Ex.

1: Find the solution of a n=6 a n−1 −9 an−2 , a 0=1 , a 1=4 a n−6 a n−1 +9 a n−2=0

Ans. a n=3n +n 3n−1

Ex. 2: Find the solution of the Fibonacci sequence a n=an −1 +a n−2 , a 0=1 , a 1=1

n n
Ans. a n=
1
√5 [( ) ( ) ]
1+ √ 5
2
+
1−√5
2

Ex. 3: a n+ 4 a n−2=0 given a 0=1 , a 1=1

Ans. a n=2
n−1
sin ( nπ2 )
Ex. 4 a n+2−3 a n+1 +2 an=0 ,

n n
Ans. a n= A1 ( 1 ) + A 2 ( 2 )
( D2−4 ) y =0 Primary Differential equation

(D - 2) (D + 2)y = 0

(D + 2)y = z and (D – 2)z = 0

(D^3 – 8)y = 0

y ' + P(x) y=Q(x )

Let y=emx Assumed solution

m 2−4=0 Auxiliary equation (Secondary eq.)

m1=2 , m2=−2

Four Cases:

(i) Roots are real and distinct 2, -2

y=C 1∗e m x +C 2∗e m x
1 2

(ii) Roots are real and equal 2, 2 ( D2−4 D+ 4 ) y=0 , Two roots m 1 , m 1

y=C 1∗e m x +C 2∗x e m

1 1 x

(iii) Roots are complex and distinct 2 + 3i, 2 – 3i , α ± iβ where α , β ∈ R

αx αx
y=eαx (C 1∗cosβx +C 2∗sinβx) , y 1=e cosβx , y 2=e sinβx

(iv) Roots are complex and equal 2 + 3i, 2 – 3i, 2 + 3i, 2 – 3i

y=eαx ((C 1+C 2 x)∗cosβx +(C 3+ C 4 x )∗sinβx)

Let y 1 and y 2 be two independent solutions

y=C 1∗y 1 +C 2∗y 2 – Linear combination - Superposition Principle

y 1=2 x and y 2=4 x are not independent = dependent

y 1=x 2 and y 2=4 x are independent

Let a n=t n be the assumed solution of the given RR

t n−c 1 t n−1−c2 t n−2=0

t n−2 (t 2−c 1 t ❑−c 2)=0 ,

(t 2−c 1 t−c 2)=0 (Auxiliary eq., secondary eq., characteristic eq.)

Four Cases:

(i) Roots are real / complex and distinct t 1=¿2, t 2=¿-2

y=C 1∗t 1n+C 2∗t 2n = C 1∗2n+ C 2∗(−2)n (Superposition Principle)

(ii) Roots are real / distinct and equal 2, 2, 2 ( D2−4 D+ 4 ) y=0 , Two roots t 1 , t 1

y=¿= C 1∗2n+ C 2∗n2n +C 3∗n 2 2n

y=C 1∗t 1n+C 2∗n t 1n= C 1∗2n+ C 2∗n2n

(iii) Roots are complex and distinct 2 + 3i, 2 – 3i α ± iβ where α , β ∈ R

y=C 1∗t 1n+C 2∗t 2n (Same case as that of (i))

n n
y=C 1∗( α +iβ ) +C 2∗( α −iβ )

y=C 1∗e (α +iβ ) x +C 2∗e (α −iβ ) x =eαx (C 1∗e (iβ ) x +C 2∗e (−iβ ) x )

y=eαx (C 1∗cosβx +C 2∗sinβx)

(iv) Roots are complex and equal 2 + 3i, 2 – 3i, 2 + 3i, 2 – 3i (Case (ii))

y=eαx ((C 1+C 2 x)∗cosβx +(C 3+ C 4 x )∗sinβx)