PLEASE ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. WHAT ARE THE FUCTIONS OF WATER?

Water is your body's principal chemical component and makes up about 50% to 70% of your body
weight. Your body depends on water to survive.

CELL HEALTH

 Water acts as a transport medium to carry nu trients and oxygen around the body. Cells depend
upon such nutrients, and water acts as a delivery source

NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTION

 Water is involved in the biochemical process of breaking down food and extracting the nutrients.
It dissolves these soluble nutrients and transports them around the body

WASTE ELIMINATION

 Water is an essential factor in metabolic reco tions within the body, It also acts as a lubricant for
eyes and around joints

TEMPERATURE REGULATION

 Water helps regulate our internal body temperature.

 It cools the body by evaporating water to the sur face of the skin and initiating the process of
sweating

LUBRICATION

 Water aids in the lubricating and cushioning of our joints. It protects organs and body tissue by
acting as a shock absor ber, particularly for the eyes, brain, and spinal cord

2. HOW MUCH IS THE WATER INTAKE OF AN INDIVIDUAL DAILY.

 Every day you lose water through your breath, perspiration, urine and bowel movements. For
your body to function properly, you must replenish its water supply by consuming beverages and
foods that contain water.
  So how much fluid does the average, healthy adult living in a temperate climate need?
 In U.S this is the recomended fluid intake
 About 15.5 cups (3.7 liters) of fluids a day for men
 About 11.5 cups (2.7 liters) of fluids a day for women

LIQUID INTAKE MAY VARY DEPENDING ON THE ACTIVITIES A PERSON NEED AND
THE SPECIFIC NEEDS OF THEIR BODIES

 These recommendations cover fluids

from water, other beverages and food.
About 20% of daily fluid intake usually
comes from food and the rest from
drinks.

3. HOW MUCH IS THE WATER OUTPUT

OF AN INDIVIDUAL DAILY.

 Most of the water lost from the body is in the form of urine produced by the kidneys; this
averages 1500 mL per day. About 500 mL per day is lost in the form of sweat, another 300 mL
per day is in the form of water vapor in exhaled air, and another 200 mL per day is lost in feces.
The total output of water is thus about 2500 mL per day.

4. WHAT ARE THE ABNORMALITIES OF WATER IMBALANCE.

• Fluid deficiency

 volume depletion (hypovolemia)

 total body water, osmolarity normal
 hemorrhage, severe burns, chronic vomiting or
diarrhea
 dehydration
 total body water, osmolarity rises
 lack of drinking water, diabetes, profuse
sweating, diuretics
 infants more vulnerable
o high metabolic rate demands high urine
excretion, kidneys cannot concentrate urine
effectively, greater ratio of body surface to
mass
 affects all fluid compartments
 most serious effects
  circulatory shock, neurological dysfunction, infant mortality

5. DESCRIBE THE MANIFESTATINS OF DIFFERENT ABNORMALITIES.

Hypovolemia

 When considering Hypovolemia (bleeding), one should also consider what symptoms to
recognize before the situation gets worse. The following are some symptoms:
 Fatigue
 Nausea
 Profuse sweating
 Headache
 Dizziness
 Other severe symptoms to look out for in Hypovolemia (bleeding) are clammy skin, paleness,
confusion, blue lips and fingernails, a slow weak pulse and loss of consciousness.
 When a patient is experiencing Hypovolemia, blood will be expelled from the visible wound, but
if it is internal, the patient may experience abdominal pain and or swelling, chest pain, vomiting
blood or defecating bloody stool.

Dehydration

 Dry mucus membrane Biochemical changes

 Dry skin
 Raised serum urea
 Reduced skin turgor
 Raised creatinine
 Reduced axillary sweating
 Reduced estimated glomerular filtration
 Orthostatic hypotension
rate (eGFR)
 Tachycardia and hypotension (indicates
 Increased urea:creatinine ratio
shock)
 Hyponatremia (loss of water greater
 Cognitive impairment
than salt loss)
 Reduced urinary output (<0.5ml/kg/h is
 Raised serum or urine osmolality
suggestive of acute kidney injury)
 Raised urine specific gravity
 Concentrated urine and high osmolality

Most serious effects

 Increased BP  Bounding pulse

 Weight gain  Venous distention
 Pulmonary edema  Decreased cerebral flow
 Dyspnea  Numbness tinnitus,
 Orthopnea (diff. breathing when supine)  Loss of consciousness
 crackles  Tachycardia
 Light headedness due to  Ventricular and arterial dysrhythmias
vasoconstriction