TURKEY

Turkey
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This article is about the country. For the bird, see Turkey (bird). For other uses, see Turkey
(disambiguation).
"Türkiye" redirects here. For the newspaper, see Türkiye (newspaper).

Republic of Turkey

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti  (Turkish)

Flag

National emblem

Anthem: 
İstiklal Marşı  (Turkish)
"The Independence March"

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Capital Ankara
39°N 35°ECoordinates:  39°N 35
°E

Largest city Istanbul

41°1′N 28°57′E

Official languag Turkish[1][2]
es

Spoken Turkish
languages [3]
Kurmanji
Zaza
Laz
Kabardian-Cherkess
Arabic
various others

Ethnic groups Turks
Kurds
Arabs
Albanians
Laz
Circassians
Bosniaks
various others

Demonym(s) Turkish
Turk

Government Unitary presidential constitutional rep
ublic
• President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
• Vice President Fuat Oktay
• Assembly Speaker Mustafa Şentop

Legislature Grand National Assembly

Establishment
• War of 19 May 1919
Independence
• Grand National 23 April 1920
Assembly of
Turkey
• Treaty of 24 July 1923
Lausanne
• Declaration of 29 October 1923
Republic
• Current 9 November 1982
constitution

Area
• Total 783,356 km2 (302,455 sq mi) (36th)
• Water (%) 2.03 (as of 2015)[4]

Population
• 2019 estimate  83,154,997[5] (19th)

• Density 105[6]/km2 (271.9/sq mi) (107th)

GDP (PPP) 2019 estimate
• Total  $2.471 trillion[7] (13th)

• Per capita  $29,723[7] (52nd)

GDP (nominal) 2019 estimate
• Total  $760.940 billion[7] (19th)

• Per capita  $9,150[7] (70th)

Gini (2017)  43.0[8]
medium · 56th

HDI (2018)  0.806[9]
very high · 59th

Currency Turkish lira (₺) (TRY)

Time zone UTC+3 (TRT)

 Date format dd.mm.yyyy (CE)

Mains electricity 230 V–50 Hz

Driving side right

Calling code +90

ISO 3166 code TR

Internet TLD .tr

Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye [ˈtyɾcije]), officially the Republic of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye

Cumhuriyeti [ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti] ( listen)), is a transcontinental country located mainly on
the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan
Peninsula in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered on its northwest by Greece and Bulgaria;
north by the Black Sea; northeast by Georgia; east by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran; southeast
by Iraq; south by Syria and the Mediterranean Sea; and west by the Aegean Sea.
Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country's citizens are Turkish[10][11]. Istanbul, which
straddles Europe and Asia, is the country's largest city, while Ankara is the capital.
One of the earliest permanently settled regions, present-day Turkey was home to
important Neolithic sites such as Göbekli Tepe, the world's oldest known temple founded in the
10th millennium BC,[12] and Çatalhöyük, which has evidence of early
agriculture and cattle and sheep domestication.[13] Various civilisations have inhabited the region,
including the ancient Hattians, Hurrians, Urartians, and Kaskians, the Anatolian-
speaking Hittites, Luwians, Lydians, and Palaics, as well as
the Akkadians, Assyrians, Thracians, Galatians, Greeks, Phrygians, Persians, and Armenians.[14]
[15][16]
 Two of the extinct Anatolian languages, Hittite and Luwian, are considered the earliest-
attested of all Indo-European languages. Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the
Great and continued into the Byzantine era.[15][17] The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area
in the 11th century, and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071
symbolises the foundation of Turkey for many Turkish nationalists.[18] The Seljuk Sultanate of
Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, when it disintegrated into small Turkish
principalities called beyliks.[19] Beginning in the late 13th century, the Ottomans started uniting
the beyliks and conquering the Balkans. The Turkification of Anatolia increased during
the Ottoman period. After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453, Ottoman expansion
continued under Selim I. During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman
Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe, West Asia and North Africa and became
a world power.[14][20][21] From the late 18th century onwards, the empire's power declined with a
gradual loss of territories and wars.[22] In an effort to consolidate the weakening social and
political foundations of the empire, Mahmud II started a period of modernisation in the early 19th
century, bringing reforms in all areas of the state including the military and bureaucracy, along
with the emancipation of all citizens.[23]
The 1913 coup d'état effectively put the country under the control of the Three Pashas, who
were largely responsible for the Empire's entry into World War I in 1914. During World War I, the
Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian, Assyrian and Pontic
Greek subjects.[a][26] After the Ottomans and the other Central Powers lost the war, the
conglomeration of territories and peoples that had composed the Ottoman Empire
was partitioned into several new states.[27] The Turkish War of Independence, initiated
by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his comrades against the occupying Allied Powers, resulted in
 the abolition of the sultanate on 1 November 1922, the replacement of the Treaty of
Sèvres (1920) with the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), and the establishment of the Republic of
Turkey on 29 October 1923, with Atatürk as its first president.[28] Atatürk enacted numerous
reforms, many of which incorporated various aspects of Western thought, philosophy and
customs into the new form of Turkish government.[29]
Turkey is a charter member of the UN, an early member of NATO, the IMF, and the World Bank,
and a founding member of the OECD, OSCE, BSEC, OIC, and G20. After becoming one of the
early members of the Council of Europe in 1950, Turkey became an associate member of
the EEC in 1963, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995, and started accession negotiations with
the European Union in 2005. In a non-binding vote on 13 March 2019, the European
Parliament called on the EU governments to suspend Turkey's accession talks; which, despite
being stalled since 2018, remain active as of 2020.[30] Turkey is a developing country[31] and its
economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional power and a newly
industrialized state by several analysts,[32][33][34] while its location has given it geopolitical and
strategic importance throughout history.[35][36] Turkey is a secular, unitary, formerly parliamentary
republic that adopted a presidential system with a referendum in 2017; the new system came
into effect with the presidential election in 2018.

Contents

 1Etymology
 2History
o 2.1Prehistory of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace
o 2.2Antiquity
o 2.3Early Christian and Byzantine period
o 2.4Seljuks and the Ottoman Empire
o 2.5Republic of Turkey
 3Administrative divisions
 4Politics
o 4.1Law
o 4.2Foreign relations
o 4.3Military
o 4.4Human rights
 5Geography
o 5.1Biodiversity
 5.1.1Threats to biodiversity
 5.1.2Domestic animals
o 5.2Climate
 6Economy
o 6.1History
o 6.2Tourism
o 6.3Infrastructure
o 6.4Science and technology
 7Demographics
o 7.1Immigration
 o 7.2Languages
o 7.3Religion
 7.3.1Islam
 7.3.2Christianity
 7.3.3Judaism
 7.3.4Irreligion
o 7.4Education
o 7.5Health
 8Culture
o 8.1Visual arts
o 8.2Literature and theatre
o 8.3Music and dance
o 8.4Architecture
o 8.5Cuisine
o 8.6Sports
o 8.7Media and cinema
 9See also
 10Notes
 11References
 12Further reading
 13External links

 What are various types of Stock transfer?

The physical movement of stock between different physical locations is called as ‘Stock
transfer’. Stock transfer can be either a single step process or a two-step process. Various Stock
transfers are:

Inter Company (Company to Company)

Inter Plant/Intra Company (Plant to Plant)
Intra Plant (Storage location to Storage location)