Data Communication and Networks

ASSIGNMENT TOPIC:

Transmission Media

ASSIGNMENT #:

03

SUBMITTED TO:

Mam Mufassra Naz

SUBMITTED BY:
Zeeshan Ahmad (F18BA140)

SECTION:

Afternoon (A)

DATE OF SUBMISSION:
14-November-2020
 INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Quaid-e-Azam, Campus University of the Punjab, Lahore
Tel: 042-9230825-6
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Why are the wires twisted in twisted-pair copper wire?

Twisted pairs are made up of two copper wires one is coloured and other is a white wire that
are twisted together. The twisting is made to help cancel out the external noise or crosstalk
interference that can come from other pairs in a cable. Due to its small diameter, a twisted-
pair wire is often found in telephone or network cables.

2. What are the major limitations of twisted-pair wire?

There are some limitations of twisted pair cable:
 Twisted-pair cable can’t transmit data over a very large distance so it requires repeaters.
 It has a limit of data rate and bandwidth.
 It has high attenuation from any external source.
3. What is the difference between unshielded twisted pair cable and
shielded twisted pair cable?

Shielded twisted pair cable Unshielded twisted pair cable

Shielded twisted pair (STP) has a thin Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) does not has
metal coating around the wire to protect the a thin metal foil for the protection of
transmission. transmission.

Protect transmission from noise and cross It protects transmission less from noise and
talk. crosstalk as compare to STP.

It is bulkier and expensive It is thin and not much expensive

Easily installed because cables are small Installation is difficult.

and flexible.

4. Describe the components of fiber optic cable.

There are three basic components of fiber optic cable these are:
1. Core
2. Cladding
3. Coating

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 INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Quaid-e-Azam, Campus University of the Punjab, Lahore
Tel: 042-9230825-6
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Core is the central part of fiber optic cable where transmission occurs. It may be made of
glass or plastic. Greater the area of core the more transmission can occurs.
Cladding is the upper part of core that provide lower refractive index at the core interface to
make a reflection of light in the core.
Coating is usually multi-layers of plastic which protect wire from breakage, external
distortions and improve cable strength.

5. What are some major advantages and disadvantages of microwave

transmission?
Microwave Transmission
Advantages Disadvantages
It can broadcast large quantity of data Designing the circuit is very difficult.
because of high frequency.
It has repeaters that helps to transmit data Due to temperature, the variation in
over a long distance and provide more dielectric properties can exist.
bandwidth.
Microwave transmission only the small Cost of equipment or installation is high.
piece of land is required for station.
In other transmissions, the interface may Very high frequency microwaves can’t
affect the transmission but in microwave, penetrate from walls.
the interface is very low.

6. What is Direct broadcast satellite?

Communication satellites located in geostationary orbit of the earth which is used to send
television signals directly to the homes of viewers. This form of transmission is called Direct
broadcast satellite. The end user receives data from high frequency satellite in
geosynchronous orbit. Due to its parabolic dish antenna it is very popular.

7. Why must a satellite must have distinct uplink and downlink

frequencies?
Satellite must have distinct uplink and downlink frequencies because:

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 INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Quaid-e-Azam, Campus University of the Punjab, Lahore
Tel: 042-9230825-6
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

To avoid interface (noise, crosstalk), the satellite must have distinct uplink and downlink
frequencies. The satellite receives signals of one frequency and transmits it on other
frequency. Which helps to avoid interface of signals.
To achieve speed, the device wants to send and receive its own carrier wave in each direction
and allow both devices to communicate simultaneously.

In order to penetrate the atmosphere, the uplink frequency should be high and downlink
frequency should be low.

8. Indicate some significance difference between broadcast and radio wave.

The major difference between broadcast radio and microwave is that the former is
omnidirectional and the latter is directional. So, broadcast radio doesn’t require dish-shaped
antennas, and the antennas need not be rigidly mounted to a precise alignment.

We normally use the informal term broadcast radio that covers the VHF and part of the UHF
band: 30 MHz to 1 GHz. This range covers FM radio and UHF and VHF television. This
range is also used for a number of data networking applications. While the radio wave covers
low and medium frequencies just under the 1 GHz. The attenuation in microwave is very low
while in broadcasting the attenuation or interface is effective for transmission.

9. What two functions are performed by antenna?

The two main functions of antenna are:
1. For signal transmission, radiofrequency electrical energy from transmitter is converted in
the electromagnetic energy by the antenna and radiate it in the surrounding environment.
2. For reception of signals, electromagnetic energy impinging on the antenna and converted
again into the radio-frequency electrical energy and received to the receiver.
10. What is isotropic antenna?
It is a theoretical antenna that radiates signals equally in all directions (horizontally and
vertically). The antenna has a gain of 1dB in spherical space all around it and has very high
efficiency. This antenna is used as a reference antenna for the antenna gain. Many antennas
specify gain in decibels over isotropic, which is the power that transmitted by antenna in
specific direction.

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 INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Quaid-e-Azam, Campus University of the Punjab, Lahore
Tel: 042-9230825-6
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The intensity of the signals is equal in all directions.

11. What is the advantage of a parabolic reflective antenna?

 Parabolic reflective antenna is used in microwave transmission which needs a
unidirectional antenna. So, the parabolic dish antenna is a unidirectional antenna is used
in such transmission.
 This antenna moves beam in parallel pattern without any dispersion. However few beam
scatter but it provides a highly focused and directional beam.
 This antenna is used as transmitting antenna and receiving antenna because of
reciprocity. It is smaller in size and has a low cost. It is mostly used in now a day.
12. What factors determine antenna gain?
Antenna gain is a parameter which measures the degree of directivity of antenna
radiation’s pattern. Increased power can be radiated in one direction by reducing the
power radiated in other directions. It is important to note that antenna gain does not refer
to obtaining more output power than input power but rather to directionality. Physical area
of the antenna can also affect the antenna gain. The effective area of an antenna is related
to the physical size of the antenna and to its shape.
13. What is the primary cause of signal loss in satellite communications?
Free space loss is the primary and main cause of loss of signals in satellite communication.
When signals propagate in atmosphere, they spread. Attenuation caused by air and water can
impair the transmission. Mostly occurs in when weather is bad.

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 INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Quaid-e-Azam, Campus University of the Punjab, Lahore
Tel: 042-9230825-6
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

14. What is refraction?

The process of bending of light is known as refraction. When light moves from one medium
into another, the wave bends from its normal angle. This bending occurred due to the
differences in the density of two mediums.

Laws of refraction:
 The incident ray refracted ray, and the normal to the interface of two media at the point
of incidence all lie on the same plane.
 The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a
constant. This is also known as Snell’s law of refraction .
sin i
=constant
sin r

Diagram:

15. What is the difference between diffraction and scattering?

Diffraction:
The spreading of wave is known as diffraction. The bending of waves around the small
obstacles and spreading the waves. The size of diffraction depends on wavelength and the
hole of from where waves move. It is observed only in the case of waves.

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INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Quaid-e-Azam, Campus University of the Punjab, Lahore
Tel: 042-9230825-6
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Scattering:
Scattering is the deflection of wave with clear change in propagation direction. The strength
of signals is stronger than diffracted model. In other words, we can say that it is occurs due
to anomalies in free space. It can observe in both waves and particles.
Diffraction can be taken as an evidence of the wave nature of light and scattering as a
particle nature of light.

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