1

evsjv GKv‡Wwg
cÖwgZ evsjv D”PviY-m~Î
¯^ieY©
evsjv fvlvq ÔAÕ-Gi D”PvwiZ iƒc `y‡Uv| GKwU ÔAÕ, Ab¨wU ÔIÕ| k‡ãi Avw`‡Z, g‡a¨ Ges A‡šÍ
KLbI KLbI ÔAÕ-Gi D”PviY ÔIÕ-Gi g‡Zv nq| cÖ_‡g Av`¨ ÔAÕ wb‡q K_v ejwQ| Av`¨ gv‡b
ïiæ|

Av`¨-A
1. k‡ãi Avw`‡Z hw` ÔAÕ _v‡K Ges Zvic‡i ÔBÕ-Kvi (n«¯^ wKsev `xN©), ev ÔDÕ-Kvi (n«¯^ ev
`xN©) _v‡K, Z‡e †m ÔAÕ-Gi D”PviY mvaviYZ ÔIÕ-Kv‡ii g‡Zv nq| †hgb: Awfavb
(Iwfavb&), Awfhvb (Iwfhvb&), AwZ (IwZ), AZxZ (IwZZ&), Abygvb (Ibygvb&), eD
(†evD), Miæ †Mviæ), giæ (†gviæ) BZ¨vw`|
2. k‡ãi Av`¨ ÔAÕ-Gi c‡i ÔhÕ (¨)-djvhy³ e¨ÄbeY© _vK‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î ÔAÕ-Gi D”PviY
cÖvqk ÔIÕ-Kv‡ii g‡Zv nq| †hgb: A`¨ (I`&‡`v), c`¨ (†cv`&‡`v), Kb¨v (†Kvb&bv), mf¨
(†kve&‡fv) BZ¨vw`|
3. k‡ãi Av`¨ ÔAÕ-Gi c‡i ÔÿÕ (wL‡qv), ÔÁÕ-djvhy³ e¨ÄbeY© _vK‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î ÔAÕ-Gi
D”PviY mvaviYZ ÔIÕ-Kv‡ii g‡Zv nq| †hgb: Aÿ (IK&‡Lv), `ÿ (†`vK&‡Lv),hÁ
(†RvM&‡Muv)
4. k‡ãi Avw`‡Z ÔAÕ-Gi c‡i F ( „)-Kvihy³ e¨ÄbeY© _vK‡j †mB ÔAÕ-Gi D”PviY
mvaviYZ ÔIÕ-Kv‡ii g‡Zv nq| †hgb: gm„Y (†gvm„b&), e³…Zv (†evK&Z…Zv), hK…Z
(†RvK…Z&) BZ¨vw`|
5. k‡ãi cÖ_‡g ÔAÕ hy³ ÔiÕ ( ª) djv _vK‡j †m‡ÿ‡ÎI ÔAÕ-Gi D”PviY mvaviYZ ÔIÕ-Kvi
n‡q _v‡K| †hgb: µg (†µvg&), MÖn (†MÖv‡nv), eªZ (†eÖv‡Zv), `ªe¨ (†`ªve&‡ev) BZ¨vw`|
6. GK Aÿiwewkó (MONOSYLLABLE) k‡ãi cÖ_‡g ÔAÕ Ges c‡i `šÍ¨-ÔbÕ _vK‡j
KL‡bv KL‡bv †mB ÔAÕ-Gi D”PviY ÔIÕ-Kvi n‡q _v‡K| †hgb: gb (†gvb&), eb (†gvb&),
Rb (†Rvb&) BZ¨vw`|
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wKš‘ hLb †bwZevPK ev bv-A‡_© ÔAÕ Ges mwnZ A‡_© ÔmÕ mshy³ nq ZLb 1, 2, 3, 4 b¤^i
wbq‡gi e¨wZµg N‡U| A_©vr Gme ÔAÕ Ges ÔmÕ me©Î AweK…Z ÔAÕ wn‡m‡e D”PvwiZ nq|

†hgb: AwePvi (AwePvi&), Awbqg (Awbqg&), mwVK (kwVK&), AUzU (AUzU &), ea¨ (e`&‡av), Aÿg
(AK&Lg&), AÁ (AM&‡Mvu), mwPÎ (kwPZ&‡Îv), mü`q (kü`q&), mÿg (kK&Lg) BZ¨vw`|

Avgiv Av`¨ A-Gi D”PviY wk‡LwQ| GLb wkLe ga¨-A, AšÍ¨-A Ges Ab¨vb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© k‡ãi
D”PviY-m~Î| k‡ãi Avw`‡Z, g‡a¨ Ges A‡šÍ KLbI KLbI ÔAÕ-Gi D”PviY ÔIÕ-Gi g‡Zv nqÑ
†Zvgiv Rv‡bv| Gevi wkLe ga¨-A-Gi D”PviY-m~Î| ga¨ gv‡b gvSLv‡b|

ga¨-A
1. kãga¨w¯’Z ÔAÕ (e¨Äbe‡Y© hy³) Av`¨- ÔAÕ-Gi g‡ZvB B (w), C ( x), D ( y), E ( ~), F
( „)-Kvi Ges ÿ,Á, h (¨)-djvi Av‡M _vK‡j ÔAÕ-Gi D”PviY ÔIÕ-Kv‡ii g‡Zv nq| h_v:
KvKwj (Kv‡Kvwj), cÖYwZ †cÖv‡bvwZ), AeMwZ (A‡ev‡MvwZ), mygwZ (my‡gvwZ)|
2. wZb ev Zvi AwaK e‡Y© MwVZ k‡ãi g‡a¨ ÔAÕ-Gi Av‡M hw` A, Av, G Ges I-Kvi n‡q
_v‡K| h_v: gZb (g‡Zvb&), iZb (i‡Zvb&), kZK (k‡ZvK&),KvMR (Kv‡MvR), †PZb
†P‡Zvb&), †Kvgj (†Kv‡gvj&)|
3. evsjv fvlvq †ek wKQz mgvme× ÔZrmgÕ (ms¯‹…Z) kã e¨eüZ nq, †h¸‡jv c„_K D”Pvi‡Y
nmšÍ n‡jI mgvme× Ae¯’vq ga¨ ÔAÕ iwÿZ n‡q I-KvivšÍiƒ‡c D”PvwiZ nq| h_v:
c_Pvix (c‡_vPvwi), dzjki (dz‡jvki&), `xbeÜz (w`‡bv‡evb&ay)|
AšÍ¨-A
Gevi wkLe AšÍ¨-A-Gi D”PviY-m~Î| AšÍ¨ gv‡b †kl|
evsjv fvlvq k‡ãi †k‡li ÔAÕ-aŸwbwU †ewkifvM mg‡q nmšÍiƒ‡c D”PvwiZ nq| †hgb: bvK&, Kvb&,
nvZ&, RvZ&, avb&, AvU&, `vuZ,& gvQ, MvQ&, w`em& BZ¨vw`|
GLb Avgiv kã‡k‡li ÔAÕ †Kv_vq ÔIÕ-KvivšÍ D”PvwiZ nq, †m-wel‡q K_v eje|
1. 11 †_‡K 18 ch©šÍ msL¨vevPK k‡ãi †kl ÔAÕ iwÿZ Ges ÔIÕ-KvivšÍ D”PvwiZ n‡q _v‡K|
h_v: (11) GMvi (A¨vMv‡iv), (12) evi (ev‡iv), (13) †Zi (†Z‡iv), (14) †PvÏ
(†Pv`&&‡`v)|
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2. ÔZÕ (³) Ges ÔBZÕ cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M MwVZ we‡klY k‡ãi AšÍ¨-ÔAÕ D”Pvi‡Y I-KvivšÍ n‡q
_v‡K| h_v: nZ (n‡Zv), gZ (g‡Zv), cwVZ (cwV‡Zv)|
3. we‡kl¨ k‡ãi †k‡l ÔnÕ Ges we‡klY k‡ãi †k‡l ÔpÕ _vK‡j mvaviYZ AšÍ¨-ÔAÕ wejyß bv
n‡q ÔIÕ-KvivšÍ D”PvwiZ nq| h_v: weevn (weev‡nv), †gvn (†gv‡nv), Kjn (Kj‡nv), g~p
(gy‡pv/gyMvrho), Mvp (Mv‡pv/Mvrho)|

Avgiv Av`¨, ga¨ I AšÍ¨-A gv‡b ¯^ie‡Y©i D”PviY wb‡q K_v e‡jwQ| Gevi e¨ÄbeY© wb‡q K_v
eje|

e¨ÄbeY©
1. R&+ T=Á: R&+ T †Z, ÔRÕ Ges ÔTÕ eY© `ywUi †KvbwUiB D”PviY †bB| evsjv k‡ãi
Avw`‡Z Gi D”PviY nq A‡bKUv ÔMuÕ ev ÔM¨uÕ Gi g‡Zv, Avi k‡ãi g‡a¨ I A‡šÍ D”PvwiZ
nq ÔM&MuÕ- Gi g‡Zv| h_v: ÁvZ (M¨vu‡Zv), Ávcb (M¨vucb&/-‡cvb); g‡a¨ I A‡šÍ weÁvb
(weM&M¨vub&)|
2. ÔtÕ (wemM©): ms¯‹…‡Z (wemM©-Gi D”PviY wQj A‡bKUv ÔAa©-nÕ-Gi g‡Zv| evsjvq †Kej
we¯§q-m~PK Ae¨‡qi †ÿ‡Î Avgiv cÖvPxbKv‡ji ÔtÕ (wemM©) D”PviY †ik ïb‡Z cvB| †hgb:
Avt(Avn&), evt (evn&), Dt (Dn&) BZ¨vw`| G Qvov AvaywbK evOjv fvlvq ÔtÕ (wemM©)-Gi
D”PviY mvaviYZ nq bv| Z‡e k‡ãi †k‡l wemM© _vK‡j †k‡li ÔAÕ -Gi D”PviY ÔIÕ
KvivšÍ n‡q _v‡K| h_v: we‡klZt (we‡kk‡Zv), e¯‘Zt (†evm&Zz‡Zv), mvaviYZt
(kvavi‡bv‡Zv) BZ¨vw`|
3. ÔgÕ-djv: k‡ãi Av`¨ e¨Äbe‡Y© ÔgÕ- djv mshy³ n‡j cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y ÔgÕ-djvhy³ eY©wU
mvgvb¨ bvwmK¨-cÖfvweZ n‡q I‡V| h_v: ¯§iY (ku‡ivb&), k¥kvb (kukvb&), ¯§„wZ (m„uwZ)
BZ¨vw`| ÔgÕ-djv: c‡`i g‡a¨ ev A‡šÍ ÔgÕ -djv-mshy³ e‡Y©i wØZ¡ D”PviY n‡q _v‡K|
Z‡e GB ÔgÕ †h‡nZz AbybvwmK aŸwb †mR†b¨ wØZ¡ D”PvwiZ †kl aŸwbwU mvaviYZ mvgvb¨
bvwmK¨-cÖfvweZ nq| h_v: QÙ (Q`&‡`vu) , cÙ (c`&‡`vu), AvZ¥ (AvZ&‡Zvu) BZ¨vw`|
4. ÔnÕ-Gi m‡½ ÔFÕ ( „ )-Kvi: ÔnÕ -Gi m‡½ ÔFÕ ( „ )- Kvi ÔiÕ ( ª)-djv wKsev †id ( © )
mshy³ n‡j ÔnÕ bq ÔiÕ-B gnvcÖvY n‡q I‡V| Z‡e GLv‡b ÔnÕ-Gi D”PviY Av‡MB †kvbv
hvq| †hgb: ü`q (hri`q&), AvüZ ( Avhri‡Zv), myü` (ïhri`&) BZ¨w`|
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5. ÔnÕ Gi m‡½ ÔiÕ ( ª )-djv: ÔnÕ -Gi m‡½ ÔiÕ ( ª )-djv hy³ n‡j ÔnÕ bq ÔiÕ-B gnvcÖvY
n‡q I‡V| Z‡e GLv‡b ÔiÕ-Gi D”PviY Av‡MB †kvbv hvq| n«` (rh`&), n«¯^ (rhk&‡kv),
nªvm (rhak&)|
6. ÔnÕ Gi m‡½ ÔhÕ djv: ÔnÕ Gi m‡½ ÔhÕ djv hy³ n‡j ÔnÕ-Gi wbR¯^ †Kvb D”PviY _v‡K
bv, ÔhÕ-Gi wØZ¡ D”PviY nq| cÖ_gwU AícÖvY nmšÍ (R) Ges wØZxqwU gnvcÖvY (S) I-
KvivšÍ D”PvwiZ n‡q _v‡K| h_v: Dn¨ (DR&‡Sv), evn¨ (evR&‡Sv), `vn¨ (`vR&‡Sv) BZ¨vw`|
7. ÔnÕ Gi m‡½ ÔeÕ hy³ n‡j: AvnŸvb, MnŸi&, AvnŸvqK&, wenŸj&, wRnŸv G-ai‡Yi wKQz k‡ã
ÔnÕ Gi m‡½ ÔeÕ hy³ nIqvi n‡j ÔeÕ Gi gnvcÖvY ÔfÕ Av‡m| †hgb: AvIfvb&, MIfi&,
AvIfv‡qvK&, weIfj&, wRDfv BZ¨vw`|
cÖwgZ evsjv D”Pvi‡Yi Av‡iv A‡bK m~Î i‡q‡Q| †Zvgiv hviv cÖwgZ evsjv D”Pvi‡Yi mgMÖ m~Î
Rvb‡Z PvI Zviv evsjv GKv‡Wwg KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ Ôevsjv GKv‡Wwg evsjv D”PviY AwfavbÑb‡ib
wek¦vmÕ MÖš’wU msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡iv| Avgiv †Zvgv‡`i‡K D”PviY wel‡q AvMÖnx K‡i Zzj‡Z KZK¸‡jv
¸iæZ¡c~Y© D”PviY-m~Î Dc¯’vcb K‡iwQ gvÎ| Avgvi PvB †Zvgiv cÖwgZ evsjv D”Pvi‡Y K_v e‡j
mevi Kv‡Q h_vh_fv‡e wb‡Ri g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡iv Ges gvby‡li gb Rq K‡iv|