SOCIOLOGY FOR ARCHITECTS

COURSE INSTRUCTOR-ISHART MOMTAZ BADHAN

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TOPIC 2.0 OCCUPATION AND POPULATION GROWTH
• HISTORY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• OCCUPATIONAL DIVERSITY
• POPULATION GROWTH FACTOR AND SOCIETY
• MIGRATION RATE AND INFLUENCING FACTOR

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 HISTORY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

• In primitive days, man satisfied his hunger by searching for food and living upon what
he could raise and invented weapons and tools for searching food.

• The procuring of fruits and greens, seeds was supplemented by some hunting where
animals were abundant.

• Hunting people started to live in small groups and moved in a group to hunt.So the
technique of hunting became highly developed.

COURSE INSTRUCTOR-ISHART MOMTAZ BADHAN

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 HISTORY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

• Gradually man learned to domestiacte animals such as cattle and grazing animals in
herds. Most of the hunting people had already domesticated animal that also helped
in transportation.

• This group organization took new shape of social organization. Instead of human life
being organized around the mother and children and hunting foods, that shifted to
flocks and herds where women were subordinated and men men came into a larger
dominance.

COURSE INSTRUCTOR-ISHART MOMTAZ BADHAN

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 HISTORY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

• The development of agriculture came Next. Men turned to hoe culture (hoe- a long-
handled gardening tool with a thin metal blade, used mainly for weeding)

COURSE INSTRUCTOR-ISHART MOMTAZ BADHAN

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 HISTORY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

• With the rise of agriculture men passed from the flesh diet of nomadism to a large
use of vegetable foods. The roaming life of hunting gave away to the more settled
life of agriculture.

• Stable life of agriculture create way of more inventions, pottery making, the
weaving of wool or cotton are found among agricultural groups.

• Population multiplied, fixed adobe led to the establishment of village

communities. Then making money became occupation.

COURSE INSTRUCTOR-ISHART MOMTAZ BADHAN

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 HISTORY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

• MIddle of eighteenth century, agriculture was leading occupational activity of

mankind. With industrial revolution and manufacture of tools on large scale , division
of land into farms under independent ownership became common.

• Labour system came and the volume of trade increased, goods were assembled and
sold on certain days.

• The city arose a centre of trade and developed into a form of economic group, a social
and political group also.

COURSE INSTRUCTOR-ISHART MOMTAZ BADHAN

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 HISTORY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

• The use of factory system in the later part of the 18 th century and in 19th century gave
birth to capitalism.

• Power driven machinery supplemented the hand driven tools.

• 20th century has brought about mass production and higher degree of division of
labour.

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 HISTORY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
.

• Market situation altered, consumers become more dependant on market institution.

• Advertising influences consumers wants and habits of buying. The nature of retailing
has changed. Govt. Takes an increasing interest and provide law for pure food , drugs,
packing and labelling.

• The traditional theory of economic competition now replaced by govt. Control in field of
production, distribution, exchange and consumption.

SOCIETY BECOME MORE COMPLEX THAN BEFORE.

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 OCCUPATIONAL DIVERSITY

DIVERSITY IN OCCUPATION OCCURS BECAUSE OF

• ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRIALIZATION.

• INFLUENCE POPULATION GROWTH

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 POPULATION GROWTH AND SOCIETY

SOCIAL STRUCTURE INFLUENCES POPULATION CHANGES AS WELL AS BEING AFFECTED

BY THEM.

THE MOST IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN POPULATION ANALYSIS ARE

• BIRTH RATE – THE NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTH PER YEAR.

• DEATH RATE – NUMBER OF DEATHS PER 1000 POPULATION PER YEAR.
• MIGRATION RATE

OPTIMUM POPULATION
OPTIMUM POPULATION MEANS THE TOTAL POPULATION THAT A COUNTRY SHOULD
HAVE CONSIDERING ITS RESOURCES . OPTIMUM POPULATION SECURES THE MAXIMUM
REAL INCOME PER HEAD.

OVERPOPULATION

UNDER POPULATION
COURSE INSTRUCTOR-ISHART MOMTAZ BADHAN
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 POPULATION GROWTH AND SOCIETY

ECONOMIC FACTORS IN POPULATION GROWTH

• PREDOMINANCE OF AGRICULTURE:

➢ BANGLADESH IS LARGELY AN AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY WHERE OVER HALF A BILLION

PEOPLE DERIVE THEIR LIVELIHOOD FROM LAND.

➢ ON THE FARM PEOPLE THINK EACH CHILD IS JUST NOT ANOTHER MONTH TO FEED BUT
ANOTHER PAIR OF HANDS AS WELL.

➢ IN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES, PARENTS HAVE TO SUPPORT THEIR CHILDREN FOR A MUCH

LONGER PERIOD AND THEREFORE PREFER TO HAVE A SMALL FAMILY.

➢ SLOW PACE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION AND LACK OF OCCUPATIONAL DIVERSIFICATION

HAVE RESULTED IN LARGER FAMILIES IN RURAL AREA.

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 POPULATION GROWTH AND SOCIETY

ECONOMIC FACTORS IN POPULATION GROWTH

• SECURITY IN OLD AGE:

➢ RURAL PEOPLE NOT ONLY REGARD THEIR CHILDREN AS AN ASSET FOR PRESENT BUT
ALSO A SECURITY IN THEIR OLD AGE.

➢ CHILDREN CAN BE RELIED UPON TO CARE FOR THEIR PARENTS.

• POVERTY:
➢ THE POORER PEOPLE TEND TO ASSOCIATE ECONOMIC SECURITY WITH AN INCREASE IN
THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN.

➢ TO THE POOR THEIR OWN LABOUR AND THE LABOUR OF THEIR CHILDREN ARE THE
ONLY ASSET.

➢ HERE CHILDRENS ARE THE EARNERS.

COURSE INSTRUCTOR-ISHART MOMTAZ BADHAN

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 POPULATION GROWTH AND SOCIETY

ECONOMIC FACTORS IN POPULATION GROWTH

• SLOW URBANIZATION:

➢ CITY PUTS A STRUCTURAL LIMIT TO SIZE OF A FAMILY, BECAUSE OF HOUSING PROBLEM

AND HIGH COST OF EDUCATION.

➢ ON THE OTHER HAND, VILLAGE PROVIDES LOW COST HOUSING AND LOWER EXPENSES
FOR UPBRINGING OF CHILDREN.

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 POPULATION GROWTH AND SOCIETY

MIGRATION

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 POPULATION GROWTH AND SOCIETY

MIGRATION

MIGRATION IS A FORM OF GEOGRAPHICAL OR SPATIAL MOBILITY INVOLVING

A CHANGE OF USUAL RESIDENCE BETWEEN CLEARLY DEFINED GEOGRAPHIC
UNITS.
CHANGES IN RESIDENCE ALTHOUGH PERMANENT, IN SHORT DISTANCE ARE
EXCLUDED FROM MIGRATION.

TYPE OF MIGRATION

INTERNAL MIGRATION
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

COURSE INSTRUCTOR-ISHART MOMTAZ BADHAN

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 POPULATION GROWTH AND SOCIETY

INTERNAL MIGRATION

• INTERNAL MIGRATION REFERS TO MOVEMENT ACROSS NATIONAL BOUNDARIES.

• IF MIGRATION OCCURS WITHIN THE SAME COUNTRY FROM ONE POLITICO-

ADMINSTRATIVE UNIT TO ANOTHER IS CALLED INTERNAL MIGRATION.

• REFUGEE- IF ONE BECAUSE OF EXTERNAL PRESSURE LEAVES HIS PLACE OF RESIDENCE

AND TAKES SHELTER IN ANOTHER PLACE WITHIN THE SAME COUNTRY OR DIFFERENT
COUNTRY IS TERMED AS A REFUGEE.

COURSE INSTRUCTOR-ISHART MOMTAZ BADHAN

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 POPULATION GROWTH AND SOCIETY

INTERNAL MIGRATION

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 POPULATION GROWTH AND SOCIETY

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

• INTERNATIONAL MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS REFERS TO MOVEMENT ACROSS

INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES.
• PERMANENT MOVEMENTS ARE GENERALLY RESULT OF ETHNIC , RELIGIOUS, POLITICAL
OR ECONOMIC PRESSURES OR COMBINATION OF THIS.

➢ CLASSIFIED AS – TEMPORARY OR PAERMANENT MOVEMENTS

➢ MOVEMENTS OF INDIVIDUALS OR FAMILIES
➢ MOVEMENTS OF WHOLE NATIONS OR TRIBES
➢ MOVEMENT OF MILITARY PERSONNEL OR CIVILIANS.
➢ MOVEMENTS FOR WORK, STUDY OR OTHER PURPOSES.

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 POPULATION GROWTH AND SOCIETY

REASONS & TYPES OF INTERNAL MIGRATION

• IN DEVELOPED OR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES , MIGRATIONS TAKE PLACE

FROM (R-U), RURAL TO URBAN AREAS.

• IN SOME COUNTRIES IT OCCURS DUE TO ‘PULL FACTOR’AND ‘PUSH

FACTOR’.

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 POPULATION GROWTH AND SOCIETY

CAUSES OF RURAL –URBAN MIGRATION

• DUE TO INCREASE OF POPULATION IN RURAL AREAS, EXCESS MANPOWER MIGRATES

TO TOWNS FOR ANY KIND OF JOB FOR SURVIAVL.

• DUE TO PRESENCE OF EXCESS MANPOWER IN AGRICULTURAL FIELD, EXCESS

MANPOWER OF RURAL AREAS COME TO TOWNS TO WORK IN FACTORIES AND
INDUSTRIES.

• HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES ARE GENERALLY LOCATED IN TOWNS, AS A RESULT A

LARGE NUMBER OF STUDENTS OF RURAL AREAS MIGRATE TO URBAN AREAS FOR
HIGHER STUDIES.

• DUE TO EXPANSIONS OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRIES IN TOWNS, MORE NEW JOB

OPPORTUNITIES ARE CREATED , AS A RESULT EXCESS MANPOWER OF RURAL AREAS
COME TO TOWN.

COURSE INSTRUCTOR-ISHART MOMTAZ BADHAN

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 POPULATION GROWTH AND SOCIETY

CAUSES OF RURAL –URBAN MIGRATION

• DUE TO TRANSFER OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE EMPLOYEES FROM RURAL TO

URBAN AREAS, A LARGE PORTION OF THEIR DEPENDENTS ALSO MIGRATE.

• IN BANGLADESH WHERE GARMENT INDUSTRIES HAVE DEVELOPED AND EXPANDED,

VERY RAPIDLY UNEMPLOYED AND UNSKILLED MEN AND WOMEN FROM RURAL ARE
RUSHED TO TOWNS AND CITIES FOR THEIR SURVIVAL.

• LARGE NUMBER OF AGRICULTURAL LABOUR FORCE REMAIN UNEMPLOYED

THROUGHOUT THE YEAR . THEY MIGRATE TO TOWN AND CITIES TO WORK AS
RICKSHAW PULLERS, VAN-DRIVERS AND AUTO-RICKSHAW DRIVERS.

COURSE INSTRUCTOR-ISHART MOMTAZ BADHAN

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 POPULATION GROWTH AND SOCIETY

CAUSES OF MIGRATION

Push factors originate in migrant’s place of birth.

Pull factors originate in the place of destination of migrants.
A migrant gets inspiration for migration due to presence of push factors at the place of
birth and the presence of pull factors at the place of destination.
Push factors of rural –urban migration

• Rapid natural increase in population

➢ As a result its difficult to utilize the labour force adequately and the under utilized
labour force who are compelled to migrate to other places to earn their livelihood.

• Natural disaster, loss of resources and life due to recurrent flood, frequent weather
change

• In social, political or religious life there exists instability and insecurity.

COURSE INSTRUCTOR-ISHART MOMTAZ BADHAN

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 POPULATION GROWTH AND SOCIETY

Pull factors of rural –urban migration

• Discovery of new resources.

• Due to industrialization and utilization of new technologies, people are attracted.
• Due to political and social stability.
• Socio-economic reasons like – more investment opportunity, provision for social
development attract people from one place to another.

COURSE INSTRUCTOR-ISHART MOMTAZ BADHAN

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