STRUKTUR KRISTAL

• Kristal :
molekulnya tersusun secara berulang dan
teratur dalam rantai yang panjang.

• Amorf :
molekulnya tersusun dengan keteraturan yang
pendek.
Contoh : Gelas, plastik dll.
Perbedaan susunan atom antara kristal dan amorf

Kristal Amorf
Crystal Packing and Unit Cell Type
• Model
• Uniform, hard spheres
• Minimize empty space
• Packing and unit cell type
• Packing structures
• hexagonal closest packed (hcp)
• cubic closest packed (ccp)
• many others
• Determines unit cell type
• hcp → hexagonal prism
• ccp → face-centered cubic unit cell
 Close packed crystals

A plane
B plane

C plane

A plane
…ABCABCABC… packing …ABABAB… packing
[Face Centered Cubic (FCC)] [Hexagonal Close Packing (HCP)]
Hexagonal Closest Packed

• abab repeating layers

• yields hexagonal prism unit
cell
• 74% of space is occupied
Hexagonal prism
 Cubic Closest Packed

• abcabc repeating layers

• yields face-centered cubic
unit cell
• 74% of space is occupied
Cubic Closest Packing and the Face-Centered Cubic Unit Cell
Properties of Cubic Unit Cells
Simple Cubic

Body-Centered Cubic

Face-Centered Cubic
Number of Atoms in a Face-Centered Cubic Unit Cell

N = (8 corner atoms ) 18 + (6 face atoms ) 12

= 1 corner atom + 3 face atoms
= 4 atoms
Geometry of a Cube

Face Diagonal
f 2 = e2 + e2
f =e 2

Body Diagonal
b 2 = e 2 + f 2 = 3e 2
b=e 3
Atomic Radius and Cell Dimensions
Simple Cubic
r = e/2
1 atom/unit cell (in metals)

Body-Centered Cubic
b = 4r = e(3)1/2
r = e(3)1/2/4
2 atoms/unit cell (in metals)

Face-Centered Cubic
f = 4r = e(2)1/2
r = e(2)1/2/4
4 atoms/unit cell (in metals)
THEORETICAL DENSITY, r
Density = mass/volume

mass = number of atoms per unit cell * mass of each atom

mass of each atom = atomic weight/avogadro’s number

Characteristics of Selected Elements at 20C
At. Weight Density Atomic radius
Element Symbol (amu) (g/cm3) (nm)
Aluminum Al 26.98 2.71 0.143
Argon Ar 39.95 ------ ------
Barium Ba 137.33 3.5 0.217
Beryllium Be 9.012 1.85 0.114
Boron B 10.81 2.34 ------ Adapted from
Table, "Charac-
Bromine Br 79.90 ------ ------ teristics of
Cadmium Cd 112.41 8.65 0.149 Selected
Elements",
Calcium Ca 40.08 1.55 0.197 inside front
Carbon C 12.011 2.25 0.071 cover,
Cesium Cs 132.91 1.87 0.265 Callister 6e.
Chlorine Cl 35.45 ------ ------
Chromium Cr 52.00 7.19 0.125
Cobalt Co 58.93 8.9 0.125
Copper Cu 63.55 8.94 0.128
Flourine F 19.00 ------ ------
Gallium Ga 69.72 5.90 0.122
Germanium Ge 72.59 5.32 0.122
Gold Au 196.97 19.32 0.144
Helium He 4.003 ------ ------
Hydrogen H 1.008 ------ ------
THEORETICAL DENSITY, r

Example: Copper
Data from Table inside front cover of Callister (see previous slide):
• crystal structure = FCC: 4 atoms/unit cell
• atomic weight = 63.55 g/mol (1 amu = 1 g/mol)
• atomic radius R = 0.128 nm (1 nm = 10 -7cm)

Result: theoretical rCu = 8.89 g/cm3

Compare to actual: rCu = 8.94 g/cm3
Bilangan koordinasi (CN) dari atom adalah
jumlah tetangga terdekat pada kisi kristal

CN = 12 CN = 6
Kubus kemasan rapat Kubus
(fcc dan ccp) sederhana

• Untuk logam biasanya mempunyai CN 8 atau 12

• Padatan ionik biasanya CN 4 atau 8
• Padatan molekular CN 1 sampai 6
• Makin besar CN maka makin rapat atomnya
Hole in close-packed structures
• Hole adalah ruang kosong yang tidak ditempati oleh
atom

• Oktaheral hole
• Jika atom mempunyai radius r, maka masing-masing
hole oktahedral dapat ditempati oleh atom dengan
radius tidak lebih dari 0.414r
• Tetrahedral hole
• Dapat ditempati oleh atom dengan radius tidak lebih
dari 0.225r
OKTAHEDRAL HOLE
rh = 0.225 r
C.N. = 4