Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Why So Serious
Why So Serious
Janapadas Areas
Pundravardhan Dinajpur, Bogra
Rajshahi
Varendra
Vanga Dhaka, Tangail
Chittagong, Sylhet
Harikela
Gauda
Chapainawabganj
Aryan people influenced in ancient India came to be felt in the north-western parts and it took
a long time for the Aryan to reach the eastern limits of the subcontinent.
Aryan people started to aryanise form the western side and it took about one thousand years
to aryanise the whole of Bengal.
✓ Aryan people claimed that the people of Bengal were barbarians as they had no
particular culture [Vedic literature]
Contribution
• Brought language(Sanskrit)
• Brought iron
• Divided the society into classes
Invalidity of the Aryan idea
The discoveries at “pandu rajar dibi” in the valley of the Ajay river in the Burdwan district
and in several other sites on the Ajay, Kunar and Kopai have thrown fresh light on Bengal’s
pre history. “pandu rajar dhibi” represents the ruins of trading township, which carried on
trade not only with the interior regions of India, but also with the countries of the
Mediterranean world.
Culture
• Cotton fabric of Vanga( south eastern Bengal)
• Muslin of Bengal
• Terracotta plaques(pandu rajar dhibi)
Capital : Ganga
Impotrant ruler :
• Samudragupta
• Chandragupta 2
Samudragupta
• Most independent states came under Samudragupta’s rule
Chandragupta 2
• Consolidated their possessions in the east
• Wars against the Vangas
Contribution
• Established an administration in the Bengal in which the participation of the local
people was ensured.
• Bengal was an important province and the period of Guptas was considered to be the
golden age of Indian history
• India was under a strong benevolent central government, which brought peace, wealth
and prosperity.
• Bengal enjoyed the benefit of being a part of the All IndianEmpire.
• Trade and commerce was very strong. Found many large number of gupta coins.
• Religiously tolerable.
They were Brahmanism but they patronizedBuddhism and Jainism.
Culture
• Terracotta
• Sculptural art
Capital: Karnasuvarna identified with Rangamati located six mile southwest of Baharampur
in the Murshidabad district of Indian west Bengal.
Nature:racist.
Against : Buddhist.
Evidence: Hsuen Tsang [ Chinese Buddhist pilgrim]
Activity: vandalism and enmity against Buddhists.
Matsyanyayam/Dark age
A situation of complete lawlessness which was arrised from the absence of strong ruling
power capable of enforcing law and order is known as Matsyanyayam. It started after the
death of Sasanka and lasted from 650 to 750 AD.
After death of Sasanka hundred years of lawlessness ended by Gopala known as dark age or
known as Matsyanyayam.
Founder : Gopala
Time: 8th century A.D
Area: Bengal
Runtime: 400 years(18 generation)
Religion: Buddhist. Founded Vikramasila monasteryand Somapura
Mahavihara(largest Buddhist monastery) at Paharpur
Important ruler:
• Dharmapala
• Devapala
• Mahipala1(2nd founder)
• Rampala(last ruler)
Dharmapala
• Pala were powerful enough
• Involved in a tripantitle stuggle with Gujara Pratiharas and Rashtrakutas
• Pala empire extended beyond the boundaries of Bengal and Bihar as far as Kanauj.
Mahipala 1
• Gave second lease of life to the Pala empire
• Brought back northern and western Bengal
Mahipala 2
• Revolt of the Samantas succeed in northern Bangal under the independent rule.
• Successfully regained Pala authority in northern part.
Rampala
• was the last known pala ruler
• restoring Pala authority in northern Bengal and in demonstrating the Vigour in
expansion
Achievement
• gave a stable government
• Established a sound administrative structure
• Religiously tolerable
• Bangle came as a powerful force in noth Indian politics
Contribution
• Art and terracotta. (example : the Buddhist vihara architecture)
• Architectural art(somapura mahavihar, largest monastery in the Indian subcontinent,
Mahavidhara(largest Buddhist monastery) Vikramasila monastery)
• Contribution in poetic work(the Ramacharitam)
Duration
• More than a century
• Five generaion of kings
Religion : Hinduism
Rulers
• Vijayasena(1097-1160)
• Vallalasena(1160-1178)
• Laksmanasena
• Visvarupasena(1160-1178)
• Kesavasena
Vijayasena
• Founder of the Sena empire
• Ousted the Palas and defeated the Varmans
Laksmanasena
• Created five fatnas of the court of Laksmanasena
• Failed to protect southeastern Bengal
Vallalasena
• Attempted to establish Orthodox hindu social order with caste refity.
Career life
• Conquered Bihar after defeating Govindapala
• Invated Bengal
• Issued a gold coin. It depicted a Turkish cavalryman charginf at fyll gallop and
holding a mace
• Captured the city of Naudia
• Established a military outpost at Devkot in the district of Dinajpur. It became the first
capital under the Muslim rule in Bengal
• He ruled in modern Malda, Dinajpur , Murshidahbad and Birdhum district
Career
• conquested Sonargaon, Mymensingh, Sylhet with the support of Ghazis
• conquest Sylhet in 1303 with the support of Hazrat Shah Jalal
• founded the city of Firuzabad-Padua, the later capital of Bengal
• Muslim rule extended beyond the Meghna river
Career
• Took procession of Satgon, made himself master of Gaur
• Issued coins where he described himself “ the just sultan” and “ the second
Alexander, the right hand of the caliphate, the defender of the Commander of the
faithful”
• Brought the whole Bengal under his control by annexing Sonargaon in 1352
• Shifted the capital from Lakhnawati to Pauda( now in West Bengal)
• Defeated a number of Hindu rajas in the neighboring region of Champaran,
Kathmundu
• Showed his military skill by repelling invasion from Delhi and defeating a number of
Hindu rajas
Contribution
• A patron of Bengali language and literature.
• Built the famous Adina mosque in 1375 at Pandua which was considered as the
largest mosque ever built in Indian subcontinent
• Art and science flourished
• Commerce in Bengal’s textiles and foodstuff was encouraged
Careed
• Encountered an expedition by Delhi Sultan Firuz Tughluq who left Bengal on promise
of payment of a nominal tribute
Career
• Got support from Delhi
• Ruled for 15 years
• Controlled by Delhi(1.Khutba in the name of Delhi ruler 2. Issued a coin)
• Sent large amount of money to the holy place in Hijaz
• Exchange envoys with the Chinese empire
• Invited the famous Persian poet Hafiz to come to his court at Pauda
• Buried near Sonargaon in a beautiful small tomb
Interval(RAJA GANESH)
Career
• Converted to Islam seized the throne of Bengal
• Made contribution in contracting a religious institution
• Established relation with the ruler of Egypt
• Got robe of honor and a letter of recognition
• Issued coin from Pauda, Chittagong ,Sonargaon
Career
• Extended the boundary of the kingdom
• Incorporated Cooch Bihar, Kamrup, Orissa
Contribution
• Religiously tolerable
The hindus held high offices and much of the land in the country were in their hand
• Built mosque and magnificent building at Gaur and Pauda. Example : Choto Sona
Masjid
Achievement
• Patron of Bengali literature and commemorating to Bengali calender
• Dedicated a bridge with inscription in Bengali , commemoration according to the
Bengali calendar
• Built a mosque at Bagha in Rajshahi district and the Qadam Rasul mosque
Sher Shah Sur dynasty[afghan adventure]
Careed
• Defeated Sultan Mahmud Shah
• Defeated the troops of Humayun at the battle of Chausa
Contribution
• Constructed the Grand Trunk Rood from Bengal to Peshawar
• Introduced administrative reforms
• Modernized the collection of revenues
• Introduced a postal system by using horses in Bengal for the first time which was
known as “Ghorar Daak”
Karrani dynasty
• Akbar himself marched against Daud Karrani as he declared his independence against
Akhabar
• Akbar left the Bengal campaign to his commander in chief Munim Khan
• Daud Karrani was defeated by the troops of Munim Khan and Raja Todar
Mal[emperor of Akbar’s finance minister]
Fall of bangal
after the death of Mumin Khan, Khan Jahan, commender of Akbar Khan defeated Daud’s
troops at the battle of Rajmahal in 1576 and brought Bengal as one of the provinces of the
Mughal empire.
the bara bhuiyyan(twelve chieftains) started rebellion against Mughul empire. They denied to
pay taxes to Moghul and the moghul and the moghul tried to capture Bengal.
The Bara Bhuyyan were the former governors, zamindars, landlords of the Bengal sultanate.
They were led by Isa Khan. They were:
To neutralize the rebellion, Akbar appointed some of his government. They are :
Ibrahim Khan
• Chieftain not only lost their independence but was actually participated with the
Moghul expedition.
Shirajuddaulah
Battle of Palashi
The battle of Palashi was a decisive victory of the British East India company over the
Nawab of Bengal. The battle consolidated the company’s position in Bengal, which later
expanded to cover much of India over next hundred years
Battle of Buxar:
• After the battle of Palashi Mirzafar became the Nawab of Bengal and had to give
huge money for the expenditure.
• The British found out that Mir Zafar was useless and Mir Quasim was elected as
Nawab.
• Mir Quasim was Mir Zafar’s Son-in-law.
• He wanted to increase vat/tax and the British became angry. Thus battle of Buxar
occurred.
• Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II joined forces with Mir Quasim.
• It was the last battle where Bengal Emperors could show real courage on the battle
field.
• Mir Qasim was defeated and British supremacy was established.
• After the battle of Buxar the local leaders lost.
• Then Robert Clive got in charge to collect the tax from the mass.
• This started the dual system
• Sultan and nawabs employed hindus to heigh position in the administration of the
state. Such as, Murshid Quli Khan the mogul government appointed the high castle
Hindus in important position in the administration of the state
• Sirajuddaulah and Alivardi khan trusted their Hindu generals and high-ranking
officers.
• Sultan Sikandar Shah patronized the famous poet Chandidas(writer of Shrikrishna
Kirtan)
• Many Important Sanskrit works such as Ramayana and Mahabharata were translated
into Bengali by Vijaya Pandit and Kavindra Paramesvara. Patronised the writing of
the Manasa Vijaya by Vipra Das, the Krishna Mangala and the Padma Purana by
Vijaya Gupta
• Sultan Rukn-Ud-Din Barbak shah patronized the writing of Sri Krishna Vijaya by
Maladhara Basu
• The Mughal Emperors demonstrated the liberal aspect of Islam and tolerance to other
religions
Dual system
Dual System was basically imposed in favor of collecting tax. In this system the company
appointed two people to collect the revenue. Those people were selected, one from local
people and another from The British East India Company.
Dewan : Those who were selected from local people, known as Dewan. Their only
concentration was only collecting revenue.
Subedars: Those who were selected from the British East India Company, known as
Subedars. They were designated for controlling administration, judiciary, rules, laws and
regulation.
The great Bangle famine was a famine between 1769 and 1773(1176 to 1180 in Bengali
calendar) that affected the lower genetic plain of India from Bihar to Bengal region. The
famine is estimated to have caused the deaths of up to ten million.
Reason
• Dual system
• Increased the amount of tax(upto five fold)
• Shortfall of crops (1768-69)
• British reserved food
Impact
• Regulating act was introduced (1773)
• One third people died
Permanent settlement
In the permanent settlement act the land become the personal property of the Zaminders.
Regarding this act they could sell, donate and also can use the land for other purposes. That
was the actually main purpose of Permanent settlement act. This was first introduced by Lord
Cornwalli’s in 1790 and codified in 1793.
*Permanent settlement was the most momentous decision of early colonial period and it
was the sysytem of land taxation.Under this law the zamindars were bound to pay taxes
and in this way zamindars become the most needed part in colonial control.
Sub-infeudation or potonidari
Zamindars began to distance themselves from agricultural and tax collecting as their income
grew. They turned themselves into rentiers and shifted their responsibilities to intermediaries.
Bangal’s peasants produced so much wealth that these intermediaries were often able to
follow the zamindar’s example by appointing their own intermediaries. In the way, a
multitiered system of leisured tenure-holders developed, all living off the wealth of the land.
The system is known as sub-infeudation or pottonidari.
Sunset law
Zaminders were bound to pay taxes to the British before the sunset on the last day of Bengali
year. Otherwise they had to lose their lands
Cash crops
Crops
• Opium
• Indigo
• Tea
• Silk
• Jute
Anti-British Movement
Fakir-Sannaysi Movement
Mechanism:
Reason:
• unislamic practices
• foreign domination
• imposing illegal taxes on muslim
Mechanism:
Faraizee Andolon
Started and ended: 1818 and slowly continued after death Dudu Mia
Leader:Hazi Shariatullah
Reason:
Mechanism:
Santal Rebellion
Leader: Birsingh
Reason:
Mechanism:
• The actual rebellion started when Ram singh was captured and summonded to the
kachari
• He was beaten and imprisoned in chain in presence of his followers
• The santal took oath touching xal tree(they took it as symbol of unity and strength)
• They used the technique of gerila fighting
• Defeat the military expedition under major burroughs (which was encouraged them to
become more aggressive)
• Martial art declared by british in 19th July,1855
• 3 troops were sent
• Santal rebellion end
To stop uprising on the part of Santal, large number of moiras and dikus were settled in
the Rajmahal wills with proprietary rights
Leader:
Reason:
Mechanism:
Swadeshi Movement
‘Risen from the partition of Bengal’
‘Most successful act of pre-Gandhian movement’
Mechanism:
In 1905, the British divided the huge province of Bengal into a western part (Bengal) and an
eastern part (eastern Bengal and Assam). This is called the division in 1905
Reasons
The province was spread over a huge area which was too
vast to manage by one government. The government
could not make a tour for the whole province due to its
Administrative reason
vastness. For example, the British government failed to
send relief to the affected people during the great famine
in Orissa in 1866
The people of eastern Bengal had to go to Kolkata for
different purposes. So, the British authority thought that,
if they could divide the province and make Dhaka as the
capital of eastern part, it would help them to develop
Economic their economic condition. For example, the Chittagong
port would export and import cash crops which would
develop business of Eastern Bengal. Desired to promote
the development of backward Assam was another
economic reason
The people of Kolkata used to dominate the people of
eastern Bengal. So the British wanted to remove this
Social discrimination by developing eastern Bengal.In addition,
British wanted to unite the abandon sections of the Uriya
speaking people
The British thought if they could break the united
Political reason(real reason)
Bengal, they could break the unity of Bengali people.
Muslim’s response
It received a favorable response from the Muslims. It was thought that it would bring the
emancipation of Muslims socially and economically. The Muslims welcomed the partition of
Bengal for the following reasons:
• In the majority province of east Bengal the Muslims would be free from Hindu
dominance in economic field. They would get opportunities of services and
advancement agriculture
• The city of Dhaka where the Muslim were in majority was the centre of Muslim
culture. In Dhaka Muslim had a great chance of success for social and cultural
advantage than in Calcutta.
• The partition could result in political uplift and securing represent action in the
government.
• The partition of Bengal relieved the Muslims from competing with Hindus , who were
more advanced in every field of life
Hindu’s response
The Hindu did not accept it, as it death a telling blow to their monopolies and exclusive hold
on economic, social, political life of the whole of Bengal. They called it as a deliberate
attempt by British government.
• The partition of Bengal had brightened possibility of betterment of Muslim; while the
Hindu landlords, capitalistic and traders wanted status quo and to continue the
exploitation of the Muslims
• Hindu lawyers also reacted to this partition of Bengal because they thought that the
new province would have its separate courts and thus their practice would be affected
• Hindu press was not different from that of Hindu advocates. Hindu had their
monopoly over almost whole of the province press. They were afraid that new
newspaper would be established which would decrease their income
• The Hindu launched Swadeshi movement whose intention was to boycott of British
goods.
Swadeshi movement
It entitled a boycott of British goods, education and administration and advocated self
help in the form of establishing India-own industries, reviving handloom and craft
production, setting up national schools and developing village improvement scheme.
Political assassination
• Hindus opposed it
• Royal classes like Jaminders, Lawyers, Businessmen and also the news agencies went
against it
• Majority of the elite Hindus wanted the annulment and it was safe to Britain to be in
their favor
• World War II
• Disruption of food supply from Burma
• Destruction of 60,000 boats by the British army
• Selling reserved food at high price rate by the British
KPP party
AK Fazlul Haque found that Congress and Muslim League dominated by elite Hindus and
Muslims. Common people were depriving of their opportunity of politics. So, he formed
Krishok –Proja Party for the common lower class people which quickly became popular. His
tagline was Daal-Bhat for all‟ which was very catchy.
Lahore Resolution / Two Nation Theory
In 1940 Mohammed Ali Jinnah called a general session of all India Muslim League in Lahore
to discuss the situation that had arisen due to the outbreak of second World war and the
government of India joining the war without taking the opinion of Indian leaders and also to
analyze the reason behind the defeat of Muslim league in general election of 1937 in the
Muslim Majority province. A.K. Fazlul Haque arrived Lahore on 22nd march and he formally
discussed the Lahore Resolution that run as follows;-
There will be two nation based on religion one for Muslim and other for Hindu. The areas
where the Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the Northwestern and Eastern zones
of India should be grouped to constitute ‘Independent States’ in which the constituent
units shall be autonomous and sovereign.
This Lahore Resolution was espoused by Mohammed Ali Jinnah. This is known as two
Nation Theory
❖ Lord Mountbatten was the last governor general of British
❖ Sir Cyril Radcliffe draw the maps of this two countries(India and Pakistan)
Language movement
1954 election
Candidates :
• Muslim league
• Jukta Front
Jukta Front
in a pre electoral strategy to draw maximum support from the people and find strength in
unity , the opponents of the Muslim League formed a powerful alliance which effected far
reacting political changes. The ensuring Jukta Front or United front.
Leaders
• Suhrawardy
• Bhasani
• Fazlul Huq
• Sheikh Mujib
•
Ingredients of the Jukta Front : 21-point programme
21 point programme
It was the unyielding manifestation of the Bengali plank for politics, were the unyielding
manifestation of the Bengali plank for political autonomy under a federal structure and the
rejection of west Pakistani domination.
Result of the election: Jukta Front won. Muslim League returned only ten seats.
Conspiracy
The United front ministry got entangled with Karachi on the issue of constitution and
autonomy of east Bengal. Within six weeks of his assumption of office Fazlul Haq was
abruptly removed from his office on charges of treason and conspiracy to bring about the
secession of East Bengal from the state of Pakistan. The ministry was also accused of failure
to maintain law and order. This arbitrary interference of the centre in replacing the elected
government by governor’s ruler under a total bureaucratic control was intended by the power
elite to disintegrate the united front, faction and interests in the front were awkwardly
counterpoised against each other with promises of power and other vantages.
1956 constitution
The basic definition of BDO is to elect president and there will be 40000 people from the
East Pakistan and 40000 people from West Pakistan will be elected by the local people and
this 80000 people will elect the president of Pakistan.
Expectation
• The system would mobilize the masses of the people
And give them a sense of active participation in local affair
• The system would localize politics and diminish interest in national politics leading to
political fragmentation and gradual elimination in national leadership.
• The system was designed to exclude party politics and bypass its urban base
The six point demands were introduced by Sheikh Mujhibur Rahman in 1966 in order to save
the Bangali from the absorption and governance of East Pakistan. The aim of Sheikh
Mujhibur Rahman was to save the East Pakistan from the discrimination of West Pakistan.
Sheikh Mujhibur Rahman rose his voice for the six point demand after the Indo-Pakistan war
as the West Pakistan didn’t aware about the security and sovereignty of East Pakistan. In
1966, the leader of the opposition party arranged a conference and the top leader of Awami
League came to Lahor along with Sheikh Mujhibur Rahman. At that conference, SMR told
about the six point
The Agartala conspiracy case was instituted in January 1968 and total 28 persons were
arrested in this conspiracy case which included 6 Bengali civil servants and military
personnel. Sheikh Mujib was already in prison and he was
Charged with master minding conspiracy. In the trail of the case government side they
brought the charge of high treason for involvement in secessionist conspiracy with India but
at the end the tribunal couldn‟t establish their claim.
Then in 1969, 22 January Sheikh Mujib and other opposition leaders got released from the
case due to the mass upsurge.
[tui to fail korbi]
on march 30, 1970 Yahya unilaterally promulgated a legal framework order outlining the
transitional arrangements for the election rules of procedures for the national assembly and
certain provisions to be incorporated in the constitution.
Features
• Envisioned a federation of constituent provinces and territories and ensured that the
unity of the federation is not any way impaired.
• Adhered to the fundamental principles of democracy by providing direct and free
periodical election to the federal and provincial legislatures on the basic of population
and adult franchise.
• Within a specified period economic and all other disparities between the provinces
and between different areas in a province were to be removed by the adoption of
statutory (legal) and other measures.
• The order left no scope for secularization of the state. It read Pakistan shall be an
Islamic republic
Arrest of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Government –in-exile
Date : 17 April
Aim : Sound management of liberation war
Place : Mujibnagar(Baddayanattala)
❖ According to the term of the declaration, the vice president was empowered to act
as president of Bangladesh in the absence of Sheikh Mujib.
❖ Tajuddin Ahmed formed a cabinet after promote to president with the senior most
officer of AL. they were
I. Khandokar Mustaq Ahmed
II. Mansur Ali
III. A.H.M Kamruzzaman
The government was kept small so that there could not create fissures(crack) within
The AL.
Teliapara Document:
❖ The Indian government’s decision to help the Bangladesh liberation struggle was
conditional on its being led by the Awami League, whose general ideological
position was similar to that of Indian’s ruling congress party.
Commanders of the army :
In order to administrate the new army, a regular Armed Forces Headquarters, with ten
officers under Ceommander-in-Chief Colonel Usmani, was established.
commander position
Leiutenant-Colonel M.A Rab Chief of Staff
Group Captain A.K Khandokar Deputy Chief of Staff
Sector and the leader’s name
Sector
Area Comander
name
1st: Major Ziaur Rahman
One Chittagong to Feni river
2nd: Major M. Rafiq
1st: Major Khaled Musharraf
Noakhali, Comilla(Akhaura to voirob rail
Two 2nd: Major M. Haider
station), Faridpur and Dhaka
1st: Major Shafiullah
Sylhet division(Mohokuma, Kishorgonj,
Three 2nd: Major Mohammad
Akhaura-Voirob
Nuruzzaman*
Four Major Chittaranjan Dutta
Five Major Mir Shakawat Ali
Six Wing Commander M.K. Bashar
Seven Major Nuruzzaman*
1st: Major Osman Chowdhury
Eight 2nd: Lieutenant-Colonel
Mohammad Manzur
Nine Major M.A. Jalil
Ten Major Joinal Abedin
Eleven Major Abu Taher
Name Led by
Z force Major Ziaur Rahman
K force Khaled Musharraf
S force M. Shafiullah
• The brigade was built for the purpose of launching frontal attack of the Pakistan
strongholds
• Formed by the EBR battalion.
MujibBahini:
KaderBahini:
Rajakars force
total man power 10000
recruited from Cadets of Jamaat-y-Islami
Suggested by The peace committee
Reason why the Soviet Union had a bad relation with Pakistan and supported
Bangladesh
• Continued friendship with China
• Cold response to Brezhnev’s plan for Ashian collective security and it’s rejection OF
Kosygin’s scheme for a regional economic grouping.
❖ The soviet Union was the first among the major power to urge the Pakistani
government to stop bloodshed and repression against the population of east
Pakistan
supports oppose
• The soviet union extended substantian • President Nixon brought several
logistic support to the India during the diplomatic and psychological pressure
war. on india during the war to save
• A number of soviet technichians were Pakistan from disintegration.
also sent to India to repair • U.S.A supported by China proposed
sophisticated weapons purched by an immediate casefire.
Indian from the Soviet Union • The Nixon government on December
• Soviet Russia came to India’s rescue 10 ordered a few ships of the U.S
and voted the proposal of immediate seventh fleet including the nuclear-
ceasefire. powered aircraft career USS
• The Soviet Union then deployed Enterprise.
some 35 ships and submarines
INDIA PAKISTAN
Lt. General Jagjit Singh Aurora Genaral Niazi
On December 16, 1971 General Niazi surrendered on behalf of Pakistan forces in
Bangladesh with 93000 soldiers . it was occurred in Ramna Race Course in Dacca, the very
place where Sheikh Mujib had declared on march 7, 1971.
Viva exam questions suggestion
1. What is SDG ?
Ans : Sustainable development Goal
12. During 1947 partition of india and Pakistan, who daraw the map of this two
countries ?
Ans : Sir Cyril Radcliffe
13. After the battle of palashi, who which battle took place ?
Ans : Battle of Buxar
14. Who was defeated in battle of Buxar ?
Ans : Mir Qasim
15. Who was the last ruler of pala dynesty ?
Ans : Rampala
20. What are the challenges of bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman after the
independent of bangladesh ?
Ans :
• Reforming broken Economy
• Forming legitimate government
• Framing constitution
• Disarming civilian freedom fighter
• Rehabilitation of 10 million refugees
• Reconstruction of infrastructure
• Achieving recognition
• Sending back of Indian troops
• Tackling opposition of JSD & other extremists
• Managing private industries
The Bengal school of sculpture art reached its high water mark in
Sculpture the Sena period and in this phase its regional character marked by
individualistic traits became manifest.
26. The brutish built a organization in order to give some right to the Hindues . what
is the name of that organization ?
ans : The Indian National Congress
31. What is the name of Raja Ganesh’s son’s name after converting to Islam ?
Ans : Jalal Ud Din Muhammad Shah