SSF R.VI.K COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING @ a AND TECHNOLOGY ws RSM NAGAR, PUDUVOYAL-601206 CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS & MACHINERY Ill SEM MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REGULATION 2013 FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY C.BIBIN / R.ASHOK KUMAR / N.SADASIVANR.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 UNIT -1- FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS _m Pry Symbol Description Unit p —> Density kof m — > Mass Kg v — > = Volume m SPECIFIC VOLUME (): va& 2 ve-S- mp Symbol Description Unit p —> Density Kay m ——> > Mass Kg v — = Volume m 3 v ——> Specific Volume Teg SPECIFIC WEIGTH oR WEIGTH DENSITY (it): Ww mg w= —=—=pg Vv Vv Since W = mg and p= ™/y Symbol Description Unit p ——> Density kay m —> Mass Kg v — Volume m CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 2R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 w —— > = Specific Weight Nga g —— > = Acceleration due to gravity OS SPECIFIC GRAVITY (S): Specific Weight of given fluid Specific Weight of standard fluid Mass Density of given fluid Mass Density of standard fluid Symbol Description Ss ——> Specific Gravity dA kg —_ yor} p Density or Mass Density Ln w ——> Specifie Weight Nias Specific Weight of Wwater ‘Standard Fluid (Water) = Nas 981 Mass Density of Standard ke —_— 9 Pwater Fluid (Water) = 1000 Irn VISCOSITY (Ww: du To— dy du wa H dy Symbol Description Unit Tv ——> Shear Stress Nica L — > ~~ Viscosity No Sf du —> = Change in Velocity m/, dy ——> Change in Distance m CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 3R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 1 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 T # duy dy Symbol Description Unit T ——> Shear Stress N hen? —— > Dynamic Viscosity y ae ——> Change in Velocity m/s ——> Change in Distance m ——> Rate of Shear Strain yy Ss : 1 a 10 poise entipoise = —— poise ‘ 100 P tpoise = 0.1 8 joise = UV. —> Pp m KINEMATIC VISCOSITY (y): ve HK p Symbol Deseription Unit po > Density kay Mw —— > Dynamic Viscosity Wasi 1 ——> Kinematic Viscosity m/, 1 stoke = 10-4 ™/, CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 4R.M._K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 . i 1 Centistoke = Too stoke VISCOSITY PROBLEMS FOR PLATE TYPE: F t= — A Symbol Description Unit T ——> Shear Stress Nae F —> = Fore N A —— > = Areaof the plate m? POWER (P): P=Fedu Symbol Description Unit P ——> Power w F mah Force N du —> = Change in Velocity m/, VISCOSITY PROBLEMS FOR SHAFT TYPE: VELOCITY OF SHAFT (u): «DN a 60 Symbol Description Unit D ——> Diameter of Shaft m N —— > Speed of Shaft Rpm U — > ~~ Velocity M/s CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 5R.M._K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 FORCE (F): Symbol t F D L _—_ _—_ _ —> — TORQUE ON SHAFT (T): Symbol T —_— F —_ D — POWER ON SHAFT (P) Symbol P — T —d N _— Description Shear Stress Force Circumference of Shaft Diameter of Shaft Length of Shaft T=F Z =Fe = 2 Deseription Torque Force Diameter of Shaft 2nNT P=—_ 60 Description Power Torque Speed of Shaft Unit N/a Unit N-m Unit N-m Rpm CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH)R.M._K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 VISCOSITY PROBLEMS FOR CONICAL BEARING: Symbol ANGLE (0): Symbol ‘al "S Symbol P T — —_ —_— —_—_ Description Angular Velocity Speed of Shaft nH tano = + Description Outer Radius Inner Radius Height 2nNT 60 Description Power Torque % H Unit rad sec Rpm Unit Unit w N-m CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH)R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH! AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / BI / MECH | JUNE 2017 ~ NOV 2017 N ——> = Speed of Shaft Rpm THICKNESS OF OIL (h): ERO 4_ 24 = ce 1 ) 2hsin@ Symbol Description Unit Mw —> Dynami Viscosity Ros vid —> > Torque N-m wo ——> = Angular Velocity rad | coe h ——> Thickness of Oil m t% —— > Outer Radius m rT —_> = Inner Radius m CAPILLARITY: HEIGHT OF LIQUID IN TUBE (h): 4ocosé pgd Symbol Description Unit h ——> Height of Liquid in Tube m a —> Surface Tension Nin Angle of Contact between —_ d OM Liguid and Tube m ae ig ke pe ——> ~~ Density of Liquid go, Sen’ g ——> = Acceleration due to gravity ™ 2 d ——> Diameter of Tube m SURFACE TENSION: PI CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 8R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 Description Unit —> = Pressure Nhu? o ——> = Surface Tension Nae d ——> Diameter of Droplet m 8a Poa Symbol Description Unit P Pressure Nig? o Surface Tension Nin d Diameter of Bubble m Symbol Description Unit P — > Pressure Nha? o ——> Surface Tension Nin d ——> Diameter of Jet m CONTINUITY EQUATION: du dv dw iat ay* ape [For 3 — D flow] du av ay aye [For 2— D flow] a a 5p rw) + 39 (ue) O[For polar coordinates | CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 9R.M._K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION: oP —+v.dv+g.dz=0 Pp Py vy? Py VQ? St sr t= St stat ty pg 2g pg 2g Symbol Description Unit Py & Py =——> Pressure at Section | & 2 Nae Vy & Vz ——> Velocity at Section | &2 my, 2 &2Z> Datum Head at Section | & % hy ——> Head Loss m p —— Density of Liquid Koy 3 g > > Acceleration due to gravity m2 COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARG: C= Qactuat Qrneoretical ENT OF VELOCITY: Vactual q, = Urheoretical DISCHARGE OF VENTURIMETER AND ORIFICEMETER: Qeecp 12 _ ag (ay? — ay?) Symbol Description Unit Gy & az —> Areaat Section | &2 m? Pressure Difference bev Section | & 2 h etween Section ai tee Pg CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 10R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 Ca ——> Coefficient of Discharge Difference in Mercury x Level mt Sm h=x{1- [when S > Sm] h= x (“-1) [when Sp, > S] Py Po . . h= (4+ 1) - (4+ Z2) [Inclined Venturimeter] Pg PI MOMENTUM EQUATION: d (mv) dt FORCE ACTING IN X — DIRECTION: % = pQ (v1 — v2c0s0) + PA, — P2AzcosO EC’ 4 = pQ(— vzsind) — P,Azsin@ Symbol Description Unit Py & Pz ——* Pressure at Section | & 2 Mp2 1% & v2 = ——> Velocity at Section 1 & 2 my, Ay & Ay > Areaat Section | &2 m 6 ——> Angle of the Bend Degree Q —— Discharge m/, RESULTANT FORCE: Fa= [Fe + CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) M1R.M._K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 ANGLE MADE BY RESULTANT FORC! F, tang = = FE, x MOMENT OF MOMENTUM EQUATION: T = pQ (vor, - v7) Symbol Description T — > Torque vy & vz —— Velocity at Section | &2 Radius of Curvature at 1 &r, — Section | & 2 Q ——> Discharge p —— _ Dansity of Liquid Unit N-m ™/s m/, id CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 12R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 UNIT - II = FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR CONDUITS TOTAL ENERGY LINE (TEL): TEL = Pressure Head + Kinetic Head + Datum Head Py? TEL =—+ —+2Z Pg 29 Symbol Description Unit P ——> Pressure N/a v — Velocity my, p _— of Liquid Koy a Zz ——> Datum Head m g —— > Acceleration due to gravity ea HYDRAULIC ENERGY LINE (HEL): HEL = Pressure Head + Datum Head P TEL =—+Z pg HAGEN POISEUILLE’S EQUATION: SHEAR STRESS: Op r T=—-y~ +t ax 2 Symbol Description Unit £ ——> Shear Stress Ny i op > Pressure Gradient Nig Ox r —— Radius of pipe m CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 13R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 1 dp — —+* —«(R?—- 1?) 4u ax Symbol Description Unit u ——> = Velocity of Fluid in Pipe mys a oe ——> Pressure Gradient Pins Ox r ——> Radius of pipe m M —— Viscosity NoSf a 1 w=-—* oP R2 ~ au Ox aR) Symbol Description Unit u > Velocity of Fluid in Pipe mr. a, ee ——> Pressure Gradient N/a Ox Mu ——> Viscosity NS) AVERAGE VELOCITY: op 2 “= —>—* —+(R 4u Ox aR) Symbol Description Unit a Average Velocity of Fluid my, in Pipe a OP. ——> Pressure Gradient Nis Ox MW —— Viscosity NS CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 14R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 =. we LE xe pt =—-art—taeR Bu Ox Description Unit Velocity of Fluid in Pipe mys Pressure Gradient Pins seas N-s Viscosity Im? 32uuL Pi - P2= D2 Symbol Description Unit = Average Velocity of Fluid a. u in Pipe ts L ——> Length of Pipe m N-s MW ——S Viscosity La —— © Diameter of Pipe m D Pi » kg p —— _ Density of Liquia Ven’ g ——> Acceleration due to gravity ™/.2 P, — P. 32uuL et 4 = [for Laminar flow] pg pgD DARCY WEISBACH EQUATIO! P,- P, 4flv? hy = ——— = ——_ [forTurbulent flow] tpg 2gd Symbol Description Unit v ——> Velocity of Fuid in Pipe mY, CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 15R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 L ——> == Length of Pipe m Z ——> Friction Factor d ——> ~~ Diameter of Pipe m g —— > Acceleration due to gravity We REYNOLD’S NUMBER: vd R,= ee a 0.079 f= 7,025 [For Turbulent Flow] e 16 f= z [For Laminar Flow] o Re < 2000 Then the Flow is Laminar Re > 2000 Then the Flow is Turbulent Symbol Description Unit v ——> _ Velocity of Fluid in Pipe my, d ——> Diameter of Pipe m Oe: k p ——> Density of Liquid Sa Kk > Viscosity Nos MAJOR LOSS IN PIPES: 32yaiL lp = ——z [for Laminar flow] pgd [for Turbulent flow] CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 16R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 1 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 ‘mbol Description Unit U&Rv ——> Velocity of Fluid in Pipe mys d ——> _ Diameter of Pipe m p ——> Density of Liquid Koy a KL ——> > Viscosity Nosy l ——> Length of Pipe m g —— > Acceleration due to gravity iif if ——> = Friction Factor MINOR LOSS IN PIPES: LOSS DUE TO SUDDEN ENLARGEMEN 2 (vy= v2) he 2g Symbol Description Unit Velocity of Fluid in Pipe at — m, vy & v2 Tnlet and Outlet fs g ——> Acceleration due to gravity ™ /ga LOSS DUE TO SUDDEN CONTRACTION: x= (¢-1) Ce 0.5v2 ; ho= [Uf C, not given] 29 Symbol Description Unit v ——> ~~ Velocity of Fluid at Outlet my, G: ——> Coefficient of Contraction c CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 17R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 g ——> Acceleration due to gravity es LOSS AT ENTRANCE OF PIPE: Symbol Description Unit v > Velocity of Fluid at Inlet mr. g > Acceleration due to gravity ™/,2 LOSS AT EXIT OF PIPE: g2 ~ 2g Symbol Description Unit v ——> Velocity of Fluid at Outlet my, g —— > = Acceleration due to gravity ™/2 h K(@— v2) e 29 Symbol Description Unit & Velocity of Fh my ee Inlet and Outlet $ g —— Acceleration due to gravity ho K —— > Coefficient of Contraction LOSS AT BEND OF PIPE: Kv? og CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 18R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 1 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 ‘mbol Description Unit v ——> Velocity of Flow mf, m g —— > = Acceleration due to gravity Is2 K —— > Coefficient of Bend LOSS AT DUE TO VARIOUS FITTINGS: _ Kv? hy = a9 Symbol Description Unit v ——> Velocity of Flow ™ Ys g ——> Acceleration due to gravity ™ 2 K —— > Coefficient of Fittings LOSS AT DUE TO OBSTRUCTION: ha= Be 4 1 »~ 2g (ha te ) Ac “= Ga Symbol Description Unit v ——> Velocity of Flow aie A ——> = Areaof Pipe me a ——> Area of Obstruction mi? A —— > = Area of Vena Contraction m2 Cc WHEN PIPES ARE CONNECTED IN SERIES: DISCHARG! Q= a= 2 Q= Ary Azv2 CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 19R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 hyp = Mpa t Mp2 2 2 hr = 4flyvy 4flavy t 29d, 2gd2 Symbol Description Unit Velocity of Flow at Pipe | my &v2 ——> 25 ™/s A,& A, —_—> = AreaofPipe 1&2 m? dy&dz ——* Diameter of Pipe 1 &2 m L&l, > Lengthot Pipe 1&2 m g —— > Acceleration due to gravity rs iv ——> = Friction Factor WHEN PIPES ARE CONNECTED IN PARALLEL: Q= A+ @ Q= Ayy + Azv2 HEAD Loss: hp= hp = hee - 2gdy 2gd2 Symbol Description Unit Velocity of Flow at Pipe | vy &vz —> ap m/ A,& Az > AreaofPipe | &2 m2 d,&d, ——* _ Diameter of Pipe | & 2 m L&l, —— > Lengthof Pipe 1 & 2 a CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 20R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 g ——> Acceleration due to gravity es f ——> Friction Factor EQUIVALENT PIPE: boy lo la by 5 5 5 5 5 D Dy, D, D3 De Symbol Description Unit D ——> Diameter of Pipe m L ——> Length of Pipe m BOUNDARY LAYE! DISPLACEMENT THICKNESS: 6 I eis “Yd Te UI MOMENTUM Ti ESS ore [X(1- a ALU ga) © Symbol Description Unit u 7 —— Velocity Distribution oO —— > Boundary layer thickness SHEAR STRESS: To 00g pu? ax CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) a1R.M_H COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 6 = [ a(t- Gey DRAG FORCE: L Fp = ( Shear Stress * Area oO L Fp= [ ros bode oO LOCAL COEFFICIENT OF DRAG: Symbol Description Unit T) —— Shear Stress Nf 2 b ——> > With of Plate m U —_—> = Free Stream Velocity my, oes ky p ——> Density of Liquid Of A — Area m= Fp ——> Drag Force N BLASIUS’S SOLUTION: BOUNDARY LAYER THICKNESS: CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 22R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 LOCAL COEFFI Description Unit Reynold’s Number at distance x Reynold’s Number at distance L CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH)R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 UNIT -III = DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS UNITS: Physical Quantity Symbol Unit Dimensions ‘Length L m L Mass M Kg M Time T Sec T Area A m v Volume Vv m 1? Diameter D m L Head H m i Roughness kK M L Velocity ‘Wa m/s LT Angular Velocity * 8 radAec T Acceleration a m/s? LT? Angular Acceleration a rad/sec? Bi Speed N Rpm Tt Discharge Q m/s Er Kinematic Viscosity Y enr/s Tt Dynamic Viscosity a N-sim® ML'T? Force F N MLT? Weight Ww N MLT? ‘Thrust T N MLT? Density p Ke/m ML* Pressure P Nim? ML'T2 CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 24R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 Physical Quantity | Symbol Unit Dimensions Specific Weight | w Nim? ML*T2 Young’s Modulus E Nim? ML'T? Bulk Modulus K N/m? ML'T? Shear Stress 1 Nim? ML"T? Surface Tension ° Nin MT? Energy / Work WIE J=N-m Torque T N-m Power P Ws Momentum M Kg m/s Efficiency 7 No Unit. SIMILARITY: bo Pp Po _ ‘Tt Lm bm Dm pL Am \ a, Wt na r V, E, bf, = ane poe = Lp #L,* Lp = 1,3 m Lm Bm tn Symbol Description Unit > — Lensth of Prototype & Ly&Lm Model ™ > Breadth of Prototype & byp&bm Model ™ > Diameter of Prototype & Dy&Dm Model sg ty&tm > Tienes of Prototype & ma Ap&Am ——> = Areaof Prototype & Model m? CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 25R.M_H COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 Vj&Vn = —> lL o— KINEMATIC SIMILARITY: Symbol Vpy&Vy__, > ap&am = —> Up —_ ay —_ Volume of Prototype & Model m Length Ratio Y, sy, Vm a =a, an Description Unit Velocity of Prototype & in Model ts Acceleration of Prototype m), & Model ? Velocity Ratio Acceleration Ratio Ep Fp ap _ = , Fm Fm Fa), Symbol Description Unit (Fp& (Fi) > _ Inertia Force of Prototype ie pe Film & Model Vise s Fe f Pi (F)p& (Fim Vise Rave or mone N Gravity Force of Prototype (Fa) p& Can > Seis N F, —_—?> = Force Ratio DIMENSIONLESS NUMBER: REYNOLD'S NUMBER: puD puL R, = —— (or)— CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 26R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 ‘mbol Description Unit p —> Density kay v — > Velocity ™M/y Mw > Viscosity NoSpia D ——> Diameter m L — > Length m FROUDE’S NUMBER: Symbol Unit v ™s m, g Gravity {52 L —> Length m FROUDE’S NUMBER: Symbol Description Unit v — > Velocity m/, Acceleration due to hs nm g Gravity 152 L —> Length m EULER’S NUMBER; v Ey = ip Vl Symbol Description Unit v — Velocity m/s p — Density ‘o/s CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 27R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH/ AQ/R2013/ GE6451 /101 / MECH | JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 ‘i N Pp —— > Pressure Vn? Description Unit —> Velocity my, — > Density kg 38 —> Length m ——> Surface Tension Nin K le Symbol Description Unit v —? ~=Velocity m/, p —> Density kay K ——> =~ Elastic Stress N fon? REYNOLD’S MODEL LAW: TIME RATIO: Y = mp = B. DISCHARGE RA: 2. Qr = prby “vy CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 28R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 mbol Description Unit yas —_— > = Force Ratio m, —> = Mass Ratio Dy — > ~~ Velocity Ratio Ty —> Time Ratio Ly ——> Length Ratio Pr — > Density Ratio FROUDE’S MODEL LAW: TIME RATIO: ACCELERATION RATIO: ENERGY RAT! Ey = (Ly)* MOMENTUM RATIO: M, = (Ly)? * Ly Ty = (Ly)* CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 29R.M._K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 POWER RATIO: v B= (,)'f2 Symbol Description Unit Ly —> Length Ratio DISTORTED MODELS: Linear Horizontal Dimensions of Prototype L = (hyn Linear Horizontal Dimensions of Model L B, p 'D Ly)a= =e (n= ae L,) Linear Vertical Dimensions of Prototype (rw = Linear Vertical Dimensions of Model h Ly )y = (v= 7b VELOCITY RATIO: vy = Vly Ay = Cra * Cry DISCAHRGE RATIO: Or = Unie ® (yy) 2 CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 30R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP: VELO’ Symbol U,&uz 0 &vp2 Yy1 &V 2 Vv, &v2 Vp &V py Description Tangential Velocity of Impeller at Inlet & Outlet Relative Velocity at Inlet & Outlet Whirl Velocity at Inlet & Outlet, Absolute Velocity at Inlet & Outlet Flow Velocity at Inlet & Outlet Angle made by Absolute Velocity at Inlet with the Direction of Motion of Vane Unit ™s ™/s ™s ™/s ™s Degree CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) aaR.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 ‘Angle made by Relative Velocity at Inlet with the 8 Direction of Motion of Deere Vane Angle made by Absolute Velocity at Outlet with the _—_ B Direction of Motion of sl Vane Angle made by Relative Velocity at Outlet with the — D g Direction of Motion of See Vane TANGENTIAL VELOCITY AT INLET: md,N w= 60 Symbol Description Unit Inlet (or) Internal Diameter — dy of Impeller © N > Speed of Impeller rpm TANGENTIAL VELOCITY AT OUTLET: md,N uz = 60 Symbol Description Unit Oulet (or) External ae dz Diameter of Impeller “ N ——> Speed of Impeller rpm FROM INLET VELOCITY TRIANGLE DIAGRAM: vf tan@ = ae ay: Symbol Description Unit Tangential Velocity of —s m uy Impeller at Inlet ds vy > Absolute Velocity at Inlet m/s CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) azR.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 ve —— > Flow Velocity at Inlet m/, Angle made by Absolute Velocity at Inlet with the _ D c Direction of Motion of oe Vane Angle made by Relative Velocity at Inlet with the _—_ e Direction of Motion of Degroe Vane * @=90° FROM OUTLET VELOCITY T! ve tang = L Uz — Vwa v2 = fur? tv 2 = [Ure w2 v 2 tang = fie Vw2 Symbol Description Unit Tangential Velocity of > m uz Impeller at Outlet ds Uwe ——> Whirl Velocity at Outlet m/s 2 ——> Absolute Velocity at Outlet ™/, vee ——> Flow Velocity at Outlet m/s Angle made by Relative Velocity at Outlet with the — D o Direction of Motion of “ee Vane B Angle made by Absolute Dearee Velocity at Outlet with the CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) aaR.M_H COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 DISCHARGE: Q = mdybyvy, = mdzbavp2 Symbol Description Unit vp &vp2 —> Blow Velociy at Inlet & m/, ytd, > Panansringerk b&b, —> Wait ot Impeller at Inlet " Q ——> Discharge mf, WORK DONE BY AN IMPELLER PER SECOND: pgQ W = — vyou2 g Symbol Description Unit vwe — > = Whirl Velocity at Outlet my, Tangential Velocity at — m U2 Outlet ds ? —> Density kay Q — > Discharge mf, Acceleration due to ox nm g Gravity fs? WORK DONE BY AN IMPELLER PER UNIT WEIGHT OF WATER: Vwall2 w= — g Symbol Description Unit Vy2 ——> Whirl Velocity at Outlet m/, Tangential Velocity at — y m u2 Outlet ls CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) a4R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 > Acceler m, g Gravity fs gi In Ss Volz Symbol Description Unit vy2 ——> Whi! Velocity at Outlet mq Tangential Velocity at —> m uz Outlet ds —— > — Manometric Head m Acceleration due to m — g Gravity fs? POWER REQUIRED BY THE PUMI P= pQvy2uz Symbol Description Unit Vwe ——> Whirl Velocity at Outlet m/, Tangential Velocity at bt m U2 Outlet ds p ——> Density kay Q => Discharge n'/, P —— > Power kw MINIMUM SPEED TO START THE PUMP: ” 120 * tm * Vwo* do min = 7,277 2) 1 (dz - da ) Symbol Description Unit vue ——> Whirl Velocity at Outlet mM), Diameter of Impeller at — d&d2 Inlet & Outlet a Nm ——> Manometric Efficiency CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) asR.M._K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 OVERALL EFFICIENCY: Impeller Power pgQH = > FF Shaft Power SiP. No = "Nmano * Mmech * Nvol Symbol Description Unit p — > Density kg hin Q > Discharge mf, H —— > = Manometric Head m Acceleration due to —> m g Gravity fs? MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY: n _ PgQH » Pwatla A * ‘mec! SP gH Symbol Description Unit p —> Density kay Q —— Discharge m/, H ——> == Manometric Head m Acceleration due to m, — g Gravity 12 S.P —— Shatt Power w vy — > = Whirl Velocity at Outlet mY > Tangential Velocity at itt U2 Outlet ds POWER OF PUMP: P= pgQH Symbol Description Unit i p ——> Density Of a Q ——> Discharge mf, CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 36R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 H ——> = Manometric Head m Acceleration due to — m g Gravity Is? HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY: Actual Lift Actual Head Naya = Domo on oa ms Theoretical Lift Ideal Head IDEALHEAD: Pr= pg(Q+ qQHi Symbol Description Unit si ke p ——> Density Of Q ——> Discharge mf, Acceleration due to m, —_ g Gravity fs? q > Leakage of Water nf, H; > ideal Head m P; > Power at Input w TORQUE EXERTED BY IMPELLE! pgQ T= * Vy2 * Ro Symbol Description Unit ky Pp ——> Density ay as Q > Discharge mf, > Acceleration due to m, g Gravity /s2 vw2 ——> Whirl Velocity at Outlet m/, Radius of Impeller at — R2 Outlet @ CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) a7R.M._K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 SPECIFIC SPEE! Symbol 2uUu re Ns Symbol Le a nya N, = ° Hs NVP Ns= Hia Description ——> Discharge —? = Head —> = Power —> Speed ——> Specific Speed U2 V2gH K, = 0.95 —1.25 Ky = L Description > Tangential Velocity at Outlet — Head > Acceleration due to Gravity —> Speed Ratio Up2 29H Kp = 0.1 — 0.25 Unit ml, kW rpm Unit ™s ™ fe CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH)R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 Description > Flow Velocity at Outlet m/s — Head m > Acceler: my g Gravity ° Ky — > Flow Ratio RECIPROCATING PUMP: DISCHARG! ALN ~ 60 1 A= a D? [For Single Acting Pump] 1 1 A= LF D2 + — (D?—- a?)| [For Double Acting Pump] 4 Symbol Description Unit A —> Area of Cylinder m? L ——> Stoke Length m N “re Speed rpm D > Diameter of Cylinder or = Bore d ——> _ Diameter of Piston Rod m WEIGHT OF THE WATER DELIVERED PER SECON W= pgQ Symbol Description Unit Pp — > Density kay Q —> ~~ Discharge mf, Acceleration due to m, __ g Gravity 12 Ww ——> Weight of Water N/, CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 39R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 1 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 WORK DONE BY RECIPROCATING PUM W = pgQH H= he + ha Symbol Description —> _ Density p Q —— _ Discharge > Acceleration due to g Gravity H —> Head w ——> Work Done hs ——> Suction Head ha ——> _ Delivery Head P= pgQactuai Symbol p —> Qactuat . g Description Density Actual Discharge Acceleration due to Gravity Head P= pg9Qrneoretica Symbol p _ Qrheoreticat > g H > Description Density Theoretical Discharge Acceleration due to Gravity Head Unit Unit Unit CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 40R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 SLIP OF RECIPROCATING PUMP: S= Qactuat ~ Qrneoreticat Symbol Description Unit Qactual — > =~ Actual Discharge nf, Qrneoretical ——> Theoretical Discharge mf, COEFFICENT OF DISCHARGE: Qactuat Eo. Qrheoretical Symbol Description Unit Qactual —— > = Actual Discharge m3, Qrn eoretical —— = = Theoretical Discharge m3, M's PERCENTAGE OF SLIP IN RECIPROCATING PUMP: % of Slip = Qrheoreticat — Qactuat Qrheoretical % of Slip =1— Cq Symbol Description Unit Qactubi Actual Discharge mls Ofncorbeite Theoretical Discharge mf, C7 Coefficient of Discharge VOLUMETRIC EFFI Qactuat Avo = D> __— = Ca Qrheoretical Symbol Description Unit 3 Oncwse ——> Actual Discharge "ls Theoretical Dischi mi Qrheoreticat > ean isha s Ca — > 3 Coefficient of Discharge CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) atR.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 MECHANICAL EF! IEN CY: Power Developed by Pump "mech ~ Bower Required to Drive the Pump Power of Pump "hmech ~ Bower of Motor i _ Pg Qactuai mech ~ PI Theoretical Symbol Description Unit p —> ~~ Density ‘ay a Qactuai ——> = Actual Discharge cM Qrneoretical —— > = Theoretical Discharge m3, he > Acceleration due to m g Gravity 152 H —T?> ~~ oHead m ACCELERATION HEAD: I; A = —* —« w*«r*cos@ [At Suction Stroke] gf's ln\ ANS) a x a? +r*cos@ [At Delivery Stroke] a 1 A=—D? 4 TE 2 a =a, 1 ag = — dq’ a= 74a _ 2nN o* 60 CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) a2R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 L r=- Z Symbol Description Unit iy ——> _Lengih of Suction Pipe m ly ——> Length of Delivery Pipe m > Acceleration due to nm g Gravity fs A — > == Area of Cylinder m® as ——> = Area of Suction Pipe m? aq —— Area of Delivery Pipe m o ——> = Angular Speed rad/, r ——> Radius of Crank m 0 ——> Angle of Crank degree D > Diameter of Cylinder or m Bore d, ——> _ Diameter of Suction Pipe m da ——> Diameter of Delivery Pipe m N > Speed of Crank rpm L ——> Stoke Length m PRESSURE HEAD: Pressure Head = h,+ hg, [For Suction Stroke] Pressure Head = ha + Raa [For Delivery Stroke] Symbol Description Unit hs ——> Suction Head oi ha ——> _ Delivery Head m has CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 43R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 Delivery Absolute Pressure Head = Harm— (hs + has) [For Suction Stroke] Absolute Pressure Head = Hatmt (ha + Raa) [For Delivery Stroke] Symbol Description Unit hs ——> Suction Head m ha ——> _ Dalivery Head m > Acceleration Head at has Suction m — Rea Delivery me Atmospheric Pressure — Hatm Head ™ SEPARATION HEAD: Prep = Paohsep Symbol Description Unit p ——> Density ka Ln 3 Acceleration due to a nm g Gravity Is2 Asep ——> Separation Head m N Peep ——> Separation Pressure Im? h 4f lv? yWOA 2gdq Symbol Description Unit f —> Friction Factor lg ——> Length of Delivery Pipe m CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 44R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 > Velocity without Air y Vessel > Acceleration due to g Gravity dg > _ Diameter of Delivery Pipe VELOCITY WITHOUT AIR VESSEL: A v=—*wer Ga T A= —pD? 4 1 2 da= 7d, a= 7 da 2nN o=— 60 L = = 2 Symbol Description A —> Area of Cylinder aq ——> Area of Delivery Pipe o ——> Angular Speed r ——> Radius of Crank > Diameter of Cylinder or Bore dg > _ Diameter of Delivery Pipe > Speed of Crank L > Stroke Length ™s ™ 52 m rpm CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 45R.M._K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 HEAD LOSS WITH AIR VESSEL: h 4 flav? wa = 3 i 29dq Symbol Description f ——> Friction Factor lg ——> Length of Delivery Pipe v ——> Velocity with Air Vessel > Acceleration due to g Gravity dag ——> _ Diameter of Delivery Pipe VELOCITY WITH AIR VESSEL: A r p= —F OF aa 1 1 A= —p? 4 1 2 ag => d, ay Oa L r=- 2 Symbol Description A ——> = Area of Cylinder aq ——> Area of Delivery Pipe o ——> Angular Speed r ——> Radius of Crank > Diameter of Cylinder or Bore Unit ™/s ™/s2 Unit m2 rad/. CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 46R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 dq ——> Diameter of Delivery Pipe m N ——> Speed of Crank rpm L ——> Stroke Lengin m POWER SAVED BY AIR VESSEL: P= pgQ ; hywoa — iywa) Symbol Description Unit p — > Density kg, Vga Q —> Discharge my, g — fern due to my, hewoa — ag Without Air in hywa ——> Head Loss With Air Vessel m POWER REQUIRED TO DRIVE THE PUMP: 2 P= pgQ (hs+ ha + 3 hyswoa + iyawa) Symbol Description Unit ky p ——> _ Dansity Of Q —> Discharge nf, Acceleration due to —_ m g Gravity fs2 hy ——> Suction Head m hg ——> Delivery Head m Head Loss Without Air — Nyswoa Vessel at Suction ® Head Loss With Air Vessel —_—_ hpawa at Delivery e CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 47R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 UNIT - V- TURBINES PELTON WHEEL: " Symbol Description Unit Tangential Velocity of ™]: Runner at Inlet & Outlet 5 Relative Velocity at Inlet & A te m V&V 2 Outlet /s Whirl Velocity at Inlet & i Outlet ds Absolute Velocity at Inlet aN m V&V, & Outlet /s > Flow Velocity at Inlet & my, Outlet 5 Angle made by Absolute Velocity at Outlet with the Degree Direction of Motion of Vane Angle made by Relative Velocity at Outlet with the Direction of Motion of Vane Degree CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 48R.M._K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 TANGENTIAL VELOCITY AT INLET AND OUTLET (OR) VELOCITY OF WHEEL: nmDN u=— 60 Symbol Description Unit D ——> Diameter of Runner m N —— > Speed of Impeller rpm VELO! V, = C,/2gH C, = 0.97 — 0.99 Symbol Description Unit G. ——> Coefficient of Velocity Acceleration due to m, _—_ g Gravity 12 H — > Head m u= ky/2gH ky, = 0.43 — 0.45 Symbol Description Unit ke > Speed Ratio Acceleration due to — m g Gravity /s2 H — > = Head m FROM INLET VELO! TRIANGLI GRAM: Wi = VU Wi = t+ Vea CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 49R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 ‘mbol Description Tangential Velocity of Runner at Inlet Relative Velocity at Inlet Whirl Velocity at Inlet Absolute Velocity at Inlet FROM OUTLET VELOCITY TRIANGLE DIAGRAM: Vez U2 + Vw2 cos g@ = ———— Pr2 Ufa tang = hs Uuz+ Vwe . Vp sing = Ss Pra v 2 tang = 2 Vw2 Description 5 Tangential Velocity of Runner at Outlet —— Relative Velocity at Outlet —— > > Whirl Velocity at Outlet ——> Flow Velocity at Outlet WORK DONE BY JET PER SECOND: Symbol u Yw1 &Vw2 2 Q —_ _ W = pQ [vwit Yw2lu Description Tangential Velocity of Runner Whirl Velocity at Inlet & Outlet Density Discharge Unit ™/s ™s ™/s ™s Unit ™s ™s ™/s ™/s Unit m/s ™s Koy 3 m/s CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 50R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY: _ 2[vwit Ywalu Nrya = ——— 3 V,? Symbol Description i > Tangential Velocity of Runner Whirl Velocity at Inlet & Outlet Absolute Velocity at Inlet Shaft Power a Input Power S.P No = ae pgQH Symbol Description p —— _ Dansity Q ——> _ Discharge > Acceleration due to g Gravity A eer? “read S.P —— Shaft Power DISCHARGE OF SINGLE JET: te 2 rn Symbol Description d ——> ~——dDiameter of Jet Vy ——> = Absolute Velocity at Inlet q > _ Discharge of Single Jet Unit ™s ™s ™/s Unit kay 3 s "fs m' Unit m ™s 3 m/s CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 51R.M._K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 n=—= q Symbol Description Unit 3 Q ——> _ Discharge my, q —— > _ Discharge of Single Jet mf, Z= 15+ p 2d Symbol Description Unit d —> Diameter of Jet m D ——> Diameter of Runner m INS OF BUCKET: Axial Width B=4.5d Radial Length L=2.5d Depth of Bucket T=d Symbol Description Unit d ——> Diameter of Jet m 1 2 K.E of Jet = 3 mh Since m= pAV 1 Therefore K.E of Jet = zeta eV 2V,2 CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 52R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 Since Q = AV 1 Therefore K.E of Jet = z7P *Q*V,? POWER LOST IN NOZZLI Input Power = Kinetic Energy + Power Lost in Nozzle POWER LOST IN RUNNER: Input Power = Power of Shaft + Power Lost in Nozzle + Power Lost in Runner + Power Lost Due to Mechanical Resistance RESULTANT FORCE ON BUCKET: F= pQ [Yi + Yl Symbol Description Unit F ——> Resultant Force on Bucket N ys hu > A" Velocity at Inlet & m/s, p —> Density kay Q ——> Discharge mf, TORQUE: D T= F* 5 Symbol Description Unit F ——> Resultant Force on Bucket N D > Diameter of Runner T ——> Torque N-m CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 53R.M._K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 POWE! 2nNT 60 Symbol Description Unit P —> Power Ww T — > Torque N-m N ——> Speed of Shaft Rpm SPECIFIC SPEED: nya Ne= la NVP Hs Symbol Description Unit Q ——> Discharge m3 is H —>? Head m P —> =~ Power kw N > Speed rpm Ng = Specific Speed CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 54R.M._K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 REACTION TURBINE: INWARD FLOW REACTION TURBINE: Symbol Description Unit Tangential Velocity of eens 1s ty m Uy, uz Runner at Inlet & Outlet /s > Relative Velocity at Inlet & i Vp &V-2 Outlet ds > Whirl Velocity at Inlet & M/s Vwi v2 Outlet Absolute Velocity at Inlet eee m V, &V2 & Outlet ds > Flow Velocity at Inlet & # vp &vye Outlet /s Angle made by Absolute Velocity at Inlet with the Direction of Motion of Vane Angle made by Relative Velocity at Inlet with the Direction of Motion of Vane Angle made by Relative Velocity at Outlet with the Degree Degree Degree CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 55R.M_H COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 Direction of Motion of Vane TANGENTIAL VELOCITY AT INLET: md,N u ‘ 60 Symbol Description Unit Inlet (or) External — dy Diameter ™ N ——> Speed of Turbine rpm TANGENTIAL VELOCITY AT OUTLET: md2N U2 60 Symbol Description Unit Outlet (or) Internal — dy Diameter © N > Speed of Turbine rpm FROM INLET VELOCITY TRIANGLE DIAGRAM: i sina= ali vy, cosa = vw Yy Ufa tana = 1 Vwi . VFL sing = Uri Vwi ~ U1 cos@ = Ura CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 56R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 Ver tang = —4— Vwi Uy ‘ymbol Description Unit Pwa —— > Whirl Velocity at Intet M/s Vy ——> Absolute Velocity at Inlet m/s Vey —> Flow Velocity at Intet m/s Tangential Velocity of — m uy Runner at Inlet ds Vey —— Relative Velocity at Inlet m/s Angle made by Absolute Velocity at Inlet with the _ D Z Direction of Motion of ae Vane Angle made by Relative Velocity at Inlet with the — inlet is 8 Direction of Motion of Saree Vane 2 2 Jey + (wi Uy) Symbol Description Unit . ——> Relative Velocity at Inlet m/s Paul ——> Whirl Velocity at Inlet mys vey ——> Flow Velocity at Inet m/s > Tangential Velocity of i Uy Runner at Inlet ds Q = ndybyvp, = mdzbzvF2 Q= Avery Avr = Api vey = Apa¥p2 Symbol Description Unit CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 87R.M_H COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 vp &Vz2 > Flow Velociy artnet & ay, db, = —> Samant b,&b2 ae With ottpetcr tots n Q —— > _ Discharge m/, A ——> Area of Runner wit Ap &Ape —» fseenwennte my, MASS OF WATER FLOWING THROUGH THE RUNNER; m= pQ Symbol Description Unit Q ——> Discharge nf, p —> Density kay HEAD AT INLET OF TURBINE: H=+ pt so Wr to g 29 Symbol Description Unit vw > Whirl Velocity at Inlet m/s vp —— > Flow Velocity at Inlet m/, > Tangential Velocity of a ae Runner at Inlet ds g ——> Acceleration due to gravity M2 INPUT POWER TO TURBINE (OR) POWER GIVEN TO TURBIN P= pgQH Symbol Description Unit p — > Density kay Q —> = Discharge my, CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 58R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 > Acceleration due to g Gravity H —> = Head POWER DEVELOPED BY TURBINE: P= p*Q* ty * Uy Symbol Description Densit pB — ¥ Q ——> _ Discharge Dwi ——> Whirl Velocity at Inlet Tangential Velocity of —_ Uy Runner at Inlet HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY: n _ Uwita hyd = ry gH Head Inlet — Head Loss Mhyd Head Inlet Symbol Description > Tangential Velocity of Uy Runner at Inlet vwi ——> Whirl Velocity at Inlet > Acceleration due to g Gravity H —> Head Shaft Power ~ Input Power S.P ‘10 ~ pgQH ™s2 m Unit ™s ™/s ™fs2 CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 59R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 ‘mbol za or S.P Symbol u H g Ky FLOW RATIO: Description Density Discharge Acceleration due to Gravity Head Shaft Power Description Tangential Velocity Head Acceleration due to Gravity Speed Ratio Description Flow Velocity at Inlet Gravity Flow Ratio Unit ™s Maz Unit CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 60R.M._K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 SPECIFIC SPEED: NJ@ Ns = 3 Hels NyP Ns = 5 Hla Symbol Description Unit Q — > Discharge mf, H —> Head m P — > Power kW N —> Speed rpm Ng ——> Specific Speed OUTWARD FLOW REACTION TURBINE: Symbol Description Unit Tangential Velocity of — m U, &uy Runner at Inlet & Outlet ds CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 61R.M_H COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 Relative Velocity at Inlet & — m Vr &Vr2 Outlet fs > Whirl Velocity at Inlet & # Yi &Yw2 Outlet ds Absolute Velocity at Inlet — m Vi 8V2 & Outlet ds Flow Velocity at Inlet & — m Vp &vyz Outlet fs Angle made by Absolute Velocity at Inlet with the Z Direction of Motion of Degree Vane Angle made by Relative Velocity at Inlet with the —_ D 8 Direction of Motion of bere Vane Angle made by Relative Velocity at Outlet with the — $ Direction of Motion of Degree Vane TANGENTIAL VELOCITY AT INLET: md,N uy = 60 Symbol Description Unit dy ——> inlet (or) Internal Diameter m N —— Speed of Turbine rpm md2N = 60 Symbol Description Unit Outlet (or) External — d, Diameter e N ——> Speed of Turbine rpm EROMINLET VELOCITY TRIANGLE GRAM; CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) ezR.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 , Ver sina = Vy Vwi cosa = —— Yi Ufa. tana = — Vwi . Uf sin@ = ett Uri Dwi We wi 1 cos@ = ra. Ufa tang = —4— Vga — ty Description Unit Symbol vw ——> Whirl Velocity at Inlet mM), Yi ——> Absolute Velocity at Inlet m/, VfL —— > Flow Velocity at Inlet m/y Tangential Velocity of —a m uy Runner at Inlet Is Did ——> Relative Velocity at Inlet my Angle made by Absolute Velocity at Inlet with the —_ fod Direction of Motion of aN Vane Angle made by Relative 6 Velocity at Inlet with the — Direction of Motion of Vane CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 6aR.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 RELATIVE VELOCITY AT INL! Q= Avery = Avr = Appr = Apo Pp2 Symbol Dv 1p RV pe d,&dz b&b Q A Api &Are MASS OF WATER FLOWING THROUGH THE RUNNER: Symbol Pry Vp? + (Py — Uy)? Description ——> Relative Velocity at Inlet —— > Whit! Velocity at Inlet ——> Flow Velocity at Inlet > Tangential Velocity of Runner at Inlet Q = Md byve1 = mdzbzV¢2 Description > Flow Velocity at Inlet & Outlet 5 Diameter of Impellerat Inlet & Outlet > Width of Impeller at Inlet & Outlet —— > _ Discharge ——> Area of Runner > Area of Flow at Inlet & Outlet m= pQ Description ——> Discharge — Density Unit ™s ™s ™/s hs Unit Unit 3 ms k af 8 CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 64R.M._K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 INPUT POWER TO TURBINE (OR) POWER GIVEN TO TURBIN P= pgQH Symbol Description Unit ‘i kg p —_— > ~sCDensity Ln? Q ——> Discharge m/f, > Acceleration due to m g Gravity fs2 H — Head m POWER DEVELOPED BY TURBINE: P= p*Q* Yyyt Uy Symbol Description Unit ky p ——> Density Of 3 Q —— > _ Discharge m3 Vs tha ——> Whirl Velocity at Inlet m/, Tangential Velocity of a m uy Runner at Inlet ds n _ Vwitta hyd “gH H Head Inlet — Head Loss Mya Head Inlet Symbol Description Unit Tangential Velocity of — m Ua: Runner at Inlet ds tyr ——> Whirl Velocity at Intet my Acceleration due to m, _—_ g Gravity 152 H —> Head m CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 65R.M._K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 OVERALL EFFICIENCY: Shaft Power > = ———___— Input Power S.P No =" ay pgQH Symbol Description Unit p — > Density kay Q ——> Discharge mf, Acceleration due to — m g Gravity 1s? H — = Head m S.P —> Shaft Power w SPEED RATIO: J2gH K, = 06-09 Symbol Description Unit —— > = Tangential Velocity m/, —_—P> Head m > Acceleration due to Gravity s ——> Speed Ratio 2 Kp= e V2gH Kp = 015-03 CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 66R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 mbol Description Unit Vey — > = Flow Velocity at Inlet my H —> Head m —_9i ieee to Ys — > = Flow Ratio nya Ns 3 Hols NYP Ng = 7 Hla Symbol Description Unit Q —— > Discharge m/, H —> = Head m P — Power kw N — > Speed rpm Ns ——> Specific Speed CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 67R.M_H COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 FRANCIS TURBINE: Symbol u,&uz V&V yz Vy1 &Vy2 V&V, v fp &v ee Description Tangential Velocity of Runner at Inlet & Outlet Relative Velocity at Inlet & Outlet Whirl Velocity at Inlet & Outlet Absolute Velocity at Inlet & Outlet Flow Velocity at Inlet & Outlet Angle made by Absolute Velocity at Inlet with the Direction of Motion of Vane Angle made by Relative Velocity at Inlet with the Direction of Motion of Vane Angle made by Relative Velocity at Outlet with the Direction of Motion of Vane Unit ™/s ™s ™/s ™/s ™s Degree Degree Degree CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 68R.M._H COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 TANGENTIAL VELOCITY AT INLET: nd,N uw = 60 Symbol Description Unit > Inlet (or) External d, Diameter ™ N > Speed of Turbine rpm TANGENTIAL VELOCITY AT OUTLET: md,N U2 = 60 Symbol Description Unit Outlet (ar) Internal — dz Diameter m N > Speed of Turbine rpm FROM INLET VELOCITY TRIANGLE DIAGRAM: A VFL sina = Vy Vwi cosa = —— yy v 1 tana = Vwi ‘ vf sin 6 = a Ura Vwi Ua cos9 = ———— Ura UAL jandl= Ph _. Vwi — Uy CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 69R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 Symbol Description Unit Yui ——> Whirl Velocity at Intet m/, Vy ——> Absolute Velocity at Inlet my, Vey ——> Flow Velocity at Inlet m/, Tangential Velocity of — m Uy Runner at Inlet ds Vrt ——> Relative Velocity at Inlet my Angle made by Absolute Velocity at Inlet with the —_— e Samii Degree c Direction of Motion of # Vane Angle made by Relative Velocity at Inlet with the _ D a Direction of Motion of - Vane Symbol Description Unit as ——> Relative Velocity at Inlet mM, wa — > ~~) Whirl Velocity at Inlet my vp, ——> Flow Velocity at Inlet my Tangential Velocity of — m a Runner at Inlet /s DISCHARGE: Q = dy byvp = Wdzb2vp2 Q = Avpy = Avg = Api Vp = Apa? po Symbol Description Unit Flow Velocity at Inlet & — m Vp &vyz Outlet ds Diameter of Impeller at _ d,&d, Inlet & Outlet ” CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) zoR.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 Width of Impeller at Inlet —_ b &be & Outlet Q ——> Discharge A ——> == Area of Runner Area of Flow at Inlet & —_ Ap & Aro Outlet CIRCUMFERENTIAL AREA OF RUNNER: A=nd,b, = mdzb2 Symbol Description Diameter of Impeller at —* d,&d2 Inlet & Outlet Width of Impeller at Inlet — b &b2 & Outlet A > Circumferential Arca of Runner MASS OF WATER FLOWING THROUGH THE RUNNER: m= pQ Symbol Description Q —> Discharge p —> Density m mls race ™s Unit Unit 3 m/s kay INPUT POWER TO TURBINE (OR) POWER GIVEN TO TURBINE: pgQH Symbol Description p — > Density Q > Discharge d —_, Assim due to H —?> Head Unit CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 1R.M._K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 POWER DEVELOPED BY TURBINE: Symbol Description p ——> _ Density Q ——> Discharge Dea. ——> Whirl Velocity at Inlet > Tangential Velocity of wy Runner at Inlet HYDRAULIC EFFI Y: ¥ _ Vwilli hyd gH Head Inlet — Head Loss "asa Head Inlet Symbol Description > Tangential Velocity of Uy Runner at Inlet Vea ——> Whirl Velocity at Inlet g > Acceleration due to Gravity H >) Head OVERALL EFFICIENCY: Shaft Power °~ Input Power S.P. No = — A pgQH Symbol Description p —> _ Density Q ——> _ Discharge P= p*Q* Wnty Unit m Unit ™s az Unit k hays 3 m/s CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 2R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 > Acceler g Gravity H — Head Sap — Shaft Power Symbol Description u ——> Tangential Velocity H —> = Head ——> Acceleration due to g Gravity K, ——> _ Speed Ratio Symbol Description Ve ——> Flow Velocity at Inlet H —> Head > Acceleration due to g Gravity Ky —> Flow Ratio Unit Ws ™fs2 Unit ™/s my CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) beyR.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 BREADTH RATI by n=— dy n= 01- 04 Symbol Description Unit by > = Width of Runner at Inlet m dy ——> _ Diameter of Runner at Inlet m n ——> Breadth Rat SPE NVQ Ns 3] Hla NWP Ns = 7 Hla Symbol Description Unit Q ——> Discharge m/f, H —> = Head m P —> Power kW N — > Speed rpm N. —— Specific Speed o CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 4R.M_H COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 KAPLAN TURBIN! Symbol u,&uz V&V yz Vy1 &Vy2 V&V, v fp &v ee Description Tangential Velocity of Runner at Inlet & Outlet Relative Velocity at Inlet & Outlet Whirl Velocity at Inlet & Outlet Absolute Velocity at Inlet & Outlet Flow Velocity at Inlet & Outlet Angle made by Absolute Velocity at Inlet with the Direction of Motion of Vane Angle made by Relative Velocity at Inlet with the Direction of Motion of Vane Angle made by Relative Velocity at Outlet with the Direction of Motion of Vane Unit ™/s ™s ™/s ™/s ™s Degree Degree Degree CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) asR.M._H COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 TANGENTIAL VELOCITY AT INLET: mD,N w= 7 60 Symbol Description Unit Inlet (or) External — Do Diameter m N ——> Speed of Turbine rpm TANGENTIAL VELOCITY AT OUTLET: mD,N TDpN uz= 60 60 Symbol Description Unit Outlet (oF) Boss (or) Hub — Dy or Dp Diameter = N > Speed of Turbine rpm FROM INLET VELOCITY TRIANGLE DIAGRAM: , vf sina = vy cosa = vws Yy Vpa tana = it Vwi . Ufi sing = Uri Ywi 7 U1 cos@ = Ura Uf tan@ = E wi Uy CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 6R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 Symbol Description Unit Cw ——> Whirl Velocity at Intet m/, Vy ——> Absolute Velocity at Inlet my, Vey ——> Flow Velocity at Inlet M/s Tangential Velocity of — m Uy Runner at Inlet ds Vrt ——> Relative Velocity at Inlet my Angle made by Absolute Velocity at Inlet with the — inety D c Direction of Motion of oe Vane Angle made by Relative Velocity at Inlet with the _ D a Direction of Motion of - Vane Symbol Description Unit as ——> Relative Velocity at Inlet mM, wa — > ~~) Whirl Velocity at Inlet my pL —— > Flow Velocity at Inlet my Tangential Velocity of — m a Runner at Inlet /s DISCHARGE: 1 2 2 Q q [Do* — Dp? | vp. Symbol Description Unit Vp ——> Flow Velocity at Inlet my, Inlet (or) External —_ Do Diameter a Outlet (or) Boss (or) Hub — Dy or Dy, Diameter m CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 7R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 Q — > Discharge nf, CIRCUMFERENTIAL AREA OF RUNNER: 1 A= q[Po - Dy’ | Symbol Description Unit Inlet (or) External —_—_ Do Diameter @ Outlet (or) Boss (or) Hub —_—_ Dp or Dp Diameter ® A > Circumferential Area of im? Runner MASS OF WATER FLOWING THROUGH THE RUNNER: m= pQ Symbol Description Unit . 3 Q ——> _ Discharge mf, p — Density ‘ors INPUT POWER TO TURBINE (OR) POWER GIVEN TO TURBINE: P= pgQH Symbol Description Unit p — Density tors Q —> Discharge mi? a Acceleration due to m, — g Gravity 152 H —> Head m Pp*Q* Vy * Uy Symbol Description Unit p —> Density kay Q ——> Discharge nf, CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 8R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / 11 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 Uv, wi ai > Tangential Velocity of 1 Runner at Inlet HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY: n _ Vwita hyd = —— gH Head Inlet — Head Loss "a Head Inlet Symbol Description > Tangential Velocity of Uy Runner at Inlet Cwa ——> Whirl Velocity at Intet > Acceleration due to g Gravity H — > Head OVERALL EFFICIENCY: Shaft Power ie Input Power S.P No = — pgQH Symbol Description p —> —Dansity Q ——> Discharge > Acceleration due to g Gravity H —> Head SeP ——> Shaft Power ——> — Whirl Velocity at Inlet ™s ™s Unit ™/s ™/s ™/s2 Unit CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 79R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / I | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 SPEED RATI Ky = J2gH Ky, = 0.6— 0.9 Symbol Description Unit uU —— > Tangential Velocity mM, H — Head m Acceleration due to my — g Gravity 1s? Ky ——> Speed Ratio vp1 V2gH Kp = 0.15 -0.3 Kp = Symbol Description Unit VfL —— > Flow Velocity at Inlet my H —?> Head m Acceleration due to a> nm g Gravity 152 Ky ——> = Flow Ratio SPECIFIC SPEE! nya Ne. = ° Hs NYP No= Hola CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 80R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 Symbol Description Unit Q —> Discharge nf, H — > Head m P —> ~~ Power kW N — > = Speed rpm Ng ——> Specific Speed DRAFT TUBE: fk Va. CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) atR.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 / MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 ‘mbol Description Unit V&V > Velovity at Inlet & Outlet m/s Vertical Hei ght of Draft _— Hs Tube Above Tail Race m > Distance of Bottom of raft Tube from Tail Race vy Draft Tube from Tail R: @ Symbol Description Unit Pressure at Inlet & Outlet N _ PL & Pe of Draft Tube Ir Velocity at Inlet & Outlet — m V, &V, of Draft Tube Is Datum Head Inlet & Outlet _ 4 &22 of Draft Tube y hy —> = Head Loss m p ——> Density of Liquid Koy m g —— > == Acceleration due to gravity /s2 LENGTH OF DRAFT TUBE: L=H,+y Symbol Description Unit L ——> Length of Draft Tube m H > Vertical Height of Draft a Is Tube Above Tail Race Distance of Bottom of m Draft Tube from Tail Race CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) a2R.M_K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TEGH/ AQ /R2013/ CE6451 / U1 | MECH / JUNE 2017 - NOV 2017 ‘mbol Description Unit Velocity at Inlet & Outlet —> m V&V, of Draft Tube Is hy ——> Head Loss m g ——> Acceleration due to gravity ™2 HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY OF DRAFT TUBE: Head Utilized by Turbine "ng Head Inlet of Turbine M52 — Ape 2 2g "nya Py +a Pg Symbol Description Unit Pressure at Inlet of Draft — N Py Tube Ime Velocity at Inlet & Outlet —— m V,&V, of Draft Tube /s Datum Head Inlet of Draft — 71 Tube i hy ——> Head Loss m ——> Density of Liquid kg e m g —— > Acceleration due to gravity ms CE6451 — FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY FORMULA BOOK PREPARED BY BIBIN.C / ASHOK KUMAR.R / SADASIVAN .N(AP / MECH) 83