COVID19 Pandemic: Problems and Reflection

in Indonesia
Lecturer: Nina Fatriana,S.Pd.,M.Pd
 By

GISCA SYANITIA EKA PUTRI

gsyanitia@gmail.com
ENGLISH LITERATURE 18’
TEKNOKRAT UNIVERSITY
COVID19 Pandemic: Problems and Reflection in Indonesia

By

Gisca Syanitia Eka Putri

Gsyanitia@gmail.com

UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT INDONESIA

Jl. Z.A. PagarAlam 9-11 Kedaton, Bandar Lampung
 ABSTRACT

Infectious diseases can spread through direct media, air, water, objects
and disease vectors. One of the infectious diseases that is being discussed
in the world is COVID-19.
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is a new type of virus that has never
been previously identified in humans.
Corona viruses are zoonotic (transmitted between animals and humans).

Research states that SARS is transmitted from civet cats to humans and
MERS from camels to humans. Several coronaviruses are known to
circulate in animals but have not been shown to infect humans.

Clinical manifestations usually appear within 2 days to 14 days after

exposure.
Common signs and symptoms of coronavirus infection include acute
respiratory symptoms such as fever, cough and shortness of breath. In
severe cases it can cause pneumonia, acute respiratory syndrome, kidney
failure, and even death.

On December 31, 2019, the WHO China Country Office reported a case of
pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China.

On January 7, 2020, China identified pneumonia of unknown etiology as a

new type of coronavirus (coronavirus disease, COVID-19).

On March 11, 2020, WHO has declared the corona virus a global
pandemic.

The increase in the number of COVID-19 cases is progressing fast enough

and there has been a spread outside the Wuhan area and other countries.

As of May 4, 2020, globally 3,595,662 confirmed cases were reported in

215 countries with the death of 247,652 people

Keywords : covid19, social distancing, corona virus, staying at home,

pandemic, contagious.
 BACKGROUND

Every human being has experienced pain. Diseases suffered by every

creature are different from one another.
Pain is a condition where the body is not in a normal condition which is
caused by several factors from inside and outside the body.
Based on its characteristics, diseases can be classified into 2, namely
infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases.
Infectious diseases get more attention from the government than non-
communicable diseases.
Infectious diseases are diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites
that can be transmitted through certain media.
Infectious diseases are often called infectious diseases because they are
suffered through viral, bacterial or parasitic infections that are transmitted
through various media such as air, syringes, blood transfusions, places to
eat or drink, and so on (Vatimatunnimah, 2013).

Infectious diseases are the result of a combination of various influencing

factors.
Infectious diseases and health problems in humans are inseparable from
the role of environmental factors.
The interactive relationship between humans and their behavior with
environmental components that have potential disease hazards, is also
known as the disease process.
While the process of disease occurrence with each other each has its own
characteristics.
In this case environmental factors play a very important role.
Human interactions with the environment have led to contact between
germs, viruses, and bacteria with humans.

It often happens that microorganisms that live in the host's body then move
to humans because humans are unable to maintain a clean environment.
This is reflected in the high incidence of environmentally based infectious
diseases, which is still the biggest health problem for the Indonesian
people. One of the infectious diseases caused by viruses and which can be
transmitted to humans is the Corona Virus.
 DISCUSSION

Infectious Diseases
Definition of infectious disease

Infectious diseases are diseases that can pass from one person to another.
Disease can be transmitted either through direct contact with sufferers,
through intermediate animals, air, food and drink, or objects that have been
contaminated by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or fungi.

The problem with the dominance of infectious diseases in the composition

of perennial diseases in Indonesia is certainly not encouraging. The
development of infectious diseases in Indonesia is a result of the low level
of public education, coupled with the condition of the environment that is
not well maintained which causes the emergence of various disease
outbreaks. To prevent and overcome the disease outbreak, the government
equips every health worker with the knowledge and skills to prevent and
handle the problem of the infectious disease outbreak.

Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases

a. Personal Contact

1) Direct Contact

Disease can be transmitted to other people because of direct contact

between the limbs of the infected person. For example, transmission of
venereal diseases and skin diseases.

2) Indirect Contact

Disease can be transmitted to other people through objects that have

been contaminated (tainted) by the sufferer, for example through towels,
clothes and handkerchiefs.
3) Food Borne Infection

Disease can be transmitted through the delivery of contaminated food

and drink. Diseases that are transmitted in this way are mainly diseases
related to the digestive tract, such as cholera, typhus, poliomyelitis,
hepatitis, and diseases caused by worms. In poor countries, many people
still use water that does not meet health requirements for household
purposes so that these diseases are often transmitted through water.
Therefore, the disease was named water borne diseases.

4) Insect Borne Infection

Diseases that can be transmitted by insect intermediaries include the

following.
1. Malaria, which is caused by Plasmodium and transmitted by the
Anopheles mosquito.
2. Dengue fever, which is caused by one of the viruses of the flavivirus
genus and is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito.
3. Yellow fever, caused by arbovirus and transmitted by the Aedes aegypti
mosquito.
4. Filariasis or elephantiasis, which is caused by Filaria bancrofti or Filaria
malayi worms, is transmitted by the Culex fatigans mosquito.
5. Diseases of the digestive tract can be transmitted by flies that are
transferred from the patient's feces to food or cutlery.

5) Air Borne Infection

Diseases transmitted in this way are mainly respiratory diseases,

including the following.
1. Through the air that contains germs, for example TB disease
transmission.
2. Through saliva when coughing or talking, for example, transmission of
diphtheria and pertussis.

Types of Infectious Diseases from Unhealthy Environment

One of the important needs for environmental health is the issue of

clean water, solid waste and sanitation, as well as the disposal of waste
water that is directly channeled into channels / rivers. This causes the
channel / river to become clogged. During the rainy season there is always
flooding and causing disease.
Some of the diseases caused by poor sanitation and improper disposal of
waste and waste water include:

a. Typhus

1. Cause: Salmonella typhi bacteria.

2. Incubation period: 10-14 days.
3. Mode of transmission: through food and drinks containing
Salmonella twhi.

b. Cholera disease

1. Cause: Vibrio Cholerae for cholera asiatica and Vibrio Cholerae

Eltor for cholera eltor.
2. Incubation period: several hours to 5 days.
3. Mode of transmission: through food and drink contaminated
(contaminated) by the germs of cholera.

c. Tuberculosis

1. Cause: Mycobacterium Tuberculosa bacteria.

2. Incubation period: between 4-6 weeks.
3. Mode of transmission:
a) through breathing, the bacteria enter the lungs with the air,
b) through cow's milk that is drunk without pasteurization first.

d. Hepatitis

1. Cause: the cause of hepatitis is a virus.

2. Incubation period: 2-6 weeks
3. Mode of transmission:
a) Hepatitis C and Delta transmission through blood transfusions.
b) Hepatitis E is transmitted by mouth.
Theory of Covid 19

Coronaviruses (Covid-19)

Map of confirmed cases per capita until 7 May 2020

Initial Process of the Emergence of COVID-19

China is listed as the country that first reported cases of Covid-19 in

the world. For the first time, China reported the presence of this new
disease on December 31, 2019. At the end of 2019, the office of the World
Health Organization (WHO) in China received notification of a type of
pneumonia whose cause was unknown. The acute respiratory infection that
attacks the lungs was detected in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province,
China. According to the authorities, some of the patients were traders
operating at the Huanan Fish Market.

Over time, the search said, Covid-19 cases had appeared before. Referring
to the 37th WHO report on the Covid-19 situation, 26 February 2020, the
first confirmed case of Covid-19 in China was on 8 December. However,
this information also depends on the initiatives of countries that provide
disease information to the global health agency.

A report published on the pages of the medical journal The Lancet by

Chinese doctors from the Jin Yin-tan Hospital in Wuhan, who treated it
some of the earliest patients, cited the date of first known infection as
December 1, 2019.

Information on the origin of the emergence of Covid-19 is still running

backwards.
On December 16, doctors at the Wuhan Central Hospital sent samples
from another patient with persistent fever for laboratory testing. These
results suggest the virus resembles severe acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS).

On December 30, 2019, Ai Fen, a doctor who is also the head of the
hospital's emergency room department, uploaded an image of the
laboratory report on Chinese social media. The image was reposted and
circulated by another doctor, Li Wenliang.
According to Chinese Government data seen by the South China Morning
Post, a 55-year-old resident of Hubei Province was likely to be the first
person to catch Covid-19 on November 17, 2019. From that date onwards,
one to five new cases were reported every day.
The number of residents in China who have contracted Covid-19 shows an
exponential trend. As of 15 December 2019, the total number of infections
reached 27.

The increase in daily Covid-19 cases reaching double digits for the first
time was reported in China on December 17, 2020.
In the following three days, the total number of confirmed cases of the
Chinese population of Covid-19 had reached 60.

The Spread of COVID-19 in the World

The first Covid-19 cases outside China were reported in Thailand on

January 13, 2020. Still in the Asian Continent, on January 29, 2020 Covid-
19 reached the Middle East for the first time when the number of Covid-19
cases increased and spread to more countries. At that time the United Arab
Emirates reported imported cases in a family of four.
Four days before Covid-19 reached the Middle East region, two continents
also reported the entry of the same virus. France became the first country
on the European Continent to confirm three cases of Covid-19 on January
25, 2020.
On the same date, the first case of Covid-19 also penetrated the Australian
continent. The Covid-19 case was confirmed by Victoria Health Authorities
on January 25. The Commonwealth Department of Health is closely
associated with the Victorian health authorities and has notified WHO. The
patient, a man from Wuhan, flew to Melbourne from Guandong on January
19.
During its development, Covid-19 spread to the African Continent. On
February 14, 2020, the ministry of health and WHO announced that the first
confirmed cases of the coronavirus for foreigners were in Egypt, a country
located on the continents of Asia and Africa. In a joint statement by WHO,
Egyptian Health Ministry spokesman Khaled Mogahed said that the case
tested positive for Covid-19 after he underwent laboratory tests.
Only 11 days later, February 25, 2020, the Algerian Ministry of Health,
Population and Hospital Reform reported the first case of Covid-19 in the
African continent country. Health authorities reported that tests showed an
Italian adult, who arrived in Algeria on February 17, 2020, had tested
positive for Covid-19.

Death and Healing

The first victim due to Covid-19 occurred January 11, 2020. China
recorded the first death of residents due to Covid-19. However, about three
weeks later China also noted that there were people who were able to
survive the first time against the Corona virus.

The 23-year-old man, known by his surname Huang, works at the Hankou
Railway Station. This transportation hub is located about 1 kilometer (0.6
miles) west of the Huanan Fish Market, a place considered to be the
beginning of the emergence of Covid-19.
Less than a month later, February 2, 2020 to be precise, deaths from
Covid-19 outside China were reported for the first time in the Philippines.
The patient is a 44-year-old Chinese man and known friend of a 38-year-
old woman who tested positive for Covid-19 on January 30 and is the first
case in the Philippines.
On April 1, 2020, a six week old baby in the State of Connecticut, USA,
died of Covid-19. The death of the baby marks the youngest case of death
from the population, which is very rare in the Covid-19 pandemic.
March 28, Spain and Italy hit a record for the first time in a single day as a
result of Covid-19. Spain recorded 832 people and Italy recorded 889
people who died. In its development, the US recorded the largest
population death rate in the world in a day due to the same virus, reaching
2,000 people on April 10, 2020.
The course of the Covid-19 outbreak also shows the ability of the elderly to
survive the Corona virus. On April 8, 2020, it was reported that a 107-year-
old Dutch woman was by far the oldest human in the world who was
declared cured after contracting Covid-19.

Restrictions and Treatment

The first restrictions occurred in China, the country of origin for the
emergence of Covid-19.
January 23, 2020, a lockdown or quarantine was imposed in the city of
Wuhan. The rest of Hubei Province followed suit in the days that followed.
Since the implementation of the policy in the city of Wuhan, the term
lockdown or quarantine is widely known throughout the world. A number of
countries are also listed as conducting quarantine. On February 2, the
Philippines imposed a travel ban for tourists arriving from China, Hong
Kong and Macau, and a 14-day quarantine period for residents of the
Philippines.

In an effort to deal with the outbreak, the authorities in a number of

countries have then implemented various restrictive policies. However, the
restriction policy that led to major riots was first reported in India, March 28,
2020.
On March 27, 2020, WHO announced that the first patients would soon be
enrolled in Norway and Spain in a trial called the solidarity trial. This trial
compares the effectiveness of four different drugs or drug combinations
against Covid-19.
On March 19, China announced for the first time that there were no more
deaths from Covid-19 since this case began to be routinely reported from
China in January. Approaching a month later, to be precise April 10, 2020,
Vietnam announced there were no new cases of Covid-19 in the country
adjacent to China.
This news is very impressive considering that there have been no fatalities
and only 268 Covid-19 cases recorded until April 17, 2020 in Vietnam.
Vietnam's success in handling the Covid-19 outbreak is inseparable from
the government's insistence on implementing a national quarantine.

The spread of Covid-19 in Indonesia

President Joko Widodo officially announced the first case of Covid-19

in Indonesia at the State Palace on March 2, 2020. The two Indonesian
citizens who were positive for Covid-19 made contact with Japanese
citizens who came to Indonesia.
On March 11, 2020, for the first time an Indonesian citizen died from Covid-
19. The victim who died in Solo was a 59-year-old man, who previously
attended a seminar in the city of Bogor, West Java, 25-28 February 2020.
In the same week, patients 01 and 03 were declared cured. The two
patients who were officially declared cured and allowed to leave the
hospital on March 13, 2020, were the first time a person with Covid-19 was
cured in Indonesia. Patient 02 who is an elderly person, who is 64 years
old, also managed to overcome Covid-19.

Two months after the entry of Covid-19 into Indonesia, for the first time it
was recorded that the cure rate for people with Covid-19 was greater than
the number of people who died from the virus. On May 7, 2020, data from
the Task Force for the Acceleration of Covid-19 Management showed 2317
patients recovered, while the number of patients died was 895.
However, data on the recovery of Covid-19 patients that exceeds the
number of patients who die is not a sign that this virus outbreak will soon
be resolved in Indonesia. So far, the number of Covid-19 cases in
Indonesia continues to increase. Two months after being declared official,
the number of cases of Covid-19 in Indonesia was recorded as of May 7,
2020, reaching 12,438 cases.

Definition of Corona Virus

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause disease in

animals or humans. In humans, several coronaviruses are known to cause
respiratory infections ranging from the common cold to more severe
illnesses such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The most recently discovered corona
virus causes the coronavirus disease COVID-19.

Definition of COVID-19
 COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by the most recently
discovered coronavirus. This new virus and disease were unknown before
the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. COVID-19 is now
a pandemic affecting many countries globally.

Symptoms of COVID-19

The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, dry cough and
fatigue. Other symptoms that are less common and can affect some
patients include aches and pains, nasal congestion, headache,
conjunctivitis, sore throat, diarrhea, loss of taste or smell, or rash on the
skin or discoloration of fingers or toes. These symptoms are usually mild
and start gradually. Some people become infected but have only very mild
symptoms.
Most people (about 80%) recover from illness without needing hospital
treatment.
Persons of any age who develop fever and / or cough associated with
difficulty breathing / shortness of breath, chest pain / pressure, loss of
speech or movement should seek medical attention immediately. If
possible, it is advisable to call the health care provider or facility in
advance, so that patients can be directed to the right clinic.

How Does COVID-19 Spread

People can catch COVID-19 from other people who are infected with
the virus. The disease is spread from person to person through tiny
droplets from the nose or mouth that are expelled when a person with
COVID-19 coughs, sneezes or talks. People can catch COVID-19 if they
breathe in these droplets from someone who is infected with the virus. This
is why it is important to keep a distance of at least 1 meter from other
people. These droplets can land on objects and surfaces around people
such as tables, door handles, and handrails. People can become infected
by touching these objects or surfaces, then touching their eyes, nose or
mouth. This is why it is important to wash your hands regularly with soap
and water or clean them with alcohol.
 COVID-19 DATA

Global COVID-19 Cases (6 May 2020)

Cases Recover Died

3,755,341 1,245,415 263,831

Indonesia COVID-19 Cases (6 May 2020)

Cases Recover Died

12,438 2,317 895

COVID-19 case fatality rate by age

The fatality rate of COVID-19 cases with pre-existing disease

conditions
Covid-19 prevention

You can reduce your chances of getting infected or spreading COVID-19

by taking a few simple precautions:

1. Regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with an alcohol-based hand

rub or wash them with soap and water. Why? Washing your hands with
soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rub kills any viruses that may
be on your hands.

2. Maintain a distance of at least 1 meter between yourself and others.

Why? When someone coughs, sneezes, or talks, they spray small liquid
droplets from their nose or mouth which may contain the virus. If you are
too close, you can inhale droplets, including the COVID-19 virus if the
person has the disease.

3. Avoid going to crowded places. Why? Where people gather together in a

crowd, you are more likely to have close contact with someone who has
COIVD-19 and has a harder time maintaining a physical distance of 1
meter.

4. Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth. Why? Hands touch many
surfaces and can pick up viruses. Once contaminated, hands can transfer
the virus to your eyes, nose or mouth. From there, the virus can enter your
body and infect you.

5. Make sure you, and the people around you, follow good respiratory
hygiene. This means covering your mouth and nose with flexed elbows or
tissue when you cough or sneeze. Then immediately throw away the used
tissue and wash your hands. Why? The droplets spread the virus. By
following good respiratory hygiene, you protect the people around you from
viruses such as cold, flu and COVID-19.

6. Stay at home and self-isolate even with minor symptoms such as cough,
headache, low-grade fever, until you recover. Have someone bring you
supplies. If you have to leave the house, wear a mask to avoid infecting
others. Why? Avoiding contact with other people will protect them from
possible COVID-19 and other viruses.

7. If you have fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical help, but
call first if possible and follow directions from local health authorities. Why?
National and local authorities will have the most up-to-date information on
the situation in your area. Calling in advance will allow your health care
provider to quickly direct you to the right health facility. This will also protect
you and help prevent the spread of viruses and other infections.

8. Keep up to date with the latest information from trusted sources, such as
WHO or your local and national health authorities. Why? Local and national
authorities are best placed to advise on what people in your area should do
to protect themselves

Suggestions :

WHO Indonesia, through its official Instagram account, said that it is very
natural for you to feel afraid and anxious at this time. To reduce the anxiety
you feel, follow some of the following suggestions from WHO Indonesia:
1. Talk about your feelings with the people closest to you. Because talking
about your feelings with other people can reduce the anxiety you feel.
2. Choose and limit the time you spend each day reading or watching the
latest news about Covid-19. Because hearing and seeing coverage about
the corona virus continuously can make you more anxious and saddened.
3. It's important to spend time doing the things you enjoy and relaxing
yourself.
In addition, WHO Indonesia also reminded you to protect yourself and
those closest to you from Covid-19 in the following ways:
1. Wash your hands frequently
2. Cough or sneeze at the folded elbows, not your hands
3. Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth
4. Avoid or limit being in crowded places. Follow government
recommendations
5. Avoid close contact with sick people
6. Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces or inanimate objects.
Summary :

Covid 19 is a type of contagious disease, which first originates from an

animal, but it spreads to humans and can even spread from one human to
another and the disease covid 19 attacks the respiratory system. The
corona virus itself has a diameter of 125 nanometers or 0.125 micrometers,
which this size was found by a person named Anthony R. Fehr and Stanley
Perlman

APPENDIX :

Three types of title for my article

Explanatory title : COVID19 Pandemic: Problems and Reflection
in Indonesia
Fancy title : The right way to avoid the Covid19 virus
Question title : Covid19, how dangerous is it?
 REFERENCES

WHO (2019)
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-
2019/question-and-answers- hub/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses

Kompas (2020)
https://bebas.kompas.id/baca/riset/2020/04/18/rangkaian-peristiwa-
pertama-covid-19/

Ourworldindata (2020)
https://ourworldindata.org/mortality-risk-covid#case-fatality-rate-of-covid-
19-by-age

Google News (2019)

https://news.google.com/covid19/ma
p?hl=en- ID&gl=ID&ceid=ID
%3Aen&mid=%2Fm%2F03ryn

Inews (2020)
https://www.inews.id/lifestyle/health/3-saran-who-agar-tidak-cemas-
hadapi-pandemi-covid- 19