DATE: 26-09-2018

The Project Director,

UET, Lahore.

Subject: GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT FOR THE SITE OF EXTENSION OF

ADMINISTRATION BLOCK IN UET MAIN CAMPUS, LAHORE.

The Geotechnical Investigation Report prepared for the design of foundation for the subject
building. The report includes information about sub-soil stratigraphy, in laboratory determination
of soil characteristics and foundation design recommendations.

We hope that the investigation results presented in this report will provide all the necessary
information for the design of foundation of the building.

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INTRODUCTION:
1.1-General:
The building will be a multi storey frame (beam-column) structure .The total covered area
of site is 18,473 ft2, 7159 ft2 being for each floor.The construction site is extension of Administration
Block near Gate No.2 UET Lahore. This report deals with the geotechnical investigations conducted
on the proposed site.
CONTRACTOR:PROCESS DYNAMICS
DESIGNER: NEW VISION ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS
CLIENT:UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,LAHORE
START DATE:13-AUGUST-2018
DURATION OF COMPLETION:8 MONTHS
ESTIMATED COST:Rs. 56.717 M
All the group members,Dr. Hassan Mujtaba(Director Geotechnical Laboratory),Mr. M
Sadiq(Supervisor Geotechnical Laboratory),Mr. Shoaib (Lecturer Assistant Geotechnical
Laboratory),Mr. M. Ansar and Mr. M Imran(Laboratory Assistant,Geotechnical Laboratory) were
engaged by Engineer Ehtesham Mehmood to carry out geotechnical investigation of the proposed
site.
The geotechnical investigation was conducted through three(3) boreholes down to 35 feet
depth below existing NSL.The field work on the site was performed on 8 th-January,2018.

1.2-Pupose and Scope of Work:

The principal objective of the investigation was to evaluate

 The surficial and subsurface conditions at the site.

 Physical and engineering characteristics of the subsurface materials.

 Select appropriate geotechnical parameters and to make recommendations for the

design and construction of foundations including;

i. The selection of most appropriate foundation type

ii. Foundation depth and;

iii. The allowable bearing stress for design of the foundations.
2-METHODOLOGY:
2.1-Boring and Sampling:
The boreholes were advanced using manual hand auger,for collecting disturbed samples of
soil.The ground water table was not encountered during the boring .The representative
undisturbed samples were obtained by using Standard Penetration split spoon sampler set -up
in the field,in accordance with ASTM D-1587 standard.The tests were conducted at every 3 feet
interval from the surface upto 15 feet and then five feet interval upto 35 feet.
Detailed description of sub soils encounter and the depth at which samples were produced
are shown on bore hole logs presented in figure. Legends and symbols used on the boring log
are given in figure. Soil descriptions on boring logs are compilation of field and laboratory
testing data.

2.2- Laboratory Testing:

Selected representative subsoil samples were tested in the laboratory to determine the
physical and engineering characteristics of subsoils.The following tests were conducted
according to the standard methods:

o Grain Size Analysis (ASTM D-1639,ASTM D-7928)

 Moisture Content Determination (ASTM D-2216)
 Atterberg’s Limit (ASTM D-4318)

 Specific Gravity Test (ASTM D-854)

 Standard Compaction Test (ASTM D-698)
 Unconfined Compression Test (ASTM D-2166)
 Direct Shear Test (ASTM D-3080)
A summary of laboratory test results is presented in table 1 under illustration.Using grain
size analysis the soil was classified according to Unified Soil Classification System USCS ASTM
D-2487.
3-SITE GEOLOGY:
The geology of Lahore is composed of unconsolidated alluvial deposits of Quaternary age. The
alluvial complex is heterogeneous and individual strata’s have little lateral or vertical continuity.
The alluvial complex consists of grey to grayish brown, fine to medium sand, silt and clay. The chief
constituent of the soil at site is clay and silt(CL-ML),as determined by soil classification, indicated
in borehole logs.

Courtesy: Google Earth

PROGRESS AT SITE
EXCAVATION AT THE SITE:
Soil is excavated up to a depth of 6.5 feet from NSL.
Level of excavation is ensured by recording reduce level
at regular levels by Auto Level. The ratio of foundation
to depth is less than 1, it is therefore a shallow
foundation

Termite Proofing:
The purpose of anti-termite treatment is to provide
the building with a chemical barrier against the sub-
terrain termites. Termite proof spray of 1:40 (1 liter
anti-termite chemical and 40. liters of water) is used
all over the Engineers Fill and Compacted Earth.

COMPACTION:
Soil compaction is the process in which a stress applied to
a soil causes densification as air is displaced from the pores
between the soil grains. Earth was compacted using
smooth wheeled rollers.The relative compaction of
the soil was achieved up to 95%.

Engineering Fill:
As referred by the Geotechnical investigation
report, soil has less bearing capacity to withstand
load of structure, Engineers Fill is provided in 2
layers which are compacted from 15in to 1ft. It
consists of 50% sand and 50% coarse aggregate.
Layers are compacted by water as the water
percolates through the fill it settles down up to 3in.
These two layers raise the level of excavation and
they will avoid the differential settlement of
foundation. The layers are compacted and 95%
relative density is achieved. (ASTM-1557).
Lean Concrete:
A 6in thick layer of P.C.C (1:4:8) is placed over Engineers Fill to provide to a horizontal surface for
foundation. Concrete is batched by volume and mixed by mixer.

LAYOUT OF COLUMNS:
Red lines are marked over dried P.C.C layer for the layout of
columns.

STEEL FIXING:
Grade 60 ribbed Steel bars are
used for reinforcement of Raft
foundation. #6 steel is used in
bottom #5 is used at top and for
columns.

FORMWORK FOR RAFT FOUNDATION:

Wooden Planks and Steel plates were provided all around the steel reinforcement for casting of
foundation.
CONCRETING OF RAFT
Concrete mix 1:2:4 is used for
casting the slabs of foundation.

CURING
The curing was done for 7 days. In one part curing was done and in
other part simultaneously the steel fixing was being done.

CASTING OF COLUMNS
A concrete mix of 1:1.5:3 was used for casting of columns up to plinth level. #5 steel is used in
columns.

BACKFILLING:
The back filling behind the foundation will increase the bearing capacity. It can be used in tasks such
as protecting foundations, landscaping, or filling in voids that would weaken underground
structures. In order to provide the foundation more support, Backfilling is done using Ravi sand.
CASTING OF PLINTH BEAMS:
As the structure is Frame-Structure, Beams are provided at plinth level with a concrete mix of 1:2:4
and reinforcement of #5 bar. While #3 bar is used in rings.

CURING OF PLINTH BEAMS

Plinth beams are cured using wet jute bags.

MATERIAL STORAGE:
Following materials were used in extension of
administration block:

 Lawrencepur Sand
 Pioneer Cement
 Grade 40 and grade 60 steel bars
 Ravi Sand
TESTING OF SOIL SAMPLE:
We carried out following tests for determination of characteristics of soil that we obtained from the
site:

 Grain Size Analysis (ASTM D-1639,ASTM D-7928)

 Moisture Content Determination (ASTM D-2216)
 Atterberg’s Limit (ASTM D-4318)
 Specific Gravity Test (ASTM D-854)
 Standard Compaction Test (ASTM D-698)
 Unconfined Compression Test (ASTM D-2166)
 Direct Shear Test (ASTM D-3080)
Brief details of all the performed tests is given in the followings:

1-GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS:

Grain size analysis is performed for

classification of the soil constituent
particles according to their sizes. The
results obtained are then plotted in
form of a gradation curve. Our sample
consists mainly of clay and silt. The
percentage finer of sieve number 200
was more than 12%, therefore
hydrometer analysis was also
performed in addition to the sieve
analysis. Furthermore, wet sieve
Sieve Analysis Hydrometer Analysis
analysis was conducted as lumps of
soil had formed, that could not be broken down by pulverize.

2-MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION:

The natural moisture

content directly affects soil
behavior under the applied
stress. We use oven dry
method. Moisture content
determination is important
in determining the quality
of soil.
3-ATTERBERG’S LIMIT:
This method is used to obtain knowledge about a soil and its
strength, compressibility and permeability. To estimate the
consolidation settlement and for classification of soil. We find
the group index. We can find if clay is sensitive or active. We can
also find flow index. We use three different samples and found
their plasticity index and liquid limit.

4-SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST:

It is sometimes important to compare density of soil solids to density
of water and for this purpose we use specific gravity method. It is used
to find void ratio, porosity and degree of saturation. As our sample
was clayey silt so its range of specific gravity is 2.7-2.8.

5- STANDARD COMPACTION TEST

We perform standard compaction test in which soil particles
are packed together tightly and air is expelled from the void
space. It determines the relationship between moisture
content and density of soil compacted in mold. The standard
compaction was done manually in 3 layers.

6- UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST:

It is to find the load per unit area at which
unconfined specimen will fail. It is simplest, easiest
and cheapest test to perform for investigating shear
strength of cohesive soils but it is limited to
cohesive soils. This test is used to find angle of
internal friction. As in case of our sample which is
clayey silt so value of angle of friction ranges from
22-25. We also draw the Mohr circle.

7- DIRECT SHEAR TEST:

Soil strength is important in
foundation bearing capacity. Shear failure occurs along the
weakest plane. We know failure plane and we find cohesion
and angle of internal friction directly which are shear
strength parameters. We use three samples with same 10%
moisture content.

We only change the amount of load and from this test we

found angle of friction as 25 and cohesion as 3.10.
 LAB
TESTS
RESULTS
 DATE: Date: November 22, 2018
1. NATURAL MOISTURE CONTENT

Can No
90 56 82
Weight Of Container + Wet Soil (gm):
W2 46 42.02 40.97
Weight Of Container + Dry Soil (gm):
W3 43.48 40.15 39.04

Weight Of Empty Container (gm): W1

14.01 15.32 13.83

Weight Of Dry Soil(gm)= W3-W1

29.47 24.83 25.21

Weight Of Moisture(gm)= W2-W3

2.52 1.87 1.93
Moisture Content(ѡ)=[(W2-W3)/(W3-
W1)]X100 8.55% 7.53% 7.65%

NATURAL MOISTURE CONTENT 7.9%≈8%

Table 1. Table for observations and calculations of N.M.C of soil

N.M.C of our soil is 8%

2.SPECIFIC GRAVITY

TEST NO. 1 2 3

VOLUME OF FLASK 50 50 50

W1(WEIGHT OF EMPTY FLASK) 14.27 14.3 14.28

W2(WEIGHT OF FLASK + SOIL) 23.32 23.3 23.33

W3 (WEIFGT OF FLASK +SOIL+WATER) 70.95 70.94 70.95

W4(WEIGHT OF FLASK+WATER) 65.26 65.27 65.25

α (temperature correction) 0.99864 0.99842 0.99864

TEMPRATURE 22 21 22

GS =α(W2-W1)/(W4-W1)-(W3-W2) 2.69 2.70 2.70

SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Gs) 2.70

Table 2. Table for determination of Specific Gravity

RESULT: Specific Gravity of our soil is 2.7

3.ATTERBERG’S LIMIT Date: November 22, 2018

PLASTIC
LQUID LIMIT LIMIT

Can No 65 41 91 27

Weight Of Container + Wet Soil (gm): W2 43.12 39.9 37.02 16.84

Weight Of Container + Dry Soil (gm): W3 36.52 35.12 35.45 16.61

Weight Of Empty Container (gm): W1 15.15 15.27 16.24 15.05

Weight Of Dry Soil(gm)= W3-W1 21.37 19.85 19.21 1.56

Weight Of Moisture(gm)= W2-W3 6.6 4.78 1.57 0.23

Moisture Content(ѡ)=[(W2-W3)/(W3-W1)]X100 30.88% 24.08% 8.17% 14.74%

No. Of Blows 15 22 40 PL=14.7%

PI=LL-PL=6.8

Table 3. Table for observations and calculations of Atterberg’s Limits

FLOW CURVE
35

30
MOISTURE CONTENT (%)

25

25, 21.5
20

15

10

5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Log N (NO. OF BLOWS)

Figure 1 GRAPH FOR DETERMINATION OF ATTERBERGS LIMITS

RESULTS
LIQUID LIMIT (LL) = 21.5 PLASTIC LIMIT=14.7 PLASTICITY INDEX (PI)=6.8

FLOW INDEX (IF) = 42 TOUGHNESS INDEX (TI) = 0.16 LIQUIDITY INDEX (Li) = -0.98 (semi-solid)
4.sieve analysis Date: November 27, 2018

TOTAL SAMPLE WEIGHT=200g

SIEVE SIEVE WEIGHT OF PERCENTAGE CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE

NO SIZE(mm) SOIL WEIGHT PERCENTAGE PASSING (%)
RETAINED RETAINED (%) WEIGHT =(100- cumulative
ON SIEVE =(weight of soil RETAINED (%) percentage weight
(gm) retained on retained)
sieve/total sample
weight)x100
4 4.75 9.1 4.55 4.55 95.45
10 2 1.7 0.85 5.4 94.6
40 0.425
3.1 1.55 6.95 93.05
100 0.150
24.69 12.345 19.295 80.705
200 0.075 12.64 6.32 25.615 74.385

Table 4: Table for the observations and calculations of Sieve Analysis of soil

As percentage of sand passing Seive#200 is more than 12%, we need to perform Hydrometer Test

5.HYDROMETER TEST

Hydrometer no: 152 H Gs of solids=2.7 Correction Factor for Unit Weight of solids= α=1

Dispersing Agent: Sodium Oxalate Amount: 5gm Wt. of soil. Ws. =50gm Ct=0.40

Zero Correction or Dispersing Agent Correction=Cd =6 Meniscus Correction=1

 hydrometer reading corrected for meniscus only
Corrected Hydrometer reading Rc
actual hydrometer reading (Ra)

corrected %age finer

elapsed time (min)

%age finer
Temp (˚C)

D(mm)
L (cm)

L/t
R

K
1 22 45 39.4 78.8 46 8.8 8.8 0.0131 0.03886 58.61538

2 22 38 32.4 64.8 39 9.9 4.95 0.0131 0.02915 48.20148

3 22 35 29.4 58.8 36 10.4 3.46667 0.0131 0.02439 43.73838

4 22 32 26.4 52.8 33 10.9 2.725 0.0131 0.02162 39.27528

8 22 25 19.4 38.8 26 12 1.5 0.0131 0.01604 28.86138

15 22 13 7.4 14.78 14 14 0.93333 0.0131 0.01266 10.99400779

30 22 8 2.4 4.793 9 14.8 0.49333 0.0131 0.0092 3.565624147

60 22 6 0.4 0.799 7 15.2 0.25333 0.0131 0.00659 0.594270691

Table 5: Table for the observations and calculations of Hydrometer test

 Date: November 27, 2018

GRADATION CURVE
100

90

80

70
PERCENTAGE FINER (%)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
PARTICLE SIZE (mm)

Figure 2 : GRAIN SIXE DISTRIBUTION CHART

RESULTS
Percentage of gravels = 4.5 %

Percentage of sand = 21.1%

Percentage of Silt and Clay = 74.4%

Effective Grain Size = D 10 = 0.0124 mm

Grain Diameter at 30% passing = D30 =0.015 mm

Mean Grain Size = D 50 = 0.031 mm

Grain Diameter at 60% passing = D60 =0.039 mm

Co-efficient of Uniformity = Cu = D60 / D10 = 3.14

Co-efficient of Curvature = Cc = (D30)2 / (D10)( D60) = 0.46

COMMENTS
For well graded sand, 1≤Cc ≤3 and Cu≥6. If soil fails any one or both of these criteria it is considered to be poorly
graded.

 Cu is less than 6 i.e. 3.14 , soil may be regarded as poorly graded.

 Cc is also not lying in range, the sample of soil is poorly graded.

In Conclusion, the sample of soil is poorly graded

6.STANDARD COMPACTION Date: November 29, 2018

Blows per layer = 25 No. of layers = 3 Weight of hammer = 2.5 Kg/5 lb. Height of drop=1ft

Weight of sample = 3 Kg Amount of water (6% of 3 Kg) = 180 ml

Weight of mold = 2.529 Kg = 2529g Diameter (d) = 4 inch/10.16 cm Height (h) = 4.5inch/11.43 cm

Volume (V) = 926.20 cm3/ 1/30ft 3

assumed water content 6% 12% 18%

Can No. 90 2 19
Weight Of Container + Wet Soil (gm): W2 39.68 33.33 43.08
Weight Of Container + Dry Soil (gm): W3 38.27 31.37 38.7
Weight Of Empty Container (gm): W1 14.01 14.3 15.35
Weight Of Dry Soil(gm)= W3-W1 24.26 17.07 23.35
Weight Of Moisture(gm)= W2-W3 1.41 1.96 4.38
Moisture Content(ѡ)=[(W2-W3)/(W3-
W1)]X100 5.82% 11.48% 18.76%
Weight of soil + mold: M1 (kg)
4.272 4.504 4.495
Weight of mold: M2 (kg)
2.5 2.5 2.5
Weight of soil in mold: M=M1-M2(kg)
1.772 2.004 1.995
Wet density: γb=M/V (kN/m3)
18.69 21.14 21.04
Dry density: γd=γb/(1+w) (kN/m3)
17.66 18.96 17.72
Table 4. Table for observations and calculations of Standard Compaction Test

For Zero Air Void Line

γw = 9.8 kN/m3
S = 100%

Gs = 2.7

Moisture Content γd=Gsγw/(1+(Gsw/S))

w (%) (kN/m3)
2.735.812036274 22.74143281

11.4821324 20.42973462
18.75802998 17.46335118
Table 5. Table for zero air void line
 Date: November 29, 2018

COMPACTION CURVE

23

22
DRY DENSITY OF SOIL (kN/m3 )

21

ZERO AIR VOID LINE

20

O.M.C
19

18

17
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
MOISTURE CONTENT (%)

Fig 2. Graph for determination of maximum dry density and Optimum Moisture Content of soil

RESULTS

Optimum Moisture Content = 11.5%

Maximum Dry Density = γd max = 18.96 kN/m3

γd max = 120.7 pcf

γd field = 114 pcf =17.9 kN/m3

7.UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST Date: November 29, 2018

Diameter = d = 1.5 in
Area = Ao = πd2/4 = 1.77 in2
Height = Lo = 3.2 in
Volume=V= Ao(Lo) = 5.65 in3
Weight of Soil Sample=W= 188.11 gm
Least Count of DDG = L.C = 0.005 in
Proving Ring Constant = P.R.C = 0.82 lb./in

Bulk Density = ɣ b = W/V = .4147lb/0.003269676ft 3 = 126.8321387 pcf

Moisture Content = w = 9.8%

Deformat Load Dial Horizont Unit Area Corrected Total Stress Remarks
ion Dial Gauge al Strain Correctio Area Load on
Gauge Reading Displace n Factor Sample
Reading ment
∆L/L = ε 1-ε A = A o/1-ε σ= F/A
∆L=DDG F=LDGxP
x (L.C of RC
DDG)

(DDG) (LDG) (in 2) (lb./in 2)

(in) (lb)
0 0 0 0 1 1.76 0 0
10 3 0.05 0.02 0.98 1.79 2.46 1.38
20 7 0.1 0.03 0.97 1.82 5.74 3.16
30 16 0.15 0.05 0.95 1.85 13.12 7.11
40 20 0.2 0.06 0.94 1.88 16.40 8.74
50 24 0.25 0.08 0.92 1.91 19.68 10.31
60 28 0.3 0.09 0.91 1.94 22.96 11.82
70 30 0.35 0.11 0.89 1.98 24.60 12.45
80 32 0.4 0.13 0.88 2.01 26.24 13.05
90 34 0.45 0.14 0.86 2.05 27.88 13.61
100 35 0.5 0.16 0.84 2.09 28.70 13.76 qu
110 35 0.55 0.17 0.83 2.13 28.70 13.50
120 35 0.6 0.19 0.81 2.17 28.70 13.25
130 34 0.65 0.20 0.80 2.21 27.88 12.62
0 0 0 0 1 1.76 0 0
 Date: November 29, 2018

STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR UCT

16
0.16, 13.76
14

12

10
STRESS (kPa)

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
STRAIN (%)
Figure 3

16
MOHR'S CIRCLE

14

12
SHEAR STRESS τ (kPa)

10

8
C=6.85 kPa

2
q u=13.76 kPa

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
NORMAL STRESS σ (kPa)

Figure 4
8. Direct Shear Test Date: November 30, 2018

Size of Shear Box = 6cm x 6cm x 2cm Area of Shear Box = A= 36 cm2/0.0036m2

Volume of Shear Box = 72 cm3/0.000072m3 Weight of Specimen = 115 gm

Dry Density of Specimen = γd = 1.59 g/cm3 PRC (Proving Ring Constant) = 0.82 lb./div

Least Count of DDR = L.C. = 0.01mm/0.00001m Weight of Hanger = 8lb 15 oz / 8.94 lb.

Normal Load For Specimen No.1= N = 10 lb.+ 8.94lb. = 18.94 lb./84.24 N

Normal Load For Specimen No.2 = N = 20 lb.+ 8.94 lb. = 28.94 lb./128.72 N

Normal Load For Specimen No.3=N = 30 lb.+8.94lb. = 38.94 lb./173.20 N

30

τMAX=28.3 kPa
25
SHEAR STRESS (kPa)

20 τMAX=21.3 kPa

15 τMAX=16.24 kPa

10

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025
STRAIN ΔH (% )
Figure 5

29

27 28.3
25
Max. Shear Stress (kPa)

23 21.3
y = 0.4719x + 4.5434
21

19

17
16.24

15

13
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Normal Stress (kPa)

Figure 6
 Date: November 30, 2018

Horizontal Shear
Horizontal D/R

Corrected Area

Load Ring D/R

Normal Stress

Displacement
Specimen No.

Shear Stress
Horizontal

Remarks
Force
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10

Col. 8/Col. 5
Col.6*P.R.C
ΔH= Col. 3

A'=A-bΔH
*L.C
kPa

23.47436 20 0.0002 0.003588 6 21.88416 6.0993

23.55313 40 0.0004 0.003576 8 29.17232 8.1578
23.63244 60 0.0006 0.003564 10 36.4654 10.2316
23.71227 80 0.0008 0.003552 12 43.75848 12.3194 τmax =
1 16.241 kPa
23.79266 100 0.001 0.00354 13 47.40502 13.3912
23.87358 120 0.0012 0.003528 14 51.05156 14.4704
23.95506 140 0.0014 0.003516 14.5 52.87483 15.0383
24.0371 160 0.0016 0.003504 15 54.6981 15.6102
24.1197 180 0.0018 0.003492 15.5 56.52137 16.1860
24.20287 200 0.002 0.00348 15.5 56.52137 16.2418
35.86845 20 0.0002 0.003588 10 36.4654 10.1632
36.10999 60 0.0006 0.003564 17 61.99118 17.3937
36.23198 80 0.0008 0.003552 19 69.28426 19.5057 τmax =
2
36.3548 100 0.001 0.00354 19.5 71.10753 20.0869 21.33 kPa
36.47846 120 0.0012 0.003528 20 72.9308 20.6720
36.60296 140 0.0014 0.003516 20.5 74.75407 21.2611
36.72831 160 0.0016 0.003504 20.5 74.75407 21.3339
48.26254 20 0.0002 0.003588 13 47.40502 13.2121
48.4245 40 0.0004 0.003576 16 58.34464 16.3156
48.58754 60 0.0006 0.003564 19 69.28426 19.4400
48.75169 80 0.0008 0.003552 21 76.57734 21.5589
48.91695 100 0.001 0.00354 23 83.87042 23.6922 τmax =
3 28.292207
49.08333 120 0.0012 0.003528 25 91.1635 25.8400 kPa
49.25085 140 0.0014 0.003516 26 94.81004 26.9653
49.41952 160 0.0016 0.003504 26.5 96.63331 27.5780
49.58935 180 0.0018 0.003492 27 98.45658 28.1949
49.76034 200 0.002 0.00348 27 98.45658 28.2921

Ta bl e 3.1. Table for observations and calculations of Direct Shear Test

 Date: November 30, 2018

RESULT
Shear Strength parameters of given soil sample are as follows

Soil Cohesion = c = 4.5 kN/m2

Angle of Internal Friction = φ = tan -1(0.4719) =25.56 ‫ﹾ‬