Erecting of Brick and Block Structures

SECTOR: CONSTRUCTION
OCCUPATION: MASONRY WORK

UNIT OF COMPETENCY: ERECT OF BRICK AND BLOCK STRUCTURES
MODULE TITLE: ERECTING OF BRICK AND BLOCK STRUCTURES
INSTITUTION: ALAMATA TVET CENTER
(ALAMATA, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA)
CONTENT
1
TITLE PAGE
INRODUCTION---------------------------------------------------------------------------3
SUMMARY OF LEARNINIG OUT COMES-----------------------------------------3
HOW TO USE THIS TTLM---------------------------- -------------------------------3
LEARNING GUIDE-----------------------------------------------------------------------3
INFORMATION SHEET =1--------------------------------------------------------------4
OPERATION SHEET=1------------------------------------------------------------------5
Self- check= 1--------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
Model ANSWER=1--------------------------------------------------- ----------------------5
INFORMATION SHEET =2-------------------------------------- ------------------------6
OPERATION SHEET=2--------------------------------------------------------------------7
Self- check= 2---------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
Model ANSWER=2--------------------------------------------------------------------------8
INFORMATION SHEET=3----------------------------------------------------------------8
OPERATION SHEET=3-------------------------------------------------------------------13
Self- check= 3-------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
Model ANSWER=3------------------------------------------------------------------------13
INFORMATION SHEET=4---------------------------------------------------------------14
OPERATION SHEET=4-------------------------------------------------------------------15
Self- check= 4-------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
Model ANSWER=4------------------------------------------------------------------------15
OPERATION SHEET=5-------------------------------------------------------------------16
Self- check =5-------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
Model ANSWER=5------------------------------------------------------------------------16
OPERATION SHEET=6-------------------------------------------------------------------17
Self- check =6-------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
Model ANSWER=6------------------------------------------------------------------------17
OPERATION SHEET=7------------------------------------------------------------------18
Self- check =7------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
Model ANSWER=7-----------------------------------------------------------------------20
LAP TEST-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
2
Introduction
This course aims to provide the learners with the knowledge, skill & right attitudes.
SUMMARY OF LEARNINIG OUT COMES
After completing this training guide you should be to ;
LO1: Prepare for work
LO2: Set out brick/ block work
LO3: Construct base brick/ block work
LO4: Position door and window frames
LO5: Construct brick/block walls
LO6: Rake joints
LO7: Cleaning up work area, tools and equipments
 HOW TO USE THIS TTLM
 Read through the learning guide carefully. It is divided into sections that cover
all the skills & knowledge that you need.
 Read information sheets &complete the self- check at the end of each section
to check your progress.
 Read &make sure to practice the activities in the operation sheets. Ask your
trainer to show you the correct way to do things or talk to more experienced
person for guidance. when you are ready ask your trainer for instructional
assessment and provide you with feedback from your performance.
3
LEARNING GUIDE
Learning activities Special activities
Read topic plan & : Prepare for work Refer to I formation sheet# 1
Compare your answer with model
Answer self- check 1 answer# 1
 Read topic: Set out brick/ block work Refer to information sheet# 2

 Read topic: Construct base brick/ block Refer to information sheet #3
work
Answer self- check 3 Compare your answer with model
answer#3
 Read topic: Position door and window Refer to information sheet #4
frames
Answer self- check #4 Compare your answer with model
answer#4
Read topic- Construct brick/block walls Refer to information sheet# 5
answer#5
Read topic- Rake joints Refer to information sheet# 6
Answer self- check #6 Compare your answer with model
answer#6
Read topic- Cleaning up work area, tools and Refer to information sheet# 7
equipments
answer#7
Performance lap test: production of Refer to lap test
brick and blocks
4
INFORMATION SHEET # 1 PLAN AND PREPARE FOR WORK
Purpose: in this chapter you learn about how to plans &prepares
Plan and prepare: - Work instructions, including plans, specifications, quality
requirements and operational details are obtained, confirmed and applied.
 OHS requirements are followed in accordance with safety plans and policies.
 Plant, tools and equipment selected to carry out tasks are consistent with the
requirements of the job, checked for serviceability and any faults are rectified
or reported prior to commencement.
 Material quantity requirements are calculated in accordance with plans and/or
specifications.
 Materials appropriate to the work application are identified, obtained, prepared,
safely handled and located ready for use.
 Environmental protection requirements are identified for the project in
accordance with environmental plans and regulatory obligations and applied
Tools and equipment selected to carry out tasks are consistent with the
requirements of the job.
Material quantity requirements are calculated in accordance with plans and
specifications .materials appropriate to the work application are identified.
The work man site preparation begins before you starting any work,
1. Building has been designed
2. Constriction documents have been approved
3. Main contractor has been appointed by the client to construct the
building.
This chapter describes the plan and prepare is detailed from the worker view point.
THE WORK MAN INCLUDES THAT:
*the worker expected to carry out the building work.
* Using appropriate knowledge, skill, and attitude.
*using the most appropriate materials.
*Ensuring the health and safety regulations are observed
Materials handling & storage
There are several type tools used by a Mason. Hand tools, in general, ease the
work and accelerates the process, improves quality of work significantly and they
are very important for everybody who wants to do decent work so that keep tools
in perfect order. In addition tools and equipment also represents highly valued
assets. For this reasons
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it is crucial necessary to handle tools and equipment with extra care. That means
cleaning after use, storing neatly, slightly greasing if necessary and regular
maintenance.
E.g.1 sprit level requires always to be handled with care and needs to be checked
from time to time weather it is still working accurate or not.
. 2 measuring tape when long horizontal measurements are needed, care should
be taken to avoid sag on the tape meters.
Storing materials
Proper way of storing material should be considered in schoolwork shops and
training area and this has to be adopted in the real work of construction sites. It is
use full to keep materials in a proper manner, to preserve materials long lasting, to
secure chemical character of the material, for easy access and handling etc. In
general proper way of storing material saves time and money.
6
OPERATION SHEET# 1
OPERATIONTITLE: PLAN AND PREPARING
PURPOSE: to know more about plans and how is prepared
Conditions of situation: trainees how to make plan &prepares
TOOLS AND MTERIALS
TOOLS: MATERIAL:
-Fixer, -T. Square - paper
-Drawing board, -Set square - Lead
PROCEDURE: * Prepare drawing board
 Prepare tools used to draw plans that are paper, fixer, lead,
drawing board, set square, T-square.
 Prepare leads size by size 0.3,0.5,0.7
PRECAUTION: *use safety tools and materials.
*put drawing table on the level surface.
*care from sharp materials of drawing.
QUALITY CRITERIA: the students can evaluate his success in performing the
operation.
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SELF CHECK # 1
CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER
1. Which one of the following isn’t used to prepare plan?
A, fixer B .drawing board
C, builder square D, none
2. The site worker man preparation of begins:
A, building has been designed
B, construction documents have been approved
C, main contractor has been appointed by the client to construct the building.
D, all
3. In the preparation of plane workers concludes that;
A, using appropriate knowledge, skill, and attitude
B. Efficiently and without delay.
C. Using the most appropriate materials.
D ALL, E, none
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Model answer 1
1. _______
2. _______
3. _______
 Your trainer will check your answer after you complete this information
sheet.
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INFORMATION SHEET # 2 Set out brick/ block work
2.1 identifying brick/ block
2.2 erecting work platform
2.3. Identification of structural details & location
2.4. Setting out of base brick work, load bearing work, cavity brick wall
SCAFFOLDING
Scaffolding is temporary framework of timber or steel elements, having platforms at
different levels, to enable the masons to work at different heights of a building. A mason
standing on ground can work up to a height of about 1.5m.When construction is to be done
more than this height, masons and labor required a temporarily platform. This a
temporarily plat form provided with necessary supports close to the work to provided a
limited space for the workers building materials, tolls, etc. is termed as scaffolding.
Types of scaffolding based on materials

 Scaffolding can be divided in to two groups depending on the material they construct.
These are:
1. Timber/ Wooden scaffold
Wood is commonly used for scaffolds in Ethiopia the logs are obtained from young
straight trees, which are cut for about 4.0 m length. The branches are trimmed of and the
barks are cleaned away.
2. steel/Tubular scaffolds
Steel and light weight tubes are the commonest material used for this type, because of
it’s weight and costs of maintenance the scaffold is erected using a series of fittings.
Setting out works
2.1. Terminology used in setting out work
The following terminology is used in setting out in civil engineering work and the trainee are
advised to learn the terminology thoroughly as he/she across the terms while studying this
chapter.
Setting out: - is the process on operation of laying out engineering projects by placing pegs on
the site of works. Setting out is the opposite of levelling that is data are transferred from plans to
the ground.
Pegs:- are short pointed wooden rods driving in to the ground to mark an excavation,
construction, etc .line or a level. A nail driven in top of the peg usually shows the position of the
point.
Batten boards (profile board) :- A horizontal board 150mm by 25mmcut to varying length. They
are nailed to 100mmx50mmx50mm square post which have been pointed and driven into the
ground. Batten board or profile board located about 0.5-1.0m out side the limits of foundation
wall. The lines defined by nails in the top of the profile boards are the out side faces.
 There are three methods of settingout
1. The 3,4,5 method
2. The builder’s square method
3. Levelling instruments
OPERATION SHEET# 2
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TOOLS AND MTERIALS
TOOLS: MATERIAL:
- Measuring tape & string - timber for making profile board
- Try square - steel
- Claw hammer - nail
- Bow saw - equilaptes for making peg
- hose level
- Crow bar
- axe
- Pick exe
PROCEDURE: * Prepare tools and materials
 Prepare tools and materials with their types
* put the tools and materials on the level surface.
* Care from sharp materials.
operation.
SELF CHECK # 2
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1. what are the tools for setting out and erecting platforms
2. Write scaffolding by functions with their advantages
Model answer # 2
12
1. _______
2._______
sheet.
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INFORMATION SHEET # 3 Construct base brick/ block work
Erection of Brick Structures
Introduction
The art of brick laying consists in arranging and bedding bricks in mortar in such a manner as to
form a well-united mass known as bricks work or bricks masonry. Such a mass can withstand
forces without disintegration of the structure. In other wards an assemblage of bricks properly
bounded together in mortar is called bricks masonry or brick work.
The mortar to be used in brick masonry may be cement mortar, lime mortar or cement-lime
mortar, depending upon the class and strength of work desired.
At this level some of the important topics concerning Bricks Masonry have been discussed in
order to provide adequate knowledge to the student about the principles and use of this type of
masonry used in building construction.
Brick masonry is commonly used for the construction of ordinary as well as important buildings
and other structures in areas where natural stone is not obtainable cheaply and abundantly but
there is plenty of suitable clay for the manufacture of bricks.
 Technical terms used in brick masonry

Some important technical terms concerning brick masonry are discussed below:
Arises: - The edge formed by the intersection of plane surfaces
Frog: - the depression provided on the face of a brick.
Course: - A complete layer of bricks laid on the same bed.
Bed: - The bottom surface of the brick when it is laid flat.
Stretcher: - The side surface of a brick visible in elevation when the brick is laid flat 
brick face exposed showing (250 x 60) mm (full brick).
Header: - The end surface of the brick when the brick is laid flat & end of brick exposed
showing (120x 60) mm.
Perpends: -These are vertical joints between bricks either in longitudinal or cross
directions.
Bed joint: -The horizontal mortar joint between two successive courses.
Lap: - The horizontal distance between two perpends in two successive courses.
Quoins: - The external corner of walls.
Bat: - portion of brick greater than a quarter
Closer: - The portions made by cutting standard bricks along their length usually one
quarter of stretcher
Queen closer: - A portion of bricks with the widths half of full brick, but the length equal
to full brick.
Facing: - the external surface of brick wall.
Backing: - the internal surface of brick wall.
Hearting: - The inner portion between the facing and backing of brick wall.
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Rules of bonding
Most of the following rules are applied to brick masonry work
o Length of the brick is twice of the width plus one mortar joint, so
that it will give us a uniform lap.
o The vertical joints in the alternate courses should be along the
same perpend.
o Centerline of stretcher should coincide centerline of header.
o As much as possible the use of brick portions has to be avoided.
o The lap should be one-fourth of the brick length.
Factors governing the strength of brick masonry
The following three factors greatly affect the strength of brick masonry work
- Quality of the brick
- Quality of the mortar
- Type of bonding
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Identification of methods of Bond
Bonding is a process of arranging bricks with mortar to tie them together in a mass of brickwork.
It is the method of arranging bricks in courses so that individual are tied together and the vertical
joints of the successive courses due not lie in the same vertical line. It should have a minimum
of vertical joints in any part of the work. A wall having continuous vertical joints shall act as
independent column. Hence, in such cases, load on wall shall not be uniformly distributed and
there are chances of load settlement.
A more strong and durable brick masonry construction must not have continuous vertical joints.
It shall distribute load on a wider area and thereby minimize the tendency to settlement and
other horizontal forces.
Brick bonds are of various types but at this level we are going to discus on the following some
important bond types in brick masonry wall.
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OPERATION SHEET# 3
TOOLS AND MTERIALS
TOOLS: MATERIAL:
- hose level
- Crow bar
- axe
- Pick exe
operation.
17
SELF CHECK # 3
1. What are the tools for setting out and erecting platforms
2. Write scaffolding by functions with their advantages
18
Model answer # 3
2. _______
2._______
sheet.
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INFORMATION SHEET # 4 POSITIONING DOOR AND WINDOW
FRAMES
DOOR AND WINDOW FRAMES
DOOR FRAMES
TYPES OF DOOR FRAMES
The door frame provides a secure attachment for the door. Depending on the type of door,
its function, and its location, different types of door frames can be constructed. The most
common door frame consists of three members (Fig. 1):
Two vertical members called posts (a)
One horizontal member called a head (b).
When it is necessary for the door to fit tightly in the frame, it consists of four members
(Fig. 2):
Two posts (a)
One head (b)
One member on the floor, called the threshold (c).
When additional light or ventilation is needed for a room, a fanlight is added to the frame
structure by adding one more member between the posts, called a transom (Fig. 3, d).
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Note that since the threshold is in direct contact with the floor, or even partly embedded in
the floor, it is in special danger from attack by termites or fungus (Reference Book, pages
141 to 144).
BEAD OR REBATE TYPE DOOR FRAMES:
Each of the above door frames can be made either with beads (Fig. 4) or a rebated
construction (Fig. 5).
Beads are preferred over a rebate for two reasons: the construction is easier, and it is
possible to adjust the beads after the door is hung. Beads are always fixed into place after
the frame is installed and the door is hung.
Rebates, however, do have a better appearance than beads, and no extra wood is required
to make a rebated frame.
JOINTS FOR DOOR FRAMES

JOINTS FOR DOOR FRAMES WITH BEADS:
The joints for a door frame made with beads can be common mortice and tenon joints for
box-like constructions. They may be either pegged, wedged or nailed (Basic Knowledge,
pages 104 to 106, and 124; also Drawing Book page 43 and pages 67 to 71).
If a transom is required, it should be installed using a stub tenon joint to prevent water
from penetrating the mortice (Basic Knowledge, page 122).
If a threshold is installed, a common mortice and tenon joint is used for it, but wedges
should not be used since they might fall out. Pegs cannot be used either, because the
threshold is too thin. This joint should be nailed.
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JOINTS FOR DOOR FRAMES WITH REBATES:
If the door frame is made with a rebate, take care that the shoulders of the tenons are set
out and cut correctly. One shoulder of the tenon is cut longer to fit the rebate (Drawing
Book, pages 67 & 68).
The thickness of the tenon is affected by the size of the rebate. If the rebate is 1/3rd or less
of the width of the member, the tenon will not be reduced in size (Fig. 1). If the rebate is
wider than 1/3rd of the member, the thickness of the tenon (and accordingly the mortice
width) is reduced by the depth of the rebate (Fig. 2).
Besides these considerations, the construction of these joints will be the same as for any
common mortice and tenon joints for box-like constructions.
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HEADS OF DOOR FRAMES
HORNS: in order to provide an additional attachment to the wall, the ends of the head and
the threshold can project beyond the posts into the wall. This is especially necessary in mud
walls.
These projecting parts can be shaped like horns (Fig. 1), or else the front corners can be cut
off at an angle (Fig. 2). These shapes give a good appearance to the frame head when the
frame is built into the wall.
WINDOW FRAMES
23
TYPES OF WINDOW FRAMES
The function of a window frame is to admit light and air into the building. The most
common frame used is the solid window type, consisting of an outer frame into which a
casement or louvres are fitted.
The most common window frame consists of four parts (Fig. 1):
Two posts (a)
One head (b)
One cill (c)
When additional light and ventilation are needed, a fanlight can be added. The extra piece
is called a transom (Fig. 2, d).
If wider windows are required, a mullion (Fig. 3, e) can be added.
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Any of these frames can be made with a rebate or with beads, or with a combination of the
two (Figs. 4 & 5).
For a list of the advantages and disadvantages of beads or rebates, see the section on door
frames. If beads are used, they are fixed after the casement is installed, so they can be
adjusted.
INSTALLING THE FRAMES DURING THE WALL CONSTRUCTION:
When the block work has reached window cill level, the frames can be set and aligned in
the same way as a door frame. The chief difference is that in the window frame the
horizontal members are usually longer than the vertical members, and for that reason
more attention is given to leveling the head and cill of a window frame than to levelling the
head of the door frame (Fig. 1).
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If more than one frame is installed, check them by comparing from a distance to see if they
are aligned, as with door frames.
INSTALLING THE FRAMES AFTER WALLING HAS BEEN COMPLETED:
This second method is not so commonly used, but It also has Its advantages. in order to
keep the frames clean, square and dry, they are kept in a store ua+il the building is roofed.
Openings are left in the blockwork to receive the frames, horns, and steel cramps. The
frame is set into this opening and the steel cramps and horns are secured with mortar.
Sometimes hard wood or plastic plugs are used to secure the frame in the wall.
- NOTE: The window frame does not rest directly on the landcrete wall; this would provide
a path for moisture to get into the landcrete and weaken or damage it. The window frame
is set upon a bed of concrete or cement mortar (Fig. 1, A).
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WALLING UP BETWEEN FRAMES
27
OPERATION SHEET# 4
TOOLS AND MTERIALS
TOOLS: MATERIAL:
- hose level
- Crow bar
- axe
- Pick exe
operation.
28
SELF CHECK # 4
1. The thickness of the tenon is affected by the size of the rebate
2. If beads are used, they are fixed after the casement is installed, so they can be adjusted.
29
Model answer # 4
3. _______
2._______
sheet.
30
Information sheet #5: Construct brick/block walls
Purpose of Bonding
• To make the wall as a single unit with more strength & stability
• To distribute the load over a large area
• To improve the appearance
TYPES OF BONDS
The following are types of bonds commonly used in brick masonry
1. Stretcher bond
2. Header bond
3. English bond
4. Flemish bond (Single and double) & Other bond types
Erection of Concrete block structures

Concrete Block masonry
Introduction
The term concrete block is applied to various kinds and sizes of hollow or solid
blocks, which can be made in either hand moulds, steel hand machines or
pressed hydraulically in concrete factories and laid by mason. Concrete block
masonry can be defined as the construction of structures in concrete blocks
with suitable type of mortar. Concrete block can be used successfully for a
wide variety of construction purposes, including the erection of buildings,
fences, and other similar structure.
Advantages of concrete block masonry

- Low cost construction
- Very good Sound and heat - Structurally strong
insulation - Saves mortar
- Easy and rapid for erection - Great durability
- Uniform in size - High weather and fire
resistance
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Laying concrete block walls
The following steps are recommended for the laying of concrete block walls:
Step 1: check the designers dimension to determine an accurate block layout
Step 2: Set one course of block on the foundation without the use of mortar.
This helps to determine if any cutting of blocks will be necessary.
Steps 3: To lay the first course of blocks with mortar follow the following steps.
i. Mix the mortar with the proportion of 1:3; for superstructure, and 1:4
for substructure.
ii. Spread the mortar with trowel to ensure complete bedding.
iii. Lay corner block, and great care should be taken in positioning it
correctly as the block will act as a guide for the entire work.
iv. Lay other blocks in the middle in each course, and it is carefully
checked for the level and alignment.
v. Take great care in aligning, leveling and plumbing the first course, as
it is essential in building straight and true wall.
vi. In laying block for the wall between corners, a mason line is stretched
from corner for each course. The outside top of each block is then laid
to this line.
vii. If the block must be cut, care should be taken that the cut is
accurate.
viii. Excess mortar squeezed from the block joints as it is laid is removed
with a trowel.
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ix. All final adjustment to a block must be made while the mortar is wet.
For steps stated above refer, figures below.
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LINTEL
Introduction
Walls are left invariably open for the provision of windows, doors, etc so that, a structural
member is needed to bridge over those openings and to carry the lead coming from the wall
just above the openings.
A lintel is a horizontal structural members (beam) crossing over an opening. It is a small
beam having a width equal to the width of the wall. The ends of the lintel are built into the wall
to be monolithic so as to carry the load of the above masonry wall. The depth of a lintel
depends on the amount of load expected to be carried by.
 Classification of lintel & their construction

Based on the types of materials used for construction, lintels can be classified into:-
1. Timber lintels
Timber lintels are the oldest type of lintel which are not commonly used now-a-days except in
hilly areas. They are structurally weak and highly susceptible for fire catch. They are also liable
to decay if not properly ventilated.
Fig 7.1 Timber lintel
Timber lintel can be constructed by joining two members together keeping their distance
constant with the help of a third wooden piece, so as to make its width equal to the width of the
wall by using a bolt (nail).
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2. Stone lintels
These are the most common types of lintels where stones are abundantly available. A stone
lintel consists of a simple stone slab in the form of one piece or more than one piece along
the width of the wall.
Since stones are very weak in tension they should not be used in the place where shock &
vibrations are very common without caution.
Fig 7.2 Stone lintel
3. Brick lintels
Brick lintels are not this mush & structurally strong. Because of this they are used only
for small openings (less than 1m) and small loads. To increase their strength, sometimes
they may be reinforced.
Fig 7.3 Brick lintel
4. Steel lintels
These are used when openings are large and loads are very heavy. One or more rolled steel
I-section may be used based on the length of the span & the amount of the super imposed
load.
→ When a single RS (rolled steel) member is used, either it should be embedded in

concrete or cladded with stone in order to increase its width to fit with the wall width
→ When two or more members are used, their distance should be kept constant by using
a tube separator like shown in the figure below.
(a ) (b) (c)
Fig 7.4 I-SECTION STEEL LINTEL :(a) Single I-section embedded with concrete, (b)
Single I-section cladded with stone, (c) Triple I-section connected by a tube separator.
35
5. Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) lintel
These are the most common & widely used types of lintel. Now a day, they have been
replacing all other lintels b/se of their strength, rigidity, fire resistance, economy and ease in
construction.
The width of RCC lintels is kept equal to the width of the wall, while the depth depends
on the amount of the super imposed load.
For construction, two types reinforcement bars are used, namely bars & stirrups. Main
bars are placed at the bottom of the lintel to take over the tensile stresses, how over, half of
them may be cranked up near the ends.
Shear strings are also provided at some interval to resist shear stresses.
Fig 7.5 RC lintel
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OPERATION SHEET# 5
TOOLS AND MTERIALS
TOOLS: MATERIAL:
- hose level
- Crow bar
- axe
- Pick exe
operation.
37
SELF CHECK # 5
1. Write 4 types of bond
2. What is the advantage of stretcher bond?
38
Model answer # 5
4. _______
2._______
sheet.
39
Information sheet #6: Rake joints
 Joints in Stone Masonry
The gap b/n two masonry units (stones) should be filled with a cementing material to prevent
lateral/relative displacement & to distribute the load uniformly down to the next course. So,
different types of joints can be used. Those are: -
 Butt joint – simple joint (see fig-h)
 Rebate joint (lap joint) – to prevent movement of a stone over the other. (see fig-i)
 Table joint – to prevent lateral movement. (see fig-j)
 Tongued & grooved joint – to prevent sliding of stones. (see fig-k)
 Dowel joint – ordinary joint (see fig-l)
 Cramped joint – using metal cramp (see fig-m)
 Plugged joint – by pouring molten lead. (see fig-n)
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Fig 4.2. Sketch showing joints
 Finishing of Brick joints

The object of finishing the joints is to impart better look to the brick work and
to make it more water proof. Merely drawing one edge of trowel along the
joints is detrimental for brick works as it may disturb the adhesion between
the, mortar and the brick. The finishing of joints as the brick work proceeds is
termed as jointing where as finishing of joints after the brick work has been
completed is known as pointing.
1. Pointing
It is the process of sealing the masonry unit joints with good quality mortar.
Sometimes it gives ornamental / architectural appearance to the brick masonry
work. Generally pointing is done outer or eternal exposed brick masonry surface.
2. Application of pointing: - The mortar will be pressed inside the joint. The
finishing of the joint can be done as per the requirement.
Types of pointing
- Flush pointing: - formed by pressing mortar inside the joints and finishing
it to outer surface of masonry units.
- Half round or concave pointing: - This is modification over flush pointing.
Concave groove of approximate size is formed at the center by special tools.
This improves appearance.
- Weather struck pointing :- This is also a modification over flush pointing
top side of mortar joint is pressed inside the racked by about 10 mm and
made inclined up wards. It is suitable for surface exposed to heavy rains, as
it gives good drainage. This is also known as cut or weathered or struck
pointing.
- Recessed pointing: - mortar is uniformly pressed inside the racked joint by
about 5 mm more. This good appearance. And collects dust and may need
regular cleaning.
1. Brick sills
Te purpose of providing windows sill is to give a suitable finish to the
window opening and to project the external wall below such openings.
The following factors are considered at the time of construction of a
brick sill.
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A. Suitable slope is provided to the top of the sill and it is properly
throated to throw off the water outside. The projection of sill, if given,
should not be less than 50mm.
B. The top surface of the windowsill is smoothly finished.
C. It should be constructed in suitable courses.
D. Damp-proof course may be provided below windowsills to prevent the
entry of moisture inside the main wall.
For the construction of brick sills, bricks are placed on edge with
suitable slope. Sometimes slightly projected tiles are inserted below them
to have a better appearance. Specially molded bricks with threading are
also used for the construction of brick sills.
OPERATION SHEET# 6
42
TOOLS AND MTERIALS
TOOLS: MATERIAL:
- hose level
- Crow bar
- axe
- Pick exe
operation.
SELF CHECK # 6
Choose the beast answer
43
1. ________ is the process of sealing the masonry unit joints with good
quality mortar
A. Finishing B. pointing C. Joint
2. Formed by pressing mortar inside the joints & finishing It to surface of
masonry units. With their.
A. Half round or concave pointing
B. Application of pointing
C. Flush pointing
D. None
3. The mortar will be pressed. Inside the joint with their
A. Preparation of back ground
B. Application of pointing
C. Flush pointing
D. All
4. _________ is mortar is uniform ally pressed in side to racked joint about 5
mm or more
A. Weather struck pointing
B. Recessed pointing
C. Flush pointing
D. None
MODULE ANSWER #6
44
1. B
2. C
3. B
4. B
Information sheet #7: Cleaning up work area, tools and equipments
45
Objective After completing this learning element, the trainees
should be able to know the way to clean up the working area
and those tools which are used for the construction of
formwork.
Cleaning site and Removing waste materials
Cleaning site is much safer for the workmen than a dirty one and also
used to construct the building components without problems (injuries)
The preliminary site works for a construction project usually begin after
the site facilities are set up.
Cleaning the site means.
- Removed all vegetation such as bushes and scrub
- The roots of trees and bushes must be dug out and cleaned away.
- Unwanted topsoil also removed.
The site (working area) needs t be clear of rocks and boulders in the area
where the building will be set out. It they are too large, then the
boulders or rocks must be broken into smaller pieces and taken away.
Cleaning the site can be done by a combination of manual and
mechanical methods.
 Suitable arrangements for the safe disposal of waste materials must be
provided. If possible, waste materials should be collected and disposed
their source area. Where this procedure is impossible, these materials
should be stared in a safe way (area) until they can be disposed of.
Accumulation of waste should not be allowed where it will interfere
with the operation of the machine or with the safety of the workmen.
46
Cleaning tools are very essential to remove loose particles, dusts,
grasses, etc before and after using the tools and also from the formwork
sheathing material. Some of these cleaning tools are:-
a) Fiber brush
b) Brooms
c) Cleaning machine
i) Single bag dust extractor
It is used to keep the workshop free of dust and shavings, this is essential
when machining.
ii) Small extractor
This can be attached to power tools or used to clean around the bench,
from safety clothes and from the formwork sheathing.
- The high sped blast of compressed air is very dangerous, and can
cause serious injury or even death, if improperly used.
Compress air lines often contain amount of water, due to condition. This
is usually automatically extracted by an air filter as shown on the
diagram
3.3. Cleaning tools
Cleaning tools are very

essential to remove loose
47
particles, dusts, grasses, etc
before and after using the
tools and also from the
formwork sheathing material
Cleaning tools are: -
fiber brush, brooms,
Cleaning machine, and Single
bag dust
Extractor
Fiber brush
OPERATION SHEET# 6
TOOLS AND MTERIALS
TOOLS: MATERIAL:
Fiber brush water
Brooms
48
Cleaning machine
Single bag dust extractor
operation.
SELF CHECK # 7
Say true or false
1, Cleaning tools are very essential to remove loose particles,

dusts, grasses, etc
49
2, Single bag dust extractor It is used to keep the workshop free
of dust and shavings, this is essential when machining.
MODULE ANSWER #7
5. true
6. True
50
LAP TASTE
LAP Test Practical Demonstration
Name:________________________ _________________ Date: _________________

Time Started: _______________________ Time Finished: ___________________
51
Instructions: You are required to perform the following-
1. Request a set of erect brick and block , then perform the

following task in front of your trainer:
Writ the step to be followed during construction different types of

MORTAR &CONCRETE:-the finishing of the erect brick and block work
2. Request your trainer for an evaluation and feedback.
OTHER REFERENCES:-
 INTERNET
 Building construction book
52

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SECTOR: CONSTRUCTION

OCCUPATION: MASONRY WORK

Types of scaffolding based on materials

 Technical terms used in brick masonry

DOOR AND WINDOW FRAMES

Two vertical members called posts (a)

One horizontal member called a head (b).

Two posts (a)

One head (b)

One member on the floor, called the threshold (c).

BEAD OR REBATE TYPE DOOR FRAMES:

JOINTS FOR DOOR FRAMES

Two posts (a)

One head (b)

One cill (c)

If wider windows are required, a mullion (Fig. 3, e) can be added.

INSTALLING THE FRAMES DURING THE WALL CONSTRUCTION:

INSTALLING THE FRAMES AFTER WALLING HAS BEEN COMPLETED:

Erection of Concrete block structures

Advantages of concrete block masonry

 Classification of lintel & their construction

Fig 7.1 Timber lintel

Fig 7.2 Stone lintel

Fig 7.3 Brick lintel

→ When a single RS (rolled steel) member is used, either it should be embedded in

Fig 7.5 RC lintel

 Finishing of Brick joints

Information sheet #7: Cleaning up work area, tools and equipments

3.3. Cleaning tools

Cleaning tools are very

1, Cleaning tools are very essential to remove loose particles,

LAP Test Practical Demonstration

Name:________________________ _________________ Date: _________________

1. Request a set of erect brick and block , then perform the

Writ the step to be followed during construction different types of

2. Request your trainer for an evaluation and feedback.

You might also like

Name:________________ _ Date: _________