnn yHmeepcurer. Toea
e
eAHo or Bo4eqilTe evcwwyue6nv 3aBeAeHilF e Eepona.
llo roea eperve flpara e il3BecrHa Karo Kpenocr Ha /HTe_
fieKryanHara Mricbl - Heqo,3a xoero Hrxona Tecra Kon_
Hee oTAbnro Bper,re. flpe6reaaaHeTo B ro3r4 fpaA ce npeB-
pbqa B qyAecHa repanilr 3a Mnagexa, roirro
4rn6oro
crpaAa 3apaAil cBofl npoBarr B Konexa, aary6ara Ha Bcrq_
KVTe ctA naptt t't paz6wpa ce 3a cMbprra na 6ar4a
- cr. B
"Kapn OepgrrrHaHg"Hrrola ce 3ano3HaBa c
reoprnre Ha r TereQoHncrxa e rere$ouHara qeHTpana Ha EAilc.bH e 6ypaneqa.
Benr4KtAfl aecrpuucxrrr
susrar Epucr Max. Bctr4Hocr epe_ ^ Eprcr Max, npoSecop no
,[oxaro pa6oru ryK, Tecfla npilAo6L4Ba orpoMHu n03HaHhfl 3a eKcnepilMeHTanHa Qr:rxa e
Mero, Koero npeKapBa a flpara, 6eg crnruenre ora:ea ycrpoicreara, u:o6pereun or BenfiKL4ff aMepuKaHcKu orKptlBarefl. yHilBepchrera "Kapn 0epArHasa,i
l43Kllor/rrerHo 6laronpnnrHo BnrAflHLAe Bbpxy rB"bpAoro
peueHile Ha Tecna Aa peull4 npo6nevra c npoMeHnr_ o6opypeaHe Ha KoMnaHuflTa. Tora patrno6nBa pa3J.lt4LtHt4
Br4F ToK.,Qo xpan Ha rnToro, Koraro HanycKa yHuBepcil_ ycrpoficrea, uao6pereuu or E4uclH, Karo MylrrnneKc_
rera, roi Beqe e npeA npara Ha BaxHo HayqHo orKpytrue, Hun renerpa$, xofiro e B cbcroflHre
Aa il3npaula Mop_
Koero B 6tger4e ule npe4r3BilKa peBonoqilff B eJieKTpo_
:oer cuo6qeHilF B ABe nocoKv.Tazu wgen npeAil3Bl4KBa
r4H4ycrpviflrail ule npoMeHr il3qflro cBera. orpoMeH uHTepec y Hero/ rurZ xaro roi ce onrrea
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Cre4 xaro HanycKa "Kapn OepgranaH4,j npe: nny_ orKpile no4o6eH HaqrH 3a npeHoc Ha eneKrptlqecrBo.
apr '1881
r. no cbBer Ha ceofi npilFTen Huxona peuaBa
Aa 3aMilHe 3a cbce.qHa yHrapran il Aa 3anoqHe pa6ora e @auracruqHrr BrlAeHus
noeara reneQoHHa qeHrpana, cb3AaAeHa or eAHa aMe-
O6aer or BboAyueBeHile or eKcnepilMeHrilre c re3r
pfiKaHcKa KoMnaHilfl. Cnyx6ara B Ta3il KoMnaHrAfl
AaBa ycrpoficrea, Hmxona ce rpyAr4 no-ycbp4Ho or Koraro
Bb3MoxHocr Ha Tecna Aa nonyqu
Aocrbn Ao HflKoyt v ga 6vno,3a Aa orKpile HaqilH 3a npeHacflHe Ha npo_
or HarZ-Hoerre u Hah-eenvKA uao6pereHun B cBera,
MeHJlt4B rox. Tori pa6otu 6es noqilera B npoAbnxe_
KaKBilro ca orKpyll4flra Ha Touac E4ucuH.
Hr4e Ha qacoBe He caMo npe3 AeHF, HO il npe3 Hot4ra,
Karo ecexr reHriafleH orKpLiBarer, Hnxona npeKapBa
onwtaahru ce Aa HaMepil peueHile Ha rorr npo6_
qacoBecre4 KpaR Ha pa6orHlrn4eH, Yruaepcurerrr "Kapn Oep4uHarg,
vtzyuaeailxu HoBoro nen. Huxona npilrexaBa o6pa:uo Mt4crreHe, Koero ^
s flpara.
or eneKrpo4Br4rarenn. YcrporicrBoro Ha flenpe e peBonto- rHxeHephre no eneKrporexHL4Ka e Konyu6nhcxua yHrBepcrrer Ha 1 6 Mafi 'l 888 r.
r.ll4oHHO nO CBOfl XapaKrep, HO Hr4KOra He e npunoxeHo
Ha npaKTilKa 3apaAil HecbBbpr.ueHcrca e gutahna. 14
gpyrr uro6perarenra parpa6orear no4o6Hr ycrporlcrea,
B Kor4ro npunarar n4eflTa, Ao Koflro Aocrilra Tecra. Toea
n pa a ra n poSeco p lan nreo Oepa p ra c or Topra uo, lAr anna,
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Al,reprraHeqrr orilBa Eoprl oqe no-Aaneq c
TpaHculrtgaHlrR. B cb3HaHilero cl4 vr qaK cfleA roBa Aa vt3pa-
nrrrre narir-nanpeE
-reyMecTHilTe cn Bbnpocvr, r,{HTepecyBa7rKr/r ce Ean71 caMilflr 6orea pa:lrv nnre ycrpoltcrea.
,lrrona "uRxora e onrlTBan qoBeurKa nn-ur'i Tecna e yxaceH
or ra:r ga6enexKa, Ha KoRTo orroBapn c Karerop/rqHo "He': [Ien:nrnHeHoro o6erqasrae
Tor,i o6aqe Bce naK e u3nbrHeH c yBaxeHre rttt,t ceor c-b6e-
Eguctr e BneqarfleH or $uneca sa Tecra il or oqeBillHo
ceAH[4K rofiro e ycnnn Aa nocrurHe ronKoBa MHoro, 6e3 Aa
reHl/laflHvlTe My Bb3MoXHOCTI/I KaTO eneKTpOt/iHXeHep,
rlMa HflKaKBa COnvrAHa HayqHa noAroroexa. camnrr Tecra,
BbnpeKyt qe He npileMa ,{AeffTa My 3a ABtlraTen c npoMeH-
BbnpeKil qe BnaEee noqTil Ay3r/Ha q).DKAt1 e3tlqr/l il qacoBe
nrlB roK. Tora npegnara Ha eBponeeqa 4a pa6olzr e Educxu
Hapefl e npeKapan e 6u6nuorcxute, .reret/ril aagun6oveno
Matuuuu Ytpxc, K-b[ero Aa Bb3craHoBFBa il npeKoHcrpyilpa
pa3nuqHa nvrreparypa, 3anoqBa cFKauJ Aa cbxafiFBa, Lie e
nocroFHHoroKoBilTe MauilHvr, cb3[a4eH,4 or caMtz]f Egrctu.
nzry6un rorKoBa qeHHo BpeMe B fi3yqaBaHero Ha Heula,
ToMac Ansa Egucru e sa6enexilTefleH rao6perarel u cta-
KorlTo He ca My or noraa. Terpge cKopo o6aqe nonyqaBa
Aaren Ha qffna ilH4ycrpnfl 6rarogapeuue Ha npaKrilqecKoro
Bb3MoxHocr ga ce y6egr,r, qe nocpeAcrBeHL4FT Mcrog Ha
npunoxeH/e Ha HeroBilTe oTKpl,4Tllifl, Ho tlMa cJlaBaTa Ha He
pa6ora Ha E4tzctu, BKnoqBaul onilT vr rpeuKa, e locra no-
oco6ero KopeKreH 6rrrecmen, xofiro npu roBa He ycnflBa
- fiaMnara c HaxexaeMa xrqxa, u:o6pereHa or EAilcbH. !a ynpaBnrBa go6pe QuHancure cil. OceeH Bcvr'rKo roBa
Egucrn nna HaBilKa Aa o6eqaea u.le5pvr Bb3Harpax4eHilF
Ha xopara, Kovrro HaeMa Aa pa6ornr:a Hero, Ho MHoro qecro
l,1M 3annau.la MHoFo no-ManKo il no To3tl HaqtiH nonyqaBa
go6pa pa6ora 3a HnloxHa cyma. Tecna He npaBil il3Kfloqe-
Hile B ToBa orHoueHile. loaopu ce, ve EgrcrH my o6eqaea
50 000 llarcxr Aonapa, 3a [a peMoHrtipa il MogepHvt3ilpa
nocroflHHoroKoBnre My ycrpoficrea. Tecna nprema c roroB- ^ haenrnr o0rc aa flxenepan
r-rocl oco6eso Karo ce /rMa npegara4 Qaxra, qe roBa e BHytxr4- !4nexmpux KoMnaHilFta. \oq-o Ef, (1
ocHoBaBa B Kpaff Ha XIX B.,qHec rt e
TenHa cyMa, KoRTo AHec ce paBHRBa na uulnosn. Tora pa6orrur
Haft rofleMuflT AocraBqfrK Ha eneK
6yxeanno raro po6. l4ucranupa BbrpeuHo vr BbHuJHo ocBer- TpilqecrBo a Ameprra.
neHile, MoHTilpa nocToflHHoToKoBtlTe feHepaTopL4 Ha aMepil-
KaHcKr/rr r:o6perarel M [oprr KoHcrpyvipa MauilHr4, Kovrro ca
B cbcronHile Aa 3aMecrflT l,l3nor3BaHvire or Eguctn. CaurRr
Tecna ctqo ce onvrrBa Aa nonyltvr nareHT 3a cBotire ype4vi,
na4nearirn ce Ha no4Kpena or pa6orogarerfi crl,3a Aa pea-
nvBtApa BclAqKt/t cBol4 HoBri uso6perenrn. B xpafina cuerxa
o6ave Egrcrn ro il3lirpaBa n Tecna ce oKa3Ba B ponlTa Ha
rnyna6 Koraro noilcKBa o6eulaHrlre ruy 50 xr,rnn4ra Eonapa.
AneprrarcrrRr nao6peraren ce il3cMfiBa v ragea:'Tn cn
ocraBau Bce oule napilxaHilH. 9ar xoraro craHeu ,rcruHcKu
aMepL4KaHeq, ule Moxeu Aa oqeHrlrx auepnraucxun xyvopl',
Moxe c'uc crrypHocr Aa ce rBbpgr/r, qe Tecna HilKora He pa3-
6r pa ra:r uera, Aop,4 14 Koraro no-KbcHo craBa aMepi4KaHcKn
rpaxganrn. Tori HanycKa KoMnaHufiTa ra EpucrH r/ 3anoqBa
co6creeH 6u:Hec.
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TOMAC EEr4C'bH 14 KOHOnUKTbT Mv C TECIA
<oRro rorl r,r:o6pernaa, ce il3nofi3Ba il Ao AHec B qnn CBFT. Hlrxona Tec,ra rl3nilTBa rouro Tecra cbulo ce 3ano3HaBa.
,4cl,1HcKo 6rarorogenlle npeg Eenoro Ha roueMl4fl aMep[4KaHcKr,r r:o6peraren, Kaxro qecro ce cnyqBa Ha rofleMilTe n:o6perarenn, E4uctH ce c6ntcxsa
-:
cHi4TerHyrff n n3vcKaH Tecna. "MaruocHuxtr or MeHno llapr'j xaxro qecro Hapuqar rvtBHtA! a KoHKypeHTrre My ycnnear no-6lp3o or Hero [a pa:pa6ornr no-ycneu:Hlt
H !4F, TaKa il CBOl,lTe eneKTpilqecKyt laMnil, KOI4TO Ca B CbCTOflHile Aa OCBeTflT C r]epBe- Hana AO BCFKO KlTqe Ha 3eMflTa.
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cnmr 3a cb3gamaF{e Ha eo6erne!{ lwzHec
fl:spnara KoMrraHuq na Tec,ra
B neqa:roro IIA 1885 I Tecna HanycKa Educon Mawuin rro6perarenn Ha yHil3r4TeneH
Yopxc.Ioit e pa3oqapoBaH m o6e:ctpveH or Ll3MaMara Ha HarilcK/ npnuyx4aaafirr ro
aMepilKaHcKmr nro6peraren, Ho BbnpeKil ToBa ol.leHflBa
Aa HanycHe co6creeHara sA
BT4COKO noflyqeHaTa Bb3MOXHOCT Aa HaTpyna r3BecTeH KoMnaHuF. lzlanagHal B Mil3epfifl,
onilr B HeroBara xounaurR. Llenra My cera e Aa peanil3ilpa Tecna orHoeo rpn6ea 4a rupcra
ceoilte co6creenw av6raquw w v1ev. floraro pa6orra :a KaKBaroilAaepa6oraue
E4rzc-uH, Tecna ce 3ano3HaBa c Hafi-Hoerre uro6pereHun, oT'laFHileTo cv crufa Lle
AoTaM, ' ;: ing:iad T *U 1 {-."lur4*--i-:- :r* ; 3."il*i'.:l
nareHToBaHil e Alaepllxa, 3a KoilTo Ao ro3r,4 MoMeHT Aopl4 m3KapBa npexpaHaTa cil KaTo *& el ih: {rpiki **r* #ffi$iitirirc'r*gi;;i:';ffi; ,"u
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il He e noAo3l4pal. Malxo cle4 Karo HanycKa KoMnaHr4FTa ronaq. Toea e eAuH t43t<ntoll4TenHo ri iL" &npre5, :n prna*, *ltiutin*lg. ;F *t *tant+r i.t ili6 &f,it;€'d,
Ha Epnctu, Tecna ctegaaa ceon co6cteeHa KoMnaHrF rpygeH nepilo4 or npe6ueaeauero t'r' ! .:ne:g ..',ue;i. ,}l u1 @^: Ls*rsd r.'- J*.;.
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- Tecna l4nexmpux [laum end Manrc$exmuapuuz. Ia ce uy e Aueprxa, ga xorlro rofi xa:aa: :t b i':ti":rnii*-are
oKa3Ba AOCTa ycneuHa u caMo cneA foAilHa Beqe ilMa "Moero 4o6po o6paroBaHile B
r{s?*L - //r,*'" ,c4 ;:t
r ..,'E*/,- ct"u:o'gu -,
3ana3eHo MflcTO Ha nbpBaTa cTpaHilqa Ha T3BeCTHOTO pa3nuqtvt o6nactu Ha HayKara,
cnilcaHile no ereKrpofiHxeHepcreo "y'lnexrprxtn preo'i MexaHilKara il nr4reparypara cera
Bcrr4Hocl il3Aaren Ha roBa cnilcaHile e Henp[Mt4prMl4flT Mil Ce CrpyBaue npocro Karo
cbnepHilK ua E4uctH - flxoppx YecrraHrxayc. Tora eAHa no4ilrpaexai'Toea e geracrerrenHo raKa, 3auloro AKqLlu or Tecno UneKmpuK
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oqeHflBa ercoro paapa6orxure sa Tecra il [BaMara cKopo qepHara pa6ora, Koflro e npilHy4eH Ilaim eud Monto$eKmqbpuHe -
Aa Bbpulr4, He r/3r4cKBa
craBar cbto3Hr4qm cpeqy o6r4iln r4M KoHKypeur E4ucrH. nbpBara KoMnaHL4F Ha Tecna.
HilKaKBa xeanv$uxat4tn. Bce nar ro3r rexbK nepilog
MexgyeperrleHHo B KoMnaHflflra ua Tecla ce noFBflBar He npogbnxaBa rB-bp4e 4tnro. floraro pa6orr raro
HFKol4 B-brpeuuu npo6lemn. lzlHeecruropil B HeF xonaq, Tecna BneLlarrnBa c hHXeHepHilTe cfi no3HaHilF
ca 6ugHecueHr or Hro ,Qx-upcyr - 5. A. Berln u po6rpr 6puragrapa Ha rpynara, xofiro ro npe4craBn Ha eAilH
Iefiu. Te ca gun6oxo BneqarneHil or paHHure npoeKrlt sa6enexilrereH rauxenep - An$peg C. Epayn. Tofi or ceoR
ua Tecna, B Kot/ro rorl paapa6orBa Mpexa 3a ynilLlHo v Bropa cpeuta 6aHxer sa
crpaHa ro 3anoeHaea c 9apns0. ller- e4uH or uara-eu4Hure
Vtacturyta no paArlonHXeHep-
ocBerneHfie ua Payerl, Hro flxtpcn, rr4ero xueee Berln. aABoKaril no roBa apeue. SpayH m ller ca rrlHoro go6pe crgo (cera vacr or hnclrryra ta
He nponeRear ronnM ilHTepec o6aqe ruu xeflaHrero Ha 3ano3HaTh c nocTrlxeHilffTa Ha eneKrpilHxeHepcTBoTo trHXeHepuTe no e/leKTpoTexHfr Ka
14
Tecra 4a paspa6orra npoMeHnilBoroKoB eneKrpo4Br/raren, ocb3HaBar orpaHuqeHilflTa Ha nocronHHr4F ToK.Te cu4aear tr eneKrpoH[Ka, IEEE) I pecro-
rufi xaro cnope4 rFX no4o6Ho ycrpoficreo e 6e:nonesHo. HoBa KoMnaHnF, quero ceganilule e Ha ynilqa,,l1u6aprvt,
paHra ".llyvoc" a Ho lZopx xa 24
anpnr '1915 r. Tecna e HffKbAe B
lzlneecrlrropnre He ce npilTecHflBar Aa noAnoxar 89. Torn arr 6enexu Haqaroro Ha eAHa nopeArqa or EbHOTO Ha MaCaTa.
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h3o6pereH ilF, Kol4ro Tecna pa3pa6orBa B npoAbnxeH he HilTe UM CnOpOBe nO OTHOUeHTe Ha Apyru rrrso6pere-
Ha cneABaulhre 15 ro4uun. srR na Tecna.
Teupgara no3wqt4t ua Tecra 3a BbBe)iqaHero Ha Hero-
BaTa c[cTeMa 3a npoMeHnuB ToK KaTo npeB'b3xoxAaqa
EAun cepr{o3eH cbApy)nHr{K
BcrqKu ocraHanra ra $arru1 ve ycrporlcreoro Ha Yunqln
Tecna ycnnea Aa nonyqil nopeArqa or nareHril 3a Crennu cblt1o n3non3Ba KoMyrarop, enevarnnoar flxopAx
cBoflTa chcreMa 3a npoMeHnnB ToK. Me)KAy eneKTpt4- YecrnHxayc. Tori e rarnpqilrenHo Mt4flTerHa ruqHocr
qecKuTe KoMnaHuil 3anoqBa HaAnpeBapa Aa ycra- B eneKrpouHAycrpt4qra tA e B cbclofHne Aa npeABuAt4
HoBffT cbrpygHr4qecrBo c resra Quptrlu, Kor4ro npure- nens6exuure npoMeHil e HeR. YecrilHrxayc ocb3HaBa, qe
xaBar nareHT ra Hatl-go6para cucreMa 3a npoMeH- aKo He Bne3e B cbApy)ffe c Hurona Tecna npe4n ocraHa-
nuB ToK. B Haqanoro He e cbBceM ncno rotl qe ce rrre, roBa 6u morno ga ce oKaxe $aranno:a 6uaneca my.
-
oxaxe no6egnrer B Ta3u Ha4npeBapa cucreMara flpe: onu 1 888 r. e llrrc6upr rotl ce cpeula c Tecna, :a 4a
flpounruneHnsr paftor ua nhrc6bpr,
ua Tecna vnv Ha HRrotl or HeroBure rofaBauHr KoH- nperoBapfl 3a 3aKynyBaHero Ha HeroBlln narenr.,{aamara ^
fleHcl4nBaHrs, npe3 AeBerAecene
KypeHru. Cpeg rnx ca YunRu Creunu, xofiro orroaapn Mbxe, 3acraHanu eAuH Ao Apyt npeAcra Bnfl Bar eAHa Aocra roanHil Ha XIX e. Tecra 3aMrHaBa 3a
ea mogra$raraquure npil cr4creMara ua lanapg-lu6c, crpaHHa rne4ra. Cna6uvrunr Tecna, c HeroBure cflbpxaHu llnrc6tpr Karo ilHXeHep B KoMnaHhltra
u3nor3BaHa or lxopgx YecrrHrxayc, tAnv foneMnflr MaHilep]4,e n-bfiHa npoTt4BononoxHocT Ha BHytllilTenHhfl ra ,[xop4x YecrrHrxayc, Korro pa3-
pa6oraa neroaure reHeparopr 3a
c p'bcra cr il c rpbMKfifl cil mac YecrrHrxayc. B cuttloro
npoMeHrnB ToK.
Unexmpux Ktunanu, pazpa6ort4n ct4creMa 3a npoMeH- BpeMe ABaMara cnKaur ce AonbrBar B3auMHo. llo-rucHo
nilB ToK 6nvtxa Ao ra3u na Tecna. Mex4y Tecna n Tecra or6enqsBa cneAHoro 3a cBor cu4ppxuurc"Bupexut
TounctH Bb3Hr4KBa cnop npu npe4craBnHero ilM npep qe 6eue npexB'bpailn qerupu4ecerre, rotit ace oule npil-
Araepr fl vHcrvryr Ha il HxeHepnre no en eKrpo-
xa Hcrn rexaBaue MraAexKLl eHrycha3bM. Buuaru yctuuxHal, npil-
rexHhKa (AIEE) npes uarl 1888 r. Tecna npeAcraBff cBo- BernuB u yqruBr rofr onpe4eneHo ce ornr4'{aBaue or4o6pe
rra cucreMa 3a npoMeHnrB ror,4oxareatlKil, qe e B o6neveuure, Ho nHa'{e rpy6r,r xopa, c Kot4To ce 6sx:anoE-
c'bcroffHile Aa npeHece ereKTpilqecrBo Ha pa3cToflHue Har Ao ro3r4 wrotueHi.'
croTl4r_lvl M14I14 OT t43TOrtHhKa My - HeqO HeBb3MOXHO YecnaHxayc ce oKa3Ba 4o6tp cqAppKHvtK tA or 1 887 go
npn cilcreMuTe 3a nocTofHeH ToK, npn KoilTo npeHoc 1888 r. npogax6rrre Ha ereKrpilqecKaftt KoMnaHrf ce yBenu-
Ha eneKrpl4qecTBoTo Moxe Aa ce ocbqecrBu Ha oKoIo qaBar noBeqe or venapr nuru. Taxa YecnaHxayc Moxe Aa cu
MunR pa3cronnue. Be4Hara cneA ToBa ne4aHruqHt4flr no3Bofl4 Aa nnaqa qAHa Aocl?l conuAHa cyMa 3a il3noJBBa-
TounctH, rorlro e B aMep[KaHcKara eneKTpuqecKa Hero Ha narerm,ne ua Tecna. Tpy4Ho e 4a ce onpeAeru c rorr-
vrHAycrpl4fl MHoro no-Abnro BpeMe or uoaara Tecna, Hocr KonKo noD raBa r,r:o6perarenrl Ho or 1888 go 1897 r.
npaBu u3Ka3BaHe aa paepa6oreHo or Hero ycrpoficreo, Ta3u c\A4a Bb3nu3a npu6nurrrenno Ha oKono 100 xunn4ra
Koero e noqril hAeHTyrrHo c roBa Ha Tecna. Oxagea ce, aMepnrcHcKtl Aonapa.,{Hec, cnq4 Karo ce npecMerHe ran(rna-
Lre vr3pa3br "novtn n4enrnvHo" npoueng acu,.txo. B 4utra.,n6u6uaa paBHa Ha MunuoHn 4onapu.TaKa c noAnnc- EAHo or paHHfiTe ycrpoticraa xa
^
ra3ta HanperHaracrryaqilR Tecna ycnRea Aa ce AoKaxe BaHero Ha cAerxara:a npoppr<6ara Ha narerm,ne,Tecra nua Tecna 3a npon3BoAcrBo Ha eneK-
j l:rijai,.
+**-, -.'
r S'.S1
. ,F'; l':
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ry
TOK Ce n3nor3Ba 3a U3nbnHeHilero Ha cMbpTHara npucbAa [a pa:r'spc[[r cBera, pa3Tr,pcBafiKll
Ha yunflM Keunep, ocbAeH aa y6uftcrsoro Ha no6oeHil- caMuq ce6e cI{
qara cu. Toru aKT Ha npaBocb4uero ce npeB-pbqa B nbp-
Kuru xpaR ua 1891 r. Hurora Tecra nonyvaea il3Becrre,
oilfl npuMep 3a 3aKoHHo y6whcteo Ha qoBeK qpe3 ereK- qe uarTrra My e Ha cM'bprHo rerno. Tori nesa6aeHo 3aMilHaBa
TpuqecKu ToK.
sa [ocnu.l, KbAero ca rpnre My cecrpr4 14 mafixa uy, roRro
Tecra n Vecrunxayc ca 6elcrnuu Aa ce nport4Bonocra-
Beqe He e B cbcroflHue Aoph Aa ce noMpbEHe B nefloTo cl4.
BflT nO KaKbBTO vr Aa e HaquH Ha roBa peueHue il nphcb-
HRrorxo Meceqa cneg HeroBoro npilfiuraHe, npe3 anpiln
Aara e u3nbrHeua. Cu6nruero o6aqe ce pa3BuBa no yxa-
1 892 r. rn yuupa. Tecna e 4o raxaBa creneH cnoMeH or MbKara
crBar4 HaqilH. Keunep nonyqaBa rexKil HapaHnBaHilfl, Ho
cr4,qe Kocara B-bpxy AflcHOrO My Cnenooqile 6tp:o no6e-
BbnpeKu roBa He yrrnrapa. Cryvanr e 3aKnefiMeH Karo Bap-
nnea. Mafira My oKa3Ba [3Ktttot{urerHo nonoxurenHo Bnu-
BapcKr4 14 MHo3vrHa o6euHRear 6payH 3a npoBana MyAa ocb-
fHue Bbpxy xr4BoTa na uao6perarenn. lzltrresuo oT Hefl rotl
ulecrBrl roBa, xoero rofi no4flt pxa xaro "xyuanex uavun
HacnegflBa cBonra rBopqecxa Harypa. Tecna ocraBa e locnilq
Aa ce h3nbnHu cMbprHa npucu4a'i Oarrul qe e il3nor3BaH
HRKorKo ceAMilqr4 cneg netTtnara cuupr. Toea e eAilH or Man-
npoMeHruB roK o6aqe, xBbpnn rbMHa cFHKa Bbpxy o6qecr-
Koro n'bru, Koratorofi cn nogeorflBa 3a rottKoBa n-btlro BpeMe
BeHoro peHoMe na Tecna u Yecrunxayc. llocneAHilFr e npil-
Aa ce orKbcHe or ceonra pa6ora.
HyAeH Aa ce orKaxe or pa6orara cil Bbpxy cl4creMara Ha
Egna ro4rar.ra cneA 3aBpbu{aHero ct4 or locnuv, nper Qee-
Tecna aa npoMeHnuB roK u eABa cneA ABe rogr4Hvl orHoBo
pyapra 1893 r., Tecna n Maprun 3aMilHaBar 3a KoHrpeca Ha
ilMa B'b3MOXHOCT Aa nOAHOBI4 ycytfiVnra cU B Ta3n HacoKa,
HaqmoHannara acoqhaqilfl 3a eneKrpl4qecKo oceerneHile. Ha
6narogapenue Ha Koero craBa Bb3MoxHo ABilrarerflT Ha
nen Tecna npe4craBfl rontMa qacr or cBoilTe uao6peretnn,
Tecna 4a ce il3nor3Ba e 6ura ua xopara.
B ToBa qhcno n uuoroQaenara cilcreMa 3a npoMeHnuB ToK t/
Brnpexra yr4tp6a u zary6wte, npilqhHeHn or KaMnaHil-
cpeAcrBara 3a npeHoc Ha npoMeHfluBa eneKrptlqecKa eHep-
nra na E4nctu, Yecrunrxayc u 3a MuHyra He u3nilTBa cbM-
run. Egno or reeu uao6pereHuF e u3BecrHo raro "6o6nnara
HeHhe no oTHoueHhe Ha orpoMHoTo npaKTilqecKo 3Haqe-
na Tecra" vr npil Hero eneKrpilqecKurr 3apr4 ce npeHacn no
Hue na uro6pereHuero ua Tecra il no BcrKaKbB HaqilH ce
Bb3AyXa, npil KOeTO B Craflra ce noflBfBa nypnypHa MbrlHt4f.
crpeMu Aa My noMorHe Aa oc-bqecrBvl Meqrara cu. llpea
Tecna ycnoxonea ny6nurara, qe eneKrpilqecxure sapR4u "ne
1 89 1 r. re eugo6HoeRgar caonra pa6ora.
npuqnHflBar HuKaKbB gracrouQopl c t43KnoqeHue Ha yce-
ttC;ry.rafino rl3rapflHe, Ho roBa e
qaHero 3a neKo onapBaHe no BbpxoBere na npucrure'i Cneg
re3il AeMoHcrpaqvv u cBbp3aH[Te c TRX HeBepoflTHn 3a
BCIIIIKO''
oHoBa BpeMe npexuBflBaHilF , orKpvrutra Ha Tecla npe4u3-
Cne4 egno KparKo nbreuecrBue Ao flapux nper rRroro Bu KBar u Hrepeca Ha MeAil ure. lz1ro6perarennr Aa Ba ilHrepBto
ua I 889r. Tecna ce 3aBpbqa e Ho lZopx ur eanoqBa cb3AaBa- sa "Hro lZopr Xepan4'i B Koero cno4enn, ve ee4rux "ycnRea
Hero Ha noea na6oparopuR. Tr raeua qenuff qerBbpru erax Aa nonyqu HanpexeHile 300 000 Borra, Koero, nonyqeHo no
Ha crpaAara, B Koflro ce HaMupa. B Heq Tecna m3BbpuBa Apyr HaqnH, MoMeHTanHo 6u y6uno qoeed OaHracrilqHara Tecna c eAHa or cBo[Te
^
eKcnepilMeHTu, cBbp3aHu c esauuo4eficrBhero
Ha eneK- 6o6uua Ha Tecna 6erexil Haqanoro Ha HoB xaHp B HayKara - eneKTp14.iecKh naMnh, KovlTo roi
TpilqecrBoro c MarepuflTa. OcHoeHuRr Bbnpoc, rotiro ro HayqHara $anracrura. ycnFBa Aa :axpaun 6e:xrvHo.
ilHrepecyBa npe3 ro3r4 nepiloA, e 3a orpaHilqeHilre npu-
po4Hr pecypcr4. Tofi e y6e4en, ue rpa6ea Aa ce HaMepil
Apyr HaqilH 3a nonyqaBaHe Ha eHeprilr. Bte eptaxa c rosa
Tecna cu 3a4aBa Bbnpoca: "Kaxeo qe npaBil qoBeqecrBoro, r&sgdsKg€
KOTaTO rOpUTe U3qe3HaI a 3anacilTe OT B'brnilqa 6bAaT ,..
Or 1 889 4o 1 891 r. roti qecro ce cpeula cbc cBofl npuflren u rafixcreeHnre My nocruxeHuf ro npeBpb- nyr+-a!g::BinpouaeeAeuueiorTecfl agqoBeKbr,
- nhcarennr Torvrac C. Maplar.r, 3a Aa ro Abpxvl B TeqeHile u{ar B rparuqecKa Qrarypa, gocroftxa ea eguo xofiro nonyuaea pagraocuo6r4euur or rnaB-
no orHoueHme Ha npoeKrure cil. Maprmu cxopo ny6nuryea HachreHo c ApaMarn3bM npou3BeAeHue. nun repori Hd poMaHa, cneA Karo rofr raqa
no4po6eH Marepilan 3a Tecna, e xotlro xBbpnfl cBerruHa Heruo;. noaeue, ngroBute. r'lo6pereuuR egtx: ...
fa nyHara. lnera:Ien1aJ! :MQttLulH4il,npeAne
.Hoenear...cbsgaBaHero Ha Heo6r4rHoeeH[.. .. xesa or Tecra, e c tiosru ABurareru n nph-
Bbpxy pa6orara Ha m3BecrHr4n u:o6peraren vr HeroBara
ycrpoticrea, Kouro qecro ce noffBffBar BbB nr4:!td :,1to-c{opo xa .,qaena,!It+tttixg,, Tr He
cilcreMa 3a npoMeHailB ror. Mex4yepeueHHo Tecra ornea
..0agrtc1r4,{Hlrt. cen1, po4en or eto6paxexu.-: : ' d3not$9a,,craH8aplHo-ro :qalvlolleTHo'rqpu Bo,
oqe no-Aaaeq, nreupueaftru eKcnepuMeHrn, npil Kot4ro
eToiHa-ii tiBpeMearvrre reopqn. oplxuero.Hq,,;' .Hs1vl6' gqpii..gaNlorerqx,,,4st4!'eten u Ilo:cKoPo
npeKapBa npe3 rflnoro cil eneKrpl4qecoA3apAAtA. Be4Htx 'e.'npclirlrian,,:na .nerfltqar rrtrllf.rt4t: BcltL{xocl
Tecra, u3aectto xaro TeneQopc" ranra "Crutp-
rorl gopr,r npe,qcraen nogo6en eKcnepilMeHr npe4 ny6lraxa, ronocuuR ntq'i e ycrpoftcreo, KoHcrpynpaHo HilKoe orre3n raao6perenun He ce npeBpbqa
Karo npil ToBa 3ananBa gee QnyopecqeHTHil naMnil, Abp- Aa HacoqBa ereKrpoMarHhTHh nbqil cpeqy :B.,pearHocr,,.Hg f,opn, ri B Tg3l,i.BUOopaxaervr
xerTrrm no egra BbB BcrKa p'bKa. lly6rnxara e no6onurna pa .rlenia, roero gHec HaMupa Maci6 a.Miioio 9.1.:l',. cgnr Tecra HaMMpa HaqhH 4a cuafiaa vura-
pa:6epe4anr,r npil onilTa e nonyqufi HflKaKBn HapaHflBaHilfl, pdsnpocrpaxrdanraie'ua na3apa au4eq!4rpnr TenrTe fl-b,lro olen KaTo caMilfT Hero Beqe
.
.r'
Ho orroBopbr Ha Tecra e:"1-louRxora geficrenrenHo nonyqa- .. B eAna or reeu nrpt4 gopr4 npiletcTBa eaMara ,r l rO.HiMi.' ... ...., .,
"tJ
',\,
npegcraBr Ha cBoilre npilFrenil. Po6tpr flxoncru crr4o flHeH ToK. Tn o6aqe ce oKa3Ba c rBbppe orpaHnqeHh Bb3-
olleHflBa B/coKo reHilannun uro6peraren il EBaMara c MOXHOCTyT, KaTO ynilqHOTO OCBeTfleHTre HanpilMep MOXe
Karpun vecro ro KaHFT B AoMa cn. Toea orHolueHile ocil- Aa ce 3axpaHBa or craHqilfl, HaMvrpaula ce o6ilrHoeeHo
rypflBa Ha Tecna cnororicrBilero,3a Koero rofi e xonngn Ha oKoJro eAHa MunR pa3croffHile. EEuclu npeAnara
npe3 Bcr4qKil caMorHr4 qacoBe B na6oparoprnra, AoKaro nnaH 3a npeHoc Ha nocTofHeH rox or HuarapcKilfl BoAo-
r43BbprJBa cBo/Te HayqHil eKcnepilMeHTvr. naA Ao 6bQano, Ho nopapil orpaHuqeHnflra Ha cilcreMara
llo-xtcuo, nper 1894 r., Tecna ce u3npaBff npeg narir- My roBa HaqvrHaHhe ce oKa3Ba HeocbulecrBl4Mo. flo roaa
ronflMoro npeAil3BilKarercrBo 3a HeroBara nHoroQaena BpeMe 4HBecrv\t/IoHHttflr rrraur flx. 11. Moprau, xoraro
cilcreMa 3a npoMeHnuB ToK - noflyqaBaHero Ha eJreK- no-paHo fiHBecrilpa B KoMnaHrifra na Egrctn, peuaBa
rp/qecKa eHeprilfl or Huarapacxnfl BoAonaA h npeHoca To3il nbr Aa nopKpenr c t4HBecrtlrluu Yecrrurxayc u cuc-
ri na pascronHvre or 20 MVnv Ao 6tQano, Hro l,4opr<. !o TeMara Ha Tecna aa npoMeHnilB ror. Toea AaBa rnac'bK Ha
TO3l4 MOMeHT npeHOC-bT Ha eneKTpilqeCTBO Ce il3BbpuBa peanil3ilpaHero Ha npoeKTa, Koero orHeMa Tpn roAnHil.
no cucreMara na Eguctn, npil KoFTo ce il3nor3Ba nocro- llpea 1 896 r. cBerbr craBa cBilAeren KaK c noMoqra Ha MHo-
roQa:Hara cilcreMa 3a npoMeHnilB rox na Tecna 3a nbpBtl
PasmwsssEEa
PA3TOBAPf,NKU C MAPC
.1899
B rpan ua XIX a. yueHrare ca pa3BbnHyBaHr4 or Bb3- Karo npe3 r ce npeMecrBa e Konopa4o CnpnHrc,
MoxHocrra 3a ocbulecrBflBaHe Ha KoHTaKT c yl3BbH3eMHyr Kbgero cb3AaBa cBoflTa BHyrxilTerua na6oparopnn, Tecna
ctqecrea. OrxpileaHeto Ha 6e:xilqHhf npeHoc Ha eHep- 3anoqBa Ea BflpBa, qe Bcblt1Hocr Beqe e nofiyqiln cilr-
rilfl, HapilqaH "eQerrur ta Tecla'l naaa ocHoBaHile Ha Hanu or Mapc. Te no cbqecrBo ca pa3nilqHu or il3nb.r-
HayqHara o6qecrseHocr ga BFpBa, qe e Bb3MoxHo Aa ce BaHilFra or 6yplrre n Apyrltre uyMoBe ua 3eunra. l/ go
il3npar4arh nonyqaBarnocnaHuR no6egxnqHarexHollo- AHec He Moxe Aa ce onpeAenu c rorJHocr npor3xolbr
run. Muctlra 3a ocbqecrBffBaHe Ha KoHTaKT c"uapcu- Ha re3il cr4rHaflil, Koero Moxe 6n e catp:aHo c HflKaKBo
aHqure'i KaKro Hapilqar BcilqKil Bb3MoxHu r13BbH3eMHr4 Hegopa3yMeHile no orHotueHile Ha HoBara rexHofiorrfl
Qopvrra na xilBor no oHoBa BpeMe, BbnHyBa tA caMVfl Ha Tecna. OceeH roea cbulecrByBa BepoflTHocr re Aa ca
Tecna. EoReRaarce BceBb3MoxHt4Teophll t4 ilAeil 3a Map- il3nbqeHil or HffKaKbB ecrecrBeH KocMuqecKr ti3ToLrHnK.
cilaHlluTe, Karo HffKoil yqeHu rBbpArI, qe re ca Aaneq no- flnaHoaete ua n:o6perarerff 3a KoHTaKT c xr/Teflrre Ha
HanpegHann or o6urarennre Ha 3emRra il xilBeffT B Ml4p, Mapc pa:6rapa ce HilKora He ce ocbu.{ecrBffBal, Ho Bcr4LtKtl
cneA KaTo ca npeoAonenil xhBoTyrHcKuTe l,lMnyjlcr4, KoilTo Te3tAycvntAfl fi npoyqBaHilff pa3nanBaT B Aylllata na Tecra
Bce oqe cbqecreysar a xopara. Tecna npoyqBa il3Knoqil- HaAexAara, qe re3u curHarvr 6rxa mornu Aa ce pa3npoc-
reluo geratanno Bb3MoxHocrTa 3a Bpb3Ka c rffx, Koero e TpaHflBaT no cBera il Aa ce n3non3Bal 3a !a ce ran$opura-
orpa3eHo B crar4n or 1 896 r., vuero earnaane e "lz1:npaqa par xopara 3a roBa, Koero ce cryqBa BceKfi AeH BbB Bce:<tl
nlr Tecna cvtf+am rtm:ee:glre?'1 B ueR ce rBbpAnr qe MoMeHT t,r HaBcffKbAe. Taau xomyHnxaqiloHHa cucreMa,
rorir pa:pa6oraa flnaHoBe 3a !43npau{aHe Ha cilrHaril KbM roRro rori cb34aBa ela ato6paxeuuero cn, gHec 4etZcr-
MapcilaHqilTe c noMoqra Ha eneKrpilqecKn atnnu. Cneg BilTeflHo cbqecrByBa. ^ flnauerara Mapc. :l
l-ogVtHt/t Ha ycbppHa pa6ora
Ha 3anaA
flpr: u+r 1895 t B na6oparopurra na Tecra Bb3Hr4KBa
noxap, xorlro yHl,4r.qoxaBa BcurlKo, cbx-
.rHr-.lrAeHr. l4z6yxea
paHFBaHo e na6oparopr,rnra or roALrHu. O6ulecraenocrra e
uoKhpaHa oT cny\]lllloTo ce, oule noBeqe qe no ToBa BpeMe
roMeqeHrero e no-cKopo uyaefi, oxonroro ra6oparo-
prr. Harieceuure uleril Bb3lil3ar na 250 xnnapv uptcxttt
xonapa. Creg nHqu4eHra Tecna, par6rapa ce, npogbnxaBa
c3oLTTer3cneflBaHfin B Apyra na6oparopran, HaMnpaqa ce
ria Xaycrun Ctpuitr. flpe: cenreuepv 1897 r. rori aeqe e
roroB Aa KaHgilAarcrBa 3a nareHT la 6eaxuqna rpaHcMr4-
c,rR.Tecna o6a,re octsHaea, qe ilMa upr4a orra6oparopvt+,
KOflTO e EOCTaTbqHO rorflMa,3a Aa My nO3BOIt4 Ea peanu-
:rpa r narir-au6ilquo3Hnre cil npoeKril. Ero:au1o HanycKa
ulyMHVA Hro tz'lopx, gaueuRrirrr ro c npocropa na Konopago
f npnrrc, qara Konopa4o.
Xrrernre Ha Konopago Cnprrrc nocpeqar u3Kntoqil-
-arHo paAyurHo u3BecrHlrfl nro6perarer. Heroeara cilc-
-€!ra 3a npoMeHnnB ToK Beqe ce ri3nor3Ba e parioHa, xaro
c ueraHa noMor! ce ocilrypflBa eHepfilfl 3a 3naTHnTe n cpe-
6rpxnre MhHrl TaM. Ero :aqo ilMero Ha Tecra e nony-
,rnpHo Aopn r cpeg o6uxnoBeHilre xopa u roir ce nofl3Ba c
fonRMo yBaxeHile cpeg ecyi,.txr4. Tecra or6enRlea, qe HaMe-
ceHHeTo My e Aa il3Bbprxr1 eKcnephMeHTuTe B noleTaTa Ha
{oropago, c qen Aa cb3paAe KoMyHilKaqiloHHa cilcreMa,
<orro 6n My Aana Bb3MoxHocr Aa "npeHacF ranQoprrraqran
ra roreMh pa3croflHufl, 6e: ga urnonaea npoeo4nmqn'i
'lrru cumuesue, qe nMeHHo re3tA ttryet aa 6eaxlrvna xovry-
il{Kaqhn noAxpaHBar nonBruure ce c'bo6qeHun, e rouro ce
rts'bp4n, qe Tecra ce onilTBa Aa Bne3e BbB Bpb3Ka c u3BbH-
3ernH14cbrlecrBa. Toea e nope4Horo floKa3arencrBo 3a Bru-
FHilero Ha rorreMun uro6peraren Bbpxy pa3Brruero Ha
xaHpa HayqHa fanracrura B nilreparypara.
,}i
t#tr:9ry9ffitrffry9
rb'lbEbT HA TECTIA
Oqe or flercKilTe aA roEtAHu Tecna e chnHo npt,l- uMa HaBilKa Aa ro cneABa HaBcRKbAe, AonurahKu Aopvt
sbp3aH KbM xl4BorHl/Te. Toga noxe 6u ce gtnxu na Ao npo3opeqa Ha craRra uy a Hofioprup Xorer, e rorlro
$ar<ra, ve rorl r:pacrea era Qeprvra a Xtpearnn u npe- Tecna nperapaa nocneAHilTe Aecer roguHr4 or xr4Bora
KapBa rolflMa qacT oT BpeMeTo ctA B wpvl cbc cBoR crzr. lzlao6perarenflT xpaHilrunr6a scexu AeH, a Be[Hbx
6par u cecrpnre cil oKono Kbqara h Ha noJtero,3ao- My ce Hanara il Aa ro neKyBa. Hail-crparxrnr enn3o4 B
6nxonet or pa3nilqHfi AoMauJHrl xt4BorHt4. B ceoilre Ta3v uctopu+ o6ave ce cnyusa eAHa Hou+ AoKaro Tecna
MeMOapu, HanilcaHil Abnro cneA KaTo HanycKa poflHrn rexil B rernoro cr,r. ltrt6tr Aonura npe3 oTBopeHilR
cr gom, u:o6perarerffr pa3Ka3Ba no4po6no sa nlo6h- npo3opeq, Kaqa Ha remoro r'r BrpeHqBa norneA B oqilTe
MHr cr4 KorapaK * BenilKoJlenHilRr Maqar. Beponruo my. Tecla ilMa yceqaHero, qe nrilqara ,4cKa Aa My Kaxe
hMeHHO 3apaEh Ta3U CBOfl npilBbp3aHOCT KbM )KI,4BOT- Her4o MHoro eaxHo: "Cne4 roBa, Koraro ocb3Hax nocra-
Hrre, a He or cto6paxeHuff 3a cna3BaHe Ha HflKaKBa uuero rl, B oqilTe Ha nvqara ce noflBh cBerrilHa, cHo-
crpora guera, Tecna craBa BererapilaHeq. l'lpe: nocneg- noBe or cBeTnhHHr4 nbqil, no-ocnenilTenHil oT Te3vr,
Hhre ro4uHr4, Kor4To npeKapBa e Hlc tlop6 rofi o6uqa Korro nonyqaBau e uonra ra6oparopranl'Cnopeg Tecra
Aa xpaHil rut6rre Ha ynilqara. Ha e4nH or aBropr4re, rut6rr my cuo6qaea :a ceoRra cMbpr il cne4 Karo nrta-
orpa3flBaqil HeroBilTe r:o6pereHun, Tecna paaxaaaa qara yrvuzrpa, rori e u3nbnHeH cbc crpaHHara yBepeHocr,
3a cBoero crpaHHo npilflTeficrBo c raKbB runr6. Kpacn- qe "oKoHqarerHo cbM npilKntoqun pa6orara, Ha KoflTo Efln f"bnb6, noAo6es sa togvt, xttvt xorlro ce
^ :i
eara 6nna nruqa cbc cuBu nepqa no Bbpxa Ha Kphnere cbM nocBeTnn xvgomcv". npnerp:ea Tecna. |:
Hafr-upauHara cflHKa Br'pxy pa6orara
Ha Tec,ra
flpes nHyapra 1900 r., nopagra Qarra ve n3qepnBa cBo-
L4TeKanilTalltl tl He e B cbcToFHile Aa 3annaula pa3xoAilTe/
cBbp3aHu c pa6orara uy e na6oparop/rflTa B Konopago oEP l4 AOKvMEHTAq14flTA rECtlA
AOKvMEHTALll4frA HA TEC'IA #
Cnpraurc, Tecna ce 3aBpbu.la e Hr,r lzlopr. Heroenre npu- Krm rpan HaXilBora cra Tecna pa:pa6orea qe no roBa BpeMe ce BoAl/l aofiHa r ecnvru npa- "
nreru Po6tpr ra Karprrrn flxonctH paa6rapa ce ca oqapo- cepilR oT HoBil opbxl4f, c qen Aa ru npoAaAe Ha BrlTencTBa il3KjlloqilTeflHo BHI/MaTeflHo cfleAflT
npaBurencrBoro Ha Ctepnuetnre r4al,r. Cne4 3a 3ana3BaHero Ha HaqiloHanHvtre cil nHTepecil. '
BaHil OT 3aBpbulaHero My vl qecro ro KaHflT Ha n3tAcKaHIA
CMbpTTa Ha u:O6perarenfl HFKOIIKO npaBilTe1- lOeOpn Ce, qe nnaHOBeTe Ha TeCna Ctptpxar !
Beqepil B narir-go6pure pecropaHTti na Hro lzlopx. flo roea
CreeHn CnyX6r, B TOBa qilClo u @egepannOro npOeKT 3a ycrpOriCreO, CTaHanO il3BeCTHo KaTo o
BpeMe B rpaga npe6rasaBa enilH Mtx Ha nme l-ynneruo "ctulproHocer qu/j roero e e clcronHl/te ga
6rcpo :a pa3cne[BaHe, ronQucxyear qnram !
Maprouu -
vranva+cKtA uao6peraren, xotiro uaetpusa
AOKyMeHraqilff Ha Tecna no ro3yl npoerr. flo npegna3ilBcflKaBoeHHa6asa,cr-:flaeafiruuap:
eKcnepilMeHTu e o6nacrra Ha pagilopa3nptcxeaHero. Toil BpeMero, xoraro rso6perarernT cl4 ornBa or Her elleKrpoMarHureH eKpaH. Crracel,l ecrec- I
npilcrilra e Hr,r lzloprl c qen Aa HaMeptl vtHBecrilroptl 3a rO:H CteAilHeHilre UlaTil Beqe ca ce BK1IO-
ceRT, TBeHO e fi Apyltl cTpaHn Aa Ce ilHTepecyBaT OT
cBoeTo oTKpr4Tvre, KaTo cbuleBpeMeHHo HanbrHo ce npe- rpaxpauuu rotl cbBceM c.b3Harenuo u:6npa ga Lqaril Bce oule cbxpaHtlBa optxefinara Aory-
-
re6perea npilHocbr ua Tecra. Toea e egnn 4eticreureluo craue. Tpn6ea o6aqe Aa ce ilMa npegerag $arra, MeHraqriF Ha Tecna.
ffi C: "ef:- -=-
TparnqeH nponycK, oqe noBeqe qe cneA BpeMe c peueHile
ra Brrpxoenun c-u6 ua CAII rofi e o6seeH 3a IAcrnHcKtAA
roreMnre KoHKypeHTyt na Tecna - Ao r43BecrHa creneH cvr npncBoflBa craBara, KoflTo no npaBo ce
nao6perarer na pa4noro. ToBa craBa npea 1 943-ra - rogra-
na6a Ha cpr6cxun ueo6perarel. Toea pa:6rrpa ce e oco6ero HecnpaBeAnilBo no orHouleHL4e Ha
Hara, npe3 xoRro Tecna cv ortABa or ro3t4 CBFT. qoBeqecrBo.
Tecna, npe4eug Qarra ue Heroeure uao6pereunfl AoHacFT orpoMHa nor3a Ha qflfloro
lzluento Mytc'bflTa [a cny"xil Ha xopara e ocHoBHara EBuxeu]a cilfla, Korro rapa Tecna Aa cb3AaBa
HeaonlpureHara KvJIa
cBoilTe yAmBvtrenuu neo6perennR.
npe3 1901 r. Tecna 3ano'rBa pa6ora atpxy npoeKra B vecr na :acnyrure na Hurona Tecna ruu HayKara il qoBellecrBoro, npee 1 91 6 r. roi e ygoc-
Crpanna MaHI{r
llocne4nure ronilHvr or xvtBora na Tecla ca 6enngaHu or
ncilxilqecKil npo6nem, xofiro gHec e il3BecreH Karo MaHu-
aKanHo-Harpanuueo pa:crpoticreo. Bcrrqnocl MaHilRTa 3a
r]rlcrora e xapaKTepHa HeroBa qepra, pa3BilTa Ao raKaBa
creneH, qe noHflKora rora popra nt6area 4a ce ptryea, rtrTr
Karo ce crpaxyaa or muxpo6n il 3aMbpcflBaHe. lpyr crpa-
HeH HeroB HaBvrK e fla npaBil Heulara no rpn ntru. Tara
HanpilMep rorrr r-re 6n orceAHar B xoreflcKa craR, aro nen-
Hi4flT HoMep He ce Aenn ua rpn. CrnoueH KbM caMotl3ora-
qur, Tecna lanoqBa Aa ce A-bpxil no-cKopo raro egnH geficr-
BnrenHo yruono6tpxau yven. Tlvreuuo roBa HeroBo noBe-
AeHile EonpvrHacfl no-KbcHo roti ga ce oKaxe B cflHKara Ha
r,lcropr4fiTa. craea rara, qe Tomac E4nctn - e4ru or xati-
ApaMaTrrrrHr,r pa3p a6orKr,r B odracTTa
Ha eJreKTprrqecK aTa eHepfr,rfl
EnempnvecrBoro cbIIIecrByBa B IlpuporutanpeALr norBara Ha qoBeKa, Ho Ao cb3AaBaHero Ha u:o6pere-
rrt4flTa na Tecna xopara B MHoro MaJIKa creIIeH ce Bb3rlon3Bar or Hero. Herosure paspa6omra e o6flacrra
Ha eneKTporlHxeHepHara HayKa6es cbMHeHne [poMeHrr HanbJrHo xoAa Ha rroBeruKaratrcropkrs..
lu4+++r*+i
'+i:F!:+':;jr :::=.:
i1 u;a, b|r,! J
''..*----:ll-*.-'l
@i
\ ffiffiffi
\-_:-<-",. ' -/'
.!.
ftffi ,,&i
&tffi
JlllL
J.ilf :t\ ffi
f .lllri::t E$ffi
{:"{"1'"1
._H;g ffi
".,r,,J_t*
ffi
ffi#
-W
.ffi
^ BevepHo ue6e, ocBereHo or MbnHilta. B 30para Ha qoBeulKara hcropt4fl cBerKaBrqilTe r 14:o6paxenun Ha nbpBure angoae 6arepuur,
ca Bb3nptreMaHu Karo npoflBa Ha Mofbt4ecrBoro Ha 6orosete. ranBaH[qHn eneMexrn, neo6-
B TOBa CUCnO t't
pereHn or AnecaHgpo Bonra.
HaqilH eneKTpl4qecTBoTo Aa ce npeHacf no npoMeH- lloqru 1,6 Munnapga Aylllt4 or HaceneHilero Ha 3eMFra
nuBa cxeMa, roea 6ui Aaro Bb3MoxHocr 3a no-AareqHo o6aqe ece oule xuBee 6es enexrpuuecreo. Aro Tecna
npeHacFHe Ha eleKTpl4qecKilfl 3apfA B cpaBHeHile c 6eue xne, roir eeponrno 6u uauepur HaqilH Aa peuh
TO3n, npeHacflH no TexHonorilflTa, il3non3Baula nocrof- rorr npo6neu.
HeH ToK. Tasu ugen e ronKoBa peBonoqtaoHHa, ']e flopl4
caMuflT E4ucun r orxBbpnfl/ Koero Ao rl3BecrHa cre- Odrqynaue rpe: rpocrpaHcrBoro
neH Moxe 6n ce gtnxu Ha Qarra, qe roil He n paa6rapa
llpeHoctr Ha eneKrpoeHeprilF Ha foreMn pa3cronHtln
fl cMfra 3a onacHa. llo-eeponrno o6aqe e Aa rneAa Ha
Lr
He e eguHcrBeHoro BenilKo HayqHo nocrllxeHile na Huxona
HoBara cr4creMa Karo Ha cepno3Ha 3anflaxa ga co6cree-
Tecna. lzlcrnncra peBontoqilF B pa3Bnrr4ero ua o6qecreoro
Hara cu nocrofl HHoToKoBa eneKTponpeHocHa cilcreMa.
npeAu3Br4KBaT HeroBure il3creABaHilfl u eKcnepnMeHTtl B
B peanHocT, rtti raro e CrepuHenure ularil, KaKTo 1,4 B none or ereKTpilqecKil ror. ErcnepnmeHTilTe B o6lacrra Ha eneKTpilqecrBoro. ToBa craBa
Ha eneKrpoMarHeril3Ma Ha yqeHm xaro Matirtn Oapagefi u npe3 1 827 r
Apyril qacrr4 Ha cBera,3anoqBa Aa ce u3non3Ba rpra$ar-
Hara npoMeHnuBoroKoBa cucreMa na Tecna. Bctqnocl Xarirnpux Xepq nocraenr ocHoBara na 6t4eqnre npoyqBa-
:.';
e Xupaarun - poAilHara na TecnacaMo rptl [Hl4
- nuR na Tecna, AoBenu go paapa6oreaHero Ha ilHAyKqLloH- '+rHoraL. ANDiRsoN.
nponpaBfl nbrfl KbM rno6alnoro elexrpr,rQuqrapane Ha cHapn4il, Morar Aa 6u4ar rarnpaqauu cto6qeHufl tA ct r-
nnaHerara. lzlrrpaAenn ca eneKTponpeHocHtl Mpexn, tant.foit Aopu npeAnonara, qe npe3 Ta3u cpeAa e Bb3Mo-
xaro xari-Hanpe4 roBa npaBflr pa3Bttrttre ilHAycrpr4an- xeH il npeHocbr r.ra o6paru - ,4ger, 3anerHara B ocHoBara Iti
Hil crpaHn, KaKBtlTo ca Cte4nHenure qaril tl crpaHilTe Ha rereBil3uoHHilre npueMHilqn. Cnopep Tecla roea paa-
or 3ana4na Eepona. Texnurr npilMep e nocnegBaH il or npocrpaHeHue He 6u morno Aa ce orpaHuqil e4r4HcrBeHo '\-
:.ni "
Apyril AbpxaBil il AHec HRMa CrpaHa B cBeTa, Koflro Ea B paMKhre Ha Hauara nrtaHera, a6w poctttruano Ao MHoro /,-N
.!fLll"
,.\
ue e enerrprQuLlLrpaHa. Apyru cBeToBe.
'{
v EneKTpuqecKa 3MuopKa. 3apaAh eneKTpuqecrBoro, Koero
3Ml/OpKnre npol43BexrqaL ApeBHtrTe erhnrnHil ca fl4 cMalanv 3a ) CrpaHnqa or 6enexsuxa Ha HuKona Tecna. Tesu 6enexxri rot
"rp-bMoBepxllure aaHnn" n na3hrenh Ha Bct4LtKu ocraHanr pn6r. HanucBa no BpeMe Ha npecros ct1 e xoren "An4epclH'i
:_:
F
II Hxeueprr, np eA rr3B r{Ka!'r IrcrI{H cna pe Bo,rlm qlrfl
lerrannlrre u:o6pereurR Ha Tecna 3acflrar rolKoBa mHoro o6racryr
ra HayKara, qe rorTr 6escnopHo 6rz vorrr Aa ce cMFra 3a eArlH or yLle_
rl.rte c xafi-ronflM ,4 pa3HocrpaHeH nptlHoc 3a pa3B/trrlero Ha qoBeuKoro
:6qecreo. Heroetzre pa:pa6orrra, cBt,p3aHil c peHrreHoBl,lTe rbqtz, eneK-
-ooHHrlle llaMnrl, Li3IbqBaHeTo yi KocMt/lLlecKilTe nbqil,
Aaneq HaAMilHa_
:ar no ycnex Li3cneABaHyrFra, Tt3BbpueHil or ocHoBHl,lTe My KOHKypeHril
::.,rcr,n r
MapKonr. lApeute Ha Tecla 3a A/cTaHLlytoHHoro ynpaBneHl/]e,
:3TOMaTr4KaTa, paAtlonoKaq/oHH/Te cTaHqLltl 1,1 fla3epr1Te ilMaT Ofpo_
'.'.r nprlHoc 3a ocilrypFBaHe Ha eAHo no_go6po 6t4er4e Ha qoBeqecr_
::ro. HerosnRr nocne4eH nareHr 3a Bb3AyutHo rpaHcnoprHo cpegcrBo e
-lceAHoro goKa3aTencTBo, qe He cb[qecTByBaT Hl/1KaKBrl orpaHrlqeHnR
3a
--i3r reHr4aneH ilHTereKT. B ny6nnxat4rrute Ha Tecna or 'l 931
r ilMa onr4ca_
-,': ra npoeKr 3a repManHa eneKTpoqeHrpana, npol/13BexAaula eneKrpo_
:iaprr,lF na 6a:ara Ha pa3nrKaTa B TeMnepaTypaTa Ha BOAara B cBeroBHt4F
: .ea r. Bcrq rr
Te3/ peBon rcqrlor r-r rrr r,r:O6pereH fi F il KoH qenll t/ltA, po EeHn
:- -eHl4a,rHl,1F
yu la Tecna, Hil Kapar EHec c ocHoBaHrle Aa c,4 3aAaBaMe
: : r poca Ka KBo Jl,,r Apyro uleue Aa w3MtAcnv rofi a ro oqe 6eue xrae.
,
^ flapa ce v3\Vra or KoMilHilTe Ha eneKTpoqeHrpanara B poqoK, fepMaHrF, Koflro npoil3BexAa
eHeprfrF qpe3 il3rapaHero Ha Bbrnilula. [epMaHilF e cpeA crpaHure? Korro aKTrBHo pa3pa
6oraar alrepHarrBHu HavvHV 3a nonyqaBaHe Ha eneKTpoeHeprilF, c Lien
Ea ce HaManFT
- --, ,rKa Na BrrbpHa ryp6rna.Tecla oqeHflBa BilcoKo Bb3MoxHocrra Aa BbrrepoAHfrre eMucvv.fecna e y6e4eu, ve rpr6aa 4a ce HaMepr HoB Haq4H 3a npofi3BoAcrBo
:: l3ri3BexAa eneKTpflqecrBo,6e:4a ce yBpexAa oKonHara cpeAa. Ha eneKrpilqecrBo, KotiTo He il3pa3xogBa rorKoBa xfiulHfiqecKil np4poAHilTe pecypcfi.
.=!.:+r:a::r:i+--,':t
,[uec novrn BcilLtKll BnaKoBe B Eepona
Bunxa or npoMeHn tA ynvlJiuTe AaBa HoBvl Bb3MOXHOCTI4 Ul
il
otMarbocHrrKbr oT 3au aaa"
II HEIOBOTO IIO3I,ITI,IBHO }T
HCIATUBHO BJIHflHUC
Tecna nocBelrlaBa ror-aMa rracr or x{rrBora cvr Ha wreflTa la cr3rare ycrpoficrBo, c qr4.f,To
rIoMotII 6u 6vurc Bb3MolKHo eneKTpr4rrecrBoro Aa craHe AocrbnHo 3a BceKrr 4orr. Tofi uua
Irlacrl{ero Ia cpeIIIHe xopa, Korrro npaB{T BcrrqKo Bb3Mo)KHo Aa My rroMorHar Aa ocbrrlecrBrr
Ta3I{ cBo-s IIeJI, Ho vMa kr raKLrBa, KoHTo He ycrt.gBar ya za6elrexar "cBerrusatd' Ha HeroBlr_f,
reHIEfi. Bruperu cBoero eKcueHTpr{qHo noBeAeHrre, roJreMr4-rr uso6peraren ycilflBa [a
ra3rpaav go6pu nprr{TencKlr B3arrMoorHorrreHkrfl c rarrr*ocrrr, oKa3anr4 ce AocrarbqHo MbAprr
.la ocb3Hatr peBonrcql{oHHr4.a xapaKTep Ha HeroBr4Te eKcnepr4MeHTrr v ycnexn e o6racrra
Ha eneKTplrqecrBoro. fenuanHrrre nocrr4)KeHvrfl Ha Tecna o6aqe npeAr43BrrKBar yBaxeHr4e
]OpE r4 CpeA OHe3r4, KOTTTO He Ca CbrnacHr{ c HeroBr4Te Teopr4r4.
'* .
ry,. cMero HaquHaHhe, Karo ce ilMa npeAB[4 Qaxra, qe Ao ro3r4 MoMeHT cr4creMara Ha Tecna He e u:npo6eaHa B no-ult4poKr4
.. rr/laqa6ra' YecrraHrxayc o6ave e y6e4eH B npeAnMcrBara Ha nso6pereHrero Ha Tecna n cbBceM
cb3HarenHo noeMa ro 3tA pt cK,
Toea ce orassa neqenilBuJ xoA aa nero. .Qaauara c Tecna ycnflBar Aa cneqernT nponaraH4Hara eorlHa c E4racuH, yr3BecrHa
.!ffirl Karo
"BotlHara Ha roroeere'i vAaocafityp+T ocBerfleHnero Ha CseroeHoro h3noxeHre e g[raro
,.:.,' npea 1893 r.Toea nMAaBa [JaHca
npe: 1896 r. Aa nonyqar nopbqKara ea enerrpusuqrpaHero Ha rpaAqero blSano c eneKrpoeHeprnfl, npou3BeAeHa or eneK-
TpoqeHTpanara Ha Hnarapcxun BoAona.q. flo-rucuo YecrraHrxayc pa3uilpflBa cBoFTa eHepronpeHocHa Mpexa il
B parZonra Ha
Epytvt
Auepura, npeAnsarareatlKu c noMoqra Ha orKpt4Tnero na Tecna vcrtAHcKa peBonrclqiln B eneKrpor4H4ycrpr4gTa.
CaurRr Yecruurxayc cblLlo e uso6peraren. Egea Ha 19 rognnvrchcb3AaBa poropeH napeH
ABuraren , a na 22 ro*uHvtpa:pa6or-
BaBb3AyuHa cnilpaqHa cucreMa 3a BrlaKoBere. llo4o6peHu flTa,Konro tA3lbpuBa B cilrHa nv3aqvflraHa xefie3Hrr.44re, npoBoKrpa
HeroBtlfl t4Hrepec KbM eneKrpottHAycrpusra. YecruHxayc e eHepruqeH 6rsuecueH, xorlro nua ycer 3a HoBarop-
cKnre uAeu u yMee Aa npeABu4a rexHoro 3HaqeHre A ponn B 6u4eqero, Tosa My noMara oule B oHe3u paHHu
roAilHn Aa ocb3Hae, qe eneKrpt4qecTBoTo eAl4H AeH qe Ce npeBbpHe B u3KfltortilTerHo
AoxoAoHocHa uHAycTpt4f.
CurpyAHnvecreoro Ha Tecna c YecrnHrxayc gaBa Bb3MoxHocr Ha eeponeracxun ueo6peraren
Aa ocbqecrByl
cBoffTa Meqra 4 Aa HanpaB4 e.neKTpt4qecKara eHeprilR AocrbnHa r ra Hafi-or4aneqeHilre Kbrr.{era Ha Aueprra,
luluero Ha YecruHrxayc il AHec e cilMBon Ha qoBeK cbc crnHa Bonff fi qeneycrpeMeHocr. Torl cu orilBa or ro3r4 cBrr
npea 1914 r.na67-roguwHa Bb3pacr.
:=*: :,+:
.--*i-*
npilnrenu,/.no3Harlt
---*!
----{ 6u3HecBP53Ktr
Ll3aaren Ha "CeHqbPn Mela3ilH"
KoHKYPeHTu
u 6nu:tx npnnren ra Tecla.
.+ BntrqHne
XaponA n.6paYH
(1869-1932)
AMepnKaHcKil uHXeHeP il u3Aaren.
Torir HanucBa KHfl rara "t1306pereHtrF, AMeprrKaHcKr ff 3o6Peraren' Heroea
lt3cneaBaHufl u pa:Pa6orxr ra Huxona e ilAe9Ta 3a KOHCTpyhpaHe Ha eneK-
Tecra;' iThe inventi6ns, Research, and rpnqecxnn cton. Tofr u EPuctH eognr
Rritinqs of Nikola Tesla), a xonro nDonarargxa sotlna cPeqy Tecna
aeraitiuo pa:mex4a Pa6orara
sa ronemns n:o6Perarel.
Aurnnicxu n:o6Peraren.
ToMac EAtrcbH
tlMeHHo rofi noErffKBa Tecna Aa
(1 847-1931 ) 3aMnHe 3a AMePnKa, BneqarneH
or Herosrre pa:Pa6otxn'
AMepuKaHcKl4 il3o6Perarel.
Tou ce o6HBnBa nPortrB nPoMeH-
f,uBoroKoBaTa cilcreMa Ha lecna, Ennxy Tomctx
o6rsreaixu g aa "onacHa'i (1 853-1 937)
AMeptrKaHcxu nHxeHeP tr
uro6peraren, poAeH B AHrnnn.
OpeHcKx Onnocoo, M_areMartrK tr lvlexAy ToMcbH u Tecna etgsux-
nffcareu. Tecna e abnooKo noBntrflH Ba oxecroqeHa KoHKypeHuuff
or [3cneaBaHutra Ha,[exaPr e npil npeAcraBaHe Ha HflKOrl
o6naclm sa uateiuaruxara. or pa3pa6orKtrre ilM.
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