Lecture # 5

Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
 Production and Distribution of fluid Power
Accumulator:
The accumulator in the hydraulic circuit has the function of:

 Smoothing pressure pulses developed in the pump

 Controlling shock pressure loading due to such events as rapidly closing valves

 Coping high transient flow demands by providing additional flow for short periods

 Providing standby power for situation such as pump failure

 Allowing for expansion when there is an increase in temperature

 Production and Distribution of fluid Power
Accumulator:
Most accumulators are gas-pressurized and older types may be spring
loaded.
 Production and Distribution of fluid Power
Accumulator:
Consider Gas pressurized accumulator.
According to Boyle’s law:
Initially

If hydraulic fluid is then removed from the

Accumulator then
 Production and Distribution of fluid Power
Accumulator:
The change in volume V3–V2 is the volume of the hydraulic fluid removed from the
accumulator

Fluid delivered=Vout =

Accumulator Size= V1 =
 Production and Distribution of fluid Power
Accumulator:
For Adiabatic Conditions:

Accumulator Size=V1=

If accumulator is charged slowly and discharged rapidly:

Accumulator Size= V1 =
 Production and Distribution of fluid Power
Example:
Figure shows the requirement for hydraulic fluid flow in a circuit involving an
actuator. Determine the size of accumulator that would enable the demand to be
met if the pump supplies 20dm3 /min at an absolute pressure of 20MPa and when
the actuator operates the pressure drops to 13 MPa. The precharge absolute
pressure of accumulator is 11MPa.
 Production and Distribution of fluid Power
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Symbols:
 Control Valves
Introduction:
The main purpose of a valve in a pneumatic or hydraulic circuit is to control outputs.

Types:
 Directional Control Valves: changes the direction, or stops, or starts the flow of
fluid on the receipt of some external signal.

 Pressure Control Valves: used to control the pressure in some part of

pneumatic or hydraulic circuit.

 Flow Control Valves: used to control the rate of flow of fluid through the valve.
 Control Valves
Directional Control Valves:
Can be used to carry out such functions as:

 Controlling the direction of motion of an actuator.

 Selecting alternative flow paths for fluid

 Stopping and Starting the flow of fluid

 Carrying out logic functions such as AND, OR, NAND etc

 Control Valves
Symbols:
 The basic symbol for a control valve is a square with each square representing the
switching positions provided by the valve.
 Control Valves
Symbols:
 Lines in the boxes are used to show the flow paths with arrows indicating the
direction of flow.
 Control Valves
Symbols:
 Shut-off positions are indicated by the lines drawn at right angles.
 Control Valves
Symbols:
 The pipe connections, i.e the inlet and outlet ports to the valve are indicated by
lines drawn on the outside of the box.
 Drawn for just the rest/initial/neutral position i.e when valve is not actuated.
 Control Valves
Symbols:
 Ports are labelled by a number or letter according to its function.

Numbering Lettering
Port
System System
• Pressure supply •1 •P
port
• Exhaust Port(s) • 3, 5 • R, S
• Signal Outputs • 2, 4 • A, B
• Pilot line • 12, 14 • Z, Y
 Control Valves
Symbols:
 Direction Control Valves are described by the number of ports and number of
positions.
Thus :
 2/2 valve has two ports and two positions.
 3/2 valve has 3 ports and 2 positions.
 4/2 valve has 4 ports and 2 positions.
 5/3 valve has 5 ports and 3 positions.
 Control Valves
Symbols:
 Control Valves
Symbols:
 Control Valves
Symbols:
 Control Valves
Symbols:
 Control Valves
Symbols:
 Control Valves
Symbols:
 Control Valves
Symbols:
 Some other examples of center position connections.
 Control Valves
Symbols:
 Valve Actuation Methods:
 Control Valves
Example:
 Control Valves
Example:
 Control Valves
Example:
 Control Valves
Shuttle Valves:
 Most common form of directional control valve is the shuttle or spool valve.
 Have a spool moving horizontally within the valve body.
 Raised areas, termed as lands , block or open ports
 Control Valves
Shuttle Valves:
 Control Valves
Poppet Valves:
Balls , discs or cones are used to control flow.
Advantages:
 Simple
 Cheap
 Robust
 virtually leak free
 low wear rates, rapid response etc

Disadvantage:
 Large force is required to operate them
 Control Valves
Poppet Valves:
 Control Valves
Rotary Valves:
Have a rotating spool which aligns with the holes in the valve casing to give the
required operation.
Operate with only low pressures.
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Systems by W. Bolton
Chapter 2: Pneumatic and Hydraulic Principles
 Thank you
Any Questions???