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Self Replicating Robot
Self Replicating Robot
SELF-REPLICATING ROBOTS
IN
BY
CERTIFICATE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am obliged and grateful to our principal Mr. MASOD and head of the
department Mr. Prof. V.BHAGYA RAJ and Mr. T.SRINIVAS RAO, internal
guide for giving me guidance in completing this technical seminar successfully.
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ABSTRACT
The cubes are powered at the base and transfer data and power through their
faces. The control of machine is distributed among the modules executes a motion
schedule governed by time and contact events. The sides also have electromagnets
that enable them to selectively attach and detach from each other.
The modular robot can thus reconfigure itself. And in each block is a small
computer chip which is programmed with step-by-step instructions about what to
do. It is a small step towards developing robots that can repair and replicate
themselves in space or hazardous environments
INDEX
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INTRODUCTION 06
CONSTRUCTION OF SR-ROBOT 11
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 13
WORKING PRINCIPAL 16
ADVANTAGES 23
DISADVANTAGES 24
APPLICATIONS 25
CONCLUSION 27
FUTURE SCOPE 29
BIBILOGRAPHY 30
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INTRODUCTION :
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The vast majority of work in this area is in the form of non-physical self-
replicating automata (e.g., computer viruses, the ``game of life'' computer program,
etc.). The only physically realized concepts that have been explored related to true
self-replication certain to self-assembling systems. These interesting systems are
collections of passive elements that self-assemble under external agitation or
naturally occurring physical forces. There is no directed intention of a system to
deterministically assemble a copy of itself from passive components in these
physical systems, and the structures that are assembled are themselves passive.
Notable concept papers on self-replicating system for space applications were
put forth in the late 1970's and early 1980's. They proposed self-replicating
Factories that would weigh 100 tons each, but gave no concrete architecture,
system or prototype to demonstrate the feasibility of the concept. In contrast, we
discuss four self-replicating prototypes that have been developed at JHU by
the authors students in a course taught during the Spring of 2002.
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In this section self-replicating robots are categorized into two primary divisions
according to their behavior. The two divisions are denoted as ``directly
replicating’’and ``indirectly replicating,’’ respectively. The detailed principles of
these two divisions are described below. Figure 1 illustrates a diagram of how we
categorizeself-replicating robots.
Basically, a robot capable of producing an exact replica of itself in one
generation is what we call “directly replicating”. A robot capable of producing one
or more intermediate robots that are in turn capable of producing replicas of the
original are called “indirectly replicating”.
We classify self-replicating robots in this division into four groups according to the
characteristics of their self-replication processes. The following are explanations of
each self-replicating robot group.
1 Fixture-Based Group
2 Operating-Subsystem-in-Process Group
In this group one or several subsystems of the replica can operate before the replica
itself is fully assembled. These subsystems are able to assist the original
selfreplicating
robot during the assembly of the replica. This assistance can come in
many forms. For instance, functioning subsystems can help in aligning,
manipulating, or transporting parts.
3 Single-Robot-Without-Fixture Group
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In this group only one robot is used to finish the self-replication process. Thus, the
robot in this group depends only on the available environment. Usually, the
complexity of the subsystems or the number of subsystems in the replica is very
lowfor this group. This is because without fixtures or multiply cooperating robots,
it isdifficult to position large numbers of subsystems with high precision.
4 Multi-Robot-Without-Fixture Group
In this group more than one robot works together in the self-replication process
without the assistance of fixtures. A major advantage is the reduction of the time
required for self replication. A disadvantage is that there may be interference
problems among robots.
There are several possible ways that a self-replicating robot can be categorized
in two or three groups mentioned above. The combination of two or three different
concepts can be incorporated in a potential design, such as a combining
operatingsubsystems-in-process with fixture-based robots. More categories are
likely to bedeveloped in the subsequent stages of our research in the area of self-
replicating robots.
The primary characteristic of the robots in this division is that the original robot or
group of robots work together to build a robot-producing factory or some type of
intermediate robot which is able to produce replicas of the original robot.
However, the original robots lack the ability to directly assemble copies of
themselves.
CONSTRUCTION:
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A self replicating robot which has been developed recently contains a series of
modular cubes called "molecubes" each containing identical machinery and the
complete computer program for replication.
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DESIGN CONSIDERATION
The design phase of the replicators is very broad. A comprehensive
study to date has identified 137 design dimensions grouped into a dozen
separate categories, including:
(1) Replication Control,
(2) Replication Information,
(3) Replication Substrate,
(4) Replicator Structure,
(5) Passive Parts,
(6) Active Subunits,
(7) Replicator Energetic,
(8) Replicator Kinematics,
(9) Replication Process,
(10) Replicator Performance,
(11) Product Structure, and
(12) Resolvability.
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The name "quine" is coined by Douglas Hofstadter in his popular science book
Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid in the honor of philosopher Willard
Van Orman Quine (1908–2000), who made an extensive study of indirect self-
reference, and in particular for the following paradox-producing expression, known
as Quine's paradox:
"Yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation" yields falsehood when preceded
by its quotation.
The name has become popular between amateur enthusiasts and programming
hobbyists although it is not adopted by computer scientists.
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A quine takes no input. Allowing input would permit the source code to be fed to
the program via the keyboard, opening the source file of the program, and similar
mechanisms.
In some languages, an empty source file is a fixed point of the language, producing
no output. Such an empty program, submitted as "the world's smallest self
reproducing program", once won the "worst abuse of the rules" prize in the
Obfuscated C contest.
HARDWARE
The physical implementation of these algorithms has been done onthe Crystal
Robot. This robot use a novel actuation mechanism,scaling, which gives more
robust motion than the previous rotation based actuation systems.
A Crystal robot consisting of nine modules. The Crystal Robot has some of the
motive properties of muscles and can be closely packed in 3D space by attaching
units to each other. Each module is actuated by expansion and contraction.
By expanding and contracting the neighbors in a connected structure, an individual
module can be moved in general ways relative to the entire structure. Crystal atoms
never rotate relative to each other; their relative movement is actuated by sliding
via expansion/ contraction. This basic operation leads to new algorithms
for global self-reconfiguration planning. Each module has on-board
processing, sensing, communication, and power. We have implemented distributed
rule-based locomotion and self-replication on a 12 module Crystal robot.
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WORKING PRINCIPAL
Replication starts with, the stack of cubes bending over and sets its top
cube .Then it bends to one side or another to pick up a new cube and deposit
it on top of the first by repeating the process, one robot made up of a stack
of cubes can create another just like itself. Since one robot cannot reach
across another robot of the same height, the robot being built assists in
completing its own construction.
All robot modules begin in anundifferentiated state and divide into two
groups: left-facing andright-facing The module differentiation is done by
propagating of an integer variable called a signal through the system. As the
modules finish dividing (which they can detect by comparing signals in a
local neighborhood), they begin to locomote using the a distributed
locomotion approach based on local rules. Merge is similar.
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Module 1 with the circuit diagram of the relay circuit and a metal detector, and a
part of a passive endeffector (a bar). Blue dots indicate the input terminals and red
dots denote the output terminals. Left Right
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Module 2 with the circuit diagram of the line tracker sensors. Two pairs of IR
LED and photo diodes are used for line-tracking mechanism and a part of passive
end effectoris installed in M2.
Module 3 with the motor driving circuit diagram.ML is the left motor inside M3
and TS is a touch sensor installed in M5. Output ports described as Right motor are
connected to motors in M4.
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Module 4 includes a right wheel, a motor, and a bar code reader. The circuit
diagram of the bar code reader is shown. Every module shares the same power
source from M5.
Module 5 with the circuit diagram of 5-V power source and a LEGO touch sensor.
M5 contains four AA size batteries and three contact sensors installed at the
bottom. TS is the touch sensor attached on the frame.
Module 6 with the circuit diagram of the state machine. Three contact sensors
(same as in M5) are installed at the bottom, but omitted in the figure.
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codes, six contact codes, backside wall, and metal line at the
station
ADVANTAGES:
Quality:
Robots have the capacity to dramatically improve product quality.
Applications are performed with precision and high repeatability
every time. This level of consistency can be hard to achieve any other
way.
Production:
With robots, throughput speeds increase, which directly impacts
production. Because robots have the ability to work at a constant
speed without pausing for breaks, sleep, vacations, they have the
potential to produce more than a human worker.
Safety:
Robots increase workplace safety. Workers are moved to supervisory
roles, so they no longer have to perform dangerous applications in
hazardous settings.
Savings:
Greater worker safety leads to financial savings. There are fewer
healthcare and insurance concerns for employers. Robots also offer
untiring performance which saves valuable time. Their movements are
always exact, so less material is wasted.
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DISADVANTAGES:
Expense:
The initial investment of robots is significant, especially when
business owners are limiting their purchases to new robotic
equipment. The cost of automation should be calculated in light of a
business' greater financial budget. Regular maintenance needs can
have a financial toll as well.
ROI:
Incorporating industrial robots does not guarantee results. Without
planning, companies can have difficulty achieving their goals.
Expertise:
Employees will require training in programming and interacting with
the new robotic equipment. This normally takestime and financial
output.
Safety:
Robots may protect workers from some hazards, but in the meantime,
their very presence can create other safety problems. These new
dangers must be taken into consideration.
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APPLICATIONS:
It can be used for other space applications such as space travel, space
colonization, space exploration and space mining.
They are ideal as assembly machines. Some applications are
o Self-maintained fully autonomous factories
o Robot replicators used for cleaning and clearing up certain materials
from an environment
o Nano robots
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Mimetic studies ideas and how they propagate in human culture. Memes
require only small amounts of material, and therefore have theoretical
similarities to viruses.
Nanotechnology or more precisely, Molecular engineering is concerned with
making machinery with nanometer-scale parts. Without self-replication,
capital and assembly costs of molecular machines become impossibly large.
Space resources- NASA has sponsored a number of design studies to
develop self-replicating mechanisms to mine space resources. Most of these
use computer-controlled machinery that copies itself.
Computer security: Many computer security problems are caused by self-
reproducing computer programs that infect computers.
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CONCLUSION
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replicating systems. Although the prototype presented in this article showed the
highest value ofDs among the systems being considered, it is still possible to
have a higher Ds by reducing the subsystem complexity and increasing the
number of parts, or having a uniform complexity distribution throughout
subsystems. Biological replication is a tremendously complicated process
That we are attempting to mimic in engineering systems. The current trend in
robotic self-replication is based on modular systems. To achieve sufficient
functionality of the robot and for a replication process to be meaningful, the
number of modules should be large and the module complexity should remain
as low as possible. The same degree of replication achieved in biological
systems may not be achievable by robotic systems. The main difference
between robotic systems and living organisms is that robots are invented and
used to satisfy human needs by performing specific tasks. In contrast, biological
organisms have no innate purpose other than survival and reproduction, and the
machinery to achieve these goals has been perfected over billions of years. One
of the goals we want to achieve in robotic replication is minimizing human
intervention and maximizing the functionality of the robot itself to perform
given tasks while also being able to reproduce.
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FUTURE SCOPE:
As the use of industrial automation has expanded over time, some factories have
begun to approach a semblance of self-sufficiency that is suggestive of self-
replicating machines. However, such factories are unlikely to achieve "full closure"
until the cost and flexibility of automated machinery comes close to that of human
labor and the manufacture of spare parts and other components locally becomes
more economical than transporting them from elsewhere. As Samuel Butler has
pointed out in Erewhon replication of partially closed universal machine tool
factories is already possible. Since safety is a primary goal of all legislative
consideration of regulation of such development, future development efforts may
be limited to systems which lack either control, matter, or energy closure. Fully-
capable machine replicators are most useful for developing resources in dangerous
environments which are not easily reached by existing transportation systems (such
as outer space).
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REFERENCES
[1] J.V. Neumann, A.W. Burks, ”Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata,”
University of Illinois Press, 1962.
[7] www.arrickrobotics.com/robots.html
[8] www.robocommunity.com
[9] www.therobotlab.com
[10] www.roboticstrends.com/links_resources
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