CHAPTER 2

COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS

I. DESIGN CONDITIONS

a) PROPERTIES OF PRODUCT

Table 2.1 Properties of the Product (Dressed Chicken, Squab)

Specific Heat (Above Freezing) 1.785 kJ/kg-K

Specific Heat (Below Freezing) 3.35 kJ/kg-K
Latent Heat 246.556 kJ/kg
Initial Temperature of the Chicken 30°C
Initial Freezing Temperature of the - 17.8 °C

Chicken
Time of Freezing 3 hours
Weight per Dressed Chicken 1.35 kg
Weight per Day 3045.6 kg
Total Weight per 60 days of 146188.8 kg

Production
Source: Mcgraw-hill, 2000

b) PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS

The refrigerants to be used in this product are ammonia and R-12.

Ammonia suitable for use as a refrigerant and it is commonly named R717 in the

refrigeration and air conditioning industry.

 R717 has been used as a refrigerant for over 100 years. Even during the

period of strong growth in use of synthetic fluorocarbon refrigerants, it remained

popular for a range of applications due to its excellent thermodynamic properties

and low cost. However, due to its low environmental impact, R717 is now

regaining popularity when an alternative to fluorocarbons is being sought.

 R717 is refrigerant grade high purity ammonia (NH3). The product

typically is 99.98% pure with minimal levels of moisture and other impurities (<

200 ppm and < 5 ppm Oil) making it ideal for use in all types of refrigeration

systems.

 R717 has a wide range of applications. It is particularly suited to working

in the range approximately 0°C to -30°C and hence is widely used for food

preservation. This includes the chilling of liquids such as milk, beer and soft

drinks, in large cold storage facilities, meat processing and packing plants, large

ice-making plants and commercial refrigeration. Other common applications

include large air conditioning systems (chillers), industrial heat extraction and ice

rinks.

 Ammonia might appear to be the ideal refrigerant, but ammonia

refrigeration still comes with a number of drawbacks. For instance, this coolant

isn’t compatible with copper, and thus can’t be put to use in systems with copper

pipes. One more downside is that ammonia could be hazardous in very high

levels. Yet, it continues to be relatively risk-free given that its scent is highly

distinct and could be noticed even at incredibly low concentrations.

 ASHRAE considers that the continued use of ammonia is necessary for

food preservation and air conditioning

Properties and Specification of Ammonia:

Molecular Weight

Molecular weight: 17.03 g/mol

Critical point

Critical temperature: 132.4 °C

Critical pressure: 112.8 bar

Solid phase

Melting point: -78 °C

Latent heat of fusion (1,013 bar, at triple point): 331.37 kJ/kg

Liquid phase

Liquid density (1.013 bar at boiling point): 682 kg/m3

Boiling point (1.013 bar): -33.5 °C

Latent heat of vaporization (1.013 bar at boiling point) : 1371.2 kJ/kg

Table 2.2 Ammonia: Properties of Liquid and Saturated Vapor

Source: Handout in Refrigeration System

Dichlorodifluoromethane is a colorless gas usually sold under the brand name

Freon-12, and a chlorofluorocarbon halomethane used as a refrigerant and

aerosol spray propellant.

 R-12 was used in most refrigeration and vehicle air conditioning

applications prior to 1994 before being replaced by 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-

134a), which has an insignificant ozone depletion potential. Automobile

manufacturers started using R-134a instead of R-12 in 1992–1994. When older

units leak or require repair involving removal of the refrigerant, retrofitment to a

refrigerant other than R-12 (most commonly R-134a) is required in some

jurisdictions. The United States does not require automobile owners to retrofit

their systems; however, taxes on ozone-depleting chemicals coupled with the

relative scarcity of the original refrigerants on the open market make retrofitting

the only economical option. Retrofitment requires system flush and a new

filter/dryer or accumulator, and may also involve the installation of new seals

and/or hoses made of materials compatible with the refrigerant being installed.

Mineral oil used with R-12 is not compatible with R-134a. Some oils designed

for conversion to R-134a are advertised as compatible with residual R-12

mineral oil.

 R-12 has been phased out for twenty years now. (1994-2014.) If you have

a vehicle older than 1994 you have two choices. You can either retrofit your car

so that it will be compatible with R-134A Refrigerant, or you can try to purchase

some R-12 Refrigerant from a supplier or online. If you choose the latter be

prepared to pay a hefty price. I’ve seen R-12 Refrigerant go from $500.00 a

cylinder all the way up to $1,100.00 a cylinder. If it was me I would go the

retrofitting route rather than purchasing. This allows you to use the common and

less expensive R-134A Refrigerant and it also keeps you in compliance with

EPA regulations. R-12 is strictly regulated by the government and if you were to

accidentally vent some of the R-12 Refrigerant into the atmosphere you could

face very hefty fines.

 R-12 is a highly versatile refrigerant that is used for wide range of

refrigeration and air conditioning applications though in many air conditioning

applications it is now replaced by R22 refrigerant. Refrigerant R12 is used in

domestic refrigerators and freezers, liquid chillers, dehumidifiers, ice makers,

water coolers, water fountains and transport refrigeration. The wide range of

applications of the refrigerant are due to its safe properties.

Properties and Specification of Refrigerant 12:

Molecular Weight

Molecular weight: 137.37 g/mol

Critical point

Critical temperature: 198°C

Critical pressure: 44.1 bar

Solid phase

Melting point: -110.5 °C

Latent heat of fusion: 181.1954 kJ/kg-K

Liquid phase

Liquid density (1.013 bar at boiling point): 1490 kg/m3

Boiling point (1.013 bar): 23.77 °C

Latent heat of vaporization (1.013 bar at boiling point) : 0.6041696 kJ/kg-K

Table 2.3 Refrigerant 12: Properties of Liquid and Saturated Vapor

Source: Handout in Refrigeration System

c) WORKING P/T CONDITIONS

 Table 2.4 Operating Pressure and Temperature in Refrigeration System

Evaporating Pressure (R-12), P1 100.41 kPa

Condensing Pressure ( NH 3), P2 1431.5 kPa
Cascade Condenser Pressure, P x 379.1265158 kPa
Evaporating Temperature (R-12), T 1 -30°C
Condensing Temperature ( NH 3), T 2 37°C

II. CALCULATION INFORMATION

a) REFRIGERATION DIAGRAM

Figure 2.1 Refrigeration Cycle of Cascade System

Source: https://www.learnthermo.com/T1-tutorial/ch10/lesson-C/pg02.php

b) P-H DIAGRAM
Figure 2.2 Working P-H Diagram of the System

Source: AutoCAD 2013