Lecture File

Acid Bases and Salt Preparation

Teacher :Kazi Farhan Mahi
Solubility Rules

Acids and Bases (Alkalis)

• When atoms, or groups of atoms, lose or gain electrons, they form charged particles
called ions.
• These ions can be either positively or negatively charged.

*Acids:

• When acids react, they will lose electrons to form positive hydrogen ions (H+).
• These H+ Ions makes the aqueous solution acidic.

Example: Hydrochloric Acid

HCl (aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl– (aq)

*Bases (Alkalis):

• When Alkalis react, they will gain electrons to form negative hydroxide ions ( OH– ).
• These OH– Ions makes the aqueous solution an alkali.

Example: Sodium Hydroxide

NaOH (aq) → Na+ (aq) + OH– (aq)

 Lecture File
Acid Bases and Salt Preparation
Teacher :Kazi Farhan Mahi
Acids and Bases (Alkalis)

The role of Acids and Bases in the transfer of Protons

*Acids:

• Acids are a proton donor as they will react to lose electrons to form positive H+ ions
• These H+ ions makes the aqueous solution acidic

*Bases (Alkalis):

• Bases (alkalis) are proton acceptors as they will react to gain electrons to form negative
OH– ions
• These OH– ions makes the aqueous solution acidic

Reacting Acids with Metals

Only metals above hydrogen in the reactivity series will react with dilute acids. Acids will react
with metals to form a salt and hydrogen gas:

Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen

Examples of Reaction Between Acids and Metals:

 Lecture File
Acid Bases and Salt Preparation
Teacher :Kazi Farhan Mahi
Reacting Acids with Bases (Alkalis)
All metal oxides, metal hydroxides can act as bases. When they react with acid, a neutralisation
reaction occurs. Acids and bases will react to produce a salt and water:

Acid + Base → Salt + Water

Examples of Reaction Between Acids and Bases:

Reacting Acids with Metal Carbonates

Acids will react with metal carbonates to form salts, carbon dioxide and water:

Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water

Examples of Reaction Between Acids and Bases:

 Lecture File
Acid Bases and Salt Preparation
Teacher :Kazi Farhan Mahi
Oxides, Metal Hydroxides & Ammonia
Alkali: Bases that are soluble in water and dissolves to form hydroxide ions OH–

the pH of Bases (Alkali)

Metal Oxides can act as a base and is soluble in water

Metal Oxide + Acid → Salt + Water

Example: Metal Hydroxides

Metal Hydroxides can act as a base and is soluble in water

Metal Hydroxide + Acid → Salt + Water

Example: Ammonia

Ammonia can act as a base and is soluble in water

Ammonia + Acid → (Ammonium) Salt + Water

 Lecture File
Acid Bases and Salt Preparation
Teacher :Kazi Farhan Mahi
Preparation of Soluble Salts
Using Dilute Acid and Insoluble Base:

Method:

• Add dilute acid into a beaker and heat using a bunsen burner flame
• Add the insoluble base, a little at a time, to the warm dilute acid and stir until the base is
in excess (i.e. until the base stops disappearing and a suspension of the base forms in
the acid)
• Filter the mixture into an evaporating basin to remove the excess base
• Heat the solution to evaporate water and to make the solution saturated. Check the
solution is saturated by dipping a cold, glass rod to the solution and seeing if crystals
form on the end.
• Leave the filtrate in a warm place to dry and crystallise
• Decant excess solution
• Blot crystals dry

The filtration of the mixture to remove the excess base

 Lecture File
Acid Bases and Salt Preparation
Teacher :Kazi Farhan Mahi
Preparation of Soluble Salts
Using Dilute Acid and Alkali: Method:

• Use pipette to measure alkali into conical flask and add a few drops of indicator
(phenolphthalein or methyl orange)
• Add acid into burette and note the starting volume
• Add acid in burette into alkali in flask until indicator changes to appropriate colour
• Note and record the final volume of acid in burette and calculate the volume of acid
added (starting volume of acid – final volume of acid)
• Add this same volume of acid into the same volume of alkali without the indicator
• Heat to partially evaporate to leave a saturated solution
• Leave to crystallise
• Excess solution is decanted and crystals are blot dry

The heating of the mixture to leave a saturated solution

 Lecture File
Acid Bases and Salt Preparation
Teacher :Kazi Farhan Mahi
Preparation of Insoluble Salts
Using Two Soluble Reactants:

• An insoluble salt can be made by a precipitation reaction by mixing two soluble salt
solutions
• A precipitation reaction is a reaction that produces a precipitate

Method:

• Dissolve soluble salts in water and mix together using a stirring rod in a beaker
• Filter to remove precipitate from mixture
• Wash filtrate with water to remove traces of other solutions
• Leave in an oven to dry

The filtration of the mixture to remove the precipitate

 Lecture File
Acid Bases and Salt Preparation
Teacher :Kazi Farhan Mahi
Preparation of Pure, Dry Hydrated Copper (II) Sulfate Crystals

Method:

• Add dilute sulfuric acid into a beaker and heat using a bunsen burner flame
• Add copper (II) oxide (insoluble base), a little at a time to the warm dilute sulfuric acid
and stir until the copper (II) oxide is in excess (stops disappearing)
• Filter the mixture into an evaporating basin to remove the excess copper (II) oxide
• Leave the filtrate in a warm place to dry and crystallize
• Decant excess solution
• Blot crystals dry

Equation Of Reaction:

Copper (II) Oxide + Dilute Sulfuric Acid → Copper (II) Sulphate + Water

CuO (s) H2SO4 (aq) CuSO4 (s) H2O (l)

The heating of the mixture to leave a saturated solution

Acid = Dilute Sulfuric Acid Insoluble Base = Copper (II) Oxide

 Lecture File
Acid Bases and Salt Preparation
Teacher :Kazi Farhan Mahi
Preparation Of Pure, Dry Lead (II) Sulfate Crystals
Method:

• Dissolve Lead (II) Nitrate and Potassium Sulfate in water and mix together using a
stirring rod in a beaker
• Filter to remove precipitate from mixture
• Wash filtrate with water to remove traces of potassium nitrate solution
• Leave in an oven to dry

Equation of Reaction:

Lead (II) Nitrate + Potassium Sulfate → Lead (II) Sulfate + Potassium Nitrate

Pb(NO3)2 (s) K2SO4 (s) PbSO4 (s) KNO3 (s)

Thefiltration of the mixture to remove the precipitate

Soluble Salt 1 = Lead (II) Nitrate Soluble Salt 2 = Potassium Sulfate