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2.9 Shell Momentum Balance and Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow 2.9A Introduction
2.9 Shell Momentum Balance and Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow 2.9A Introduction
2.9A Introduction
Let’s consider the following cylindrical control volume, a shell with radius, r,
thickness, ∆ r, and length, ∆ x.
∆r
P|x P|x+∆x
R
r
x
∆x
Sum of forces acting on the c.v. = Rate of momentum out of c.v. –Rate of
momentum into c.v. + Rate of accumulation of momentum in c.v.
So,
Sum of forces acting on the c.v. = Rate of momentum out of c.v. –Rate of
momentum into c.v.
So,
d (rτ rx ) ∆p
= r
dt L
∆p r C
τ rx = + 1
L 2 r
∆p p − pL
τ rx = r = 0 r
2L 2L
Note that momentum flux varies linearly with the radius as shown in the
following figure:
vx = 0 vmax
x
Momentum flux
profile
Newton’s Law:
dvx
τ rx = − µ
dr
dvx p − pL
=− 0 r
dr 2µ L
p0 − pL 2 r
2
vx = R 1 −
4µ L R
p0 − pL 2 p0 − pL 2
vxav = R = D Hagen-Poiseuille Equation
8µ L 32 µ L
p0 − pL 2 vxmax
vxmax = R vxav =
4µ L 2
Gravity
force
Momentum
Momentum
out by
in by
molecular
molecular ∆x
transport
transport
δ
L
Momentum out by
convection
-Momentum balance in the z-direction
- System with ∆ x thickness
- z-direction boundaries are z = 0 and z = L
-distance in y-direction is W
momentum balance components are:
Notice that convective efflux is zero because velocity is constant (vz|z=L = vz|
z=0)
3. Gravity force:
Integrating with B.C. : τ xz (x=0) = 0 at the free liquid surface and τ xz (x=x)
= τ xz
τ xz = ρ gx
Notice that momentum flux profile is linear and the maximum value is at the
wall.
δ
vz(x)
Velocity
profile
τxz(x)
Momentum
flux profile
τ xz = ρ gx
dvz
τ xz = − µ ,
dx
dvz ρg
=− x
dx µ
ρg 2 x
2
vz = δ 1 −
2 µ δ
ρg 2
vzav = δ
3µ
q = vzav A = vzav δ W
In the falling film, the mass flow rate per unit width of wall, Γ in kg/s.m :
Γ = vzav δ ρ
and Reynolds number is defined as:
4Γ 4 ρδ vzav
N Re = =
µ µ
Example: 2.9-1